Síndrome compartimental: una presentación atípica como causa de la púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein / Compartment syndrome: an atypical presentation as a cause of Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Resumen: Introducción: en la literatura existen escasos reportes de caso del desarrollo de síndrome compartimental como una potencial complicación de la púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 17 años con un cuadro de síndrome compartimental bilateral en pies como presentación atípica de la púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein, nunca antes descrita en la literatura. Conclusión: con una rápida sospecha diagnóstica y un tratamiento quirúrgico con fasciotomías, se consiguió preservar la viabilidad de las extremidades y su funcionalidad a los seis meses de seguimiento, a pesar de tratarse de una presentación sumamente atípica de la patología en cuestión.

Abstract: Introduction: there are few case reports available that describe compartment syndrome as a complication of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Case report: we report the case of a 17-year-old patient with bilateral compartment syndrome of the foot as an atypical presentation of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. A case like this has not been reported before. Conclusion: although the patient had an extremely rare clinical presentation, the viability and functionality of the limbs was preserved even after six months of follow-up thanks to an early diagnosis and surgical treatment.

Comprehensive cancer predisposition testing within the prospective MASTER trial identifies hereditary cancer patients and supports treatment decisions for rare cancers.

BACKGROUND: Germline variant evaluation in precision oncology opens new paths toward the identification of patients with genetic tumor risk syndromes and the exploration of therapeutic relevance. Here, we present the results of germline variant analysis and their clinical implications in a precision oncology study for patients with predominantly rare cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Matched tumor and control genome/exome and RNA sequencing was carried out for 1485 patients with rare cancers (79%) and/or young adults (77% younger than 51 years) in the National Center for Tumor Diseases/German Cancer Consortium (NCT/DKTK) Molecularly Aided Stratification for Tumor Eradication Research (MASTER) trial, a German multicenter, prospective, observational precision oncology study. Clinical and therapeutic relevance of prospective pathogenic germline variant (PGV) evaluation was analyzed and compared to other precision oncology studies. RESULTS: Ten percent of patients (n = 157) harbored PGVs in 35 genes associated with autosomal dominant cancer predisposition, whereof up to 75% were unknown before study participation. Another 5% of patients (n = 75) were heterozygous carriers for recessive genetic tumor risk syndromes. Particularly, high PGV yields were found in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) (28%, n = 11/40), and more specifically in wild-type GISTs (50%, n = 10/20), leiomyosarcomas (21%, n = 19/89), and hepatopancreaticobiliary cancers (16%, n = 16/97). Forty-five percent of PGVs (n = 100/221) supported treatment recommendations, and its implementation led to a clinical benefit in 40% of patients (n = 10/25). A comparison of different precision oncology studies revealed variable PGV yields and considerable differences in germline variant analysis workflows. We therefore propose a detailed workflow for germline variant evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic germline testing in patients with rare cancers can identify the very first patient in a hereditary cancer family and can lead to clinical benefit in a broad range of entities. Its routine implementation in precision oncology accompanied by the harmonization of germline variant evaluation workflows will increase clinical benefit and boost research.

Human papillomavirus infection and lung adenocarcinoma: special benefit is observed in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been associated with the development and modulation of response in a series of neoplasms. In the case of lung adenocarcinoma, its role in etiology and pathogenesis is still controversial. Considering that this infection brings foreign epitopes, it could be of prognostic significance in patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated with immunotherapy. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study we evaluated the presence of HPV genomic material in lung adenocarcinoma primary lesions with the INNO-LiPA platform. Viral replication was also evaluated by detecting the presence of oncoprotein E6/E7 messenger RNA (mRNA) by quantitative RT-PCR. To confirm possible hypotheses regarding viral oncogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) were evaluated with stromal fibrosis and immunoscore. RESULTS: A total of 133 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 34 tested positive for HPV, reaching an estimated prevalence of 25.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 18.2% to 32.9%]. E6/7 mRNA was identified in 28 out of the 34 previously positive cases (82.3%). In immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-treated patients, the median overall survival reached 22.3 months [95% CI 19.4 months- not reached (NR)] for HPV-negative and was not reached in HPV-positive (HPV+) ones (95% CI 27.7-NR; P = 0.008). With regard to progression-free survival, HPV- patients reached a median of 9.2 months (95% CI 7.9-11.2 months) compared to 14.3 months (95% CI 13.8-16.4 months) when HPV was positive (P = 0.001). The overall response rate for HPV+ patients yielded 82.4% compared to 47.1% in negative ones. No differences regarding programmed death-ligand 1, VEGF, HIF1, stromal fibrosis, or immunoscore were identified. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HPV+ lung adenocarcinoma, a significant benefit in overall response and survival outcomes is observed.

New Epidemiological Outcomes in Anthropophilic tinea capitis, a Case Series Study in Northwestern Spain. / [Artículo traducido] Nuevos hallazgos epidemiológicos en la tinea capitis antropófila, un estudio de una serie de casos en el noroeste de España.

Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included 24 children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem.

New Epidemiological Outcomes in Anthropophilic tinea capitis, a Case Series Study in Northwestern Spain.

Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included twenty-four children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem.

Spanish-language cognitive screening tests: a critical review.

INTRODUCTION: Dementia is a chronic, degenerative disease with a strong impact on families and health systems. The instruments currently in use for measuring cognitive impairment have different psychometric characteristics in terms of application time, cut-off point, reliability, and validity. The objective of this review is to describe the characteristics of the validated, Spanish-language versions of the Mini-Cog, Clock-Drawing Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination scales for cognitive impairment screening. DEVELOPMENT: We performed a three-stage literature search of articles published on Medline since 1953. We selected articles on validated, Spanish-language versions of the scales that included data on reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The 3 screening tools assessed in this article provide support for primary care professionals. Timely identification of mild cognitive impairment and dementia is crucial for the prognosis of these patients.

Escalas de tamizaje cognitivo en habla hispana: una revisión crítica / Spanish-language screening scales: A critical review

Introducción: La demencia es una enfermedad crónica degenerativa de alto impacto para las familias y los sistemas de salud. Los instrumentos de medición del deterioro cognitivo que se utilizan actualmente tienen características psicométricas diferentes en cuanto a tiempo de aplicación, punto de corte, confiabilidad y validez. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue describir las características de las escalas Mini Cog, Prueba del reloj y Mini- Mental para tamizaje de deterioro cognitivo validadas al idioma español. Desarrollo: La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en 3 etapas mediante la base de datos Medline a partir del año 1953. Se realizó una selección de publicaciones validadas al español que incluyeran la confiabilidad, validez, sensibilidad y especificidad de las escalas. Conclusiones: Las 3 herramientas de tamizaje descritas en este artículo proporcionan un apoyo para el personal de salud. La detección oportuna es crucial para el pronóstico de las personas que viven con deterioro cognitivo leve o demencia. (AU)

Introduction: Dementia is a chronic, degenerative disease with a strong impact on families and health systems. The instruments currently in use for measuring cognitive impairment have different psychometric characteristics in terms of application time, cut-off point, reliability, and validity. The objective of this review is to describe the characteristics of the validated, Spanish-language versions of the Mini-Cog, Clock-Drawing Test, and Mini–Mental State Examination scales for cognitive impairment screening. Development: We performed a three-stage literature search of articles published on Medline since 1953. We selected articles on validated, Spanish-language versions of the scales that included data on reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity. Conclusions: The 3 screening tools assessed in this article provide support for primary care professionals. Timely identification of mild cognitive impairment and dementia is crucial for the prognosis of these patients. (AU)

New Epidemiological Outcomes in Anthropophilic tinea capitis, a Case Series Study in Northwestern Spain / Nuevos hallazgos epidemiológicos en la tinea capitis antropófila, un estudio de una serie de casos en el noroeste de España

Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included twenty-four children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem (AU)

Aunque los dermatofitos zoófilos son aparentemente aún la causa principal de tinea capitis en España, se está observando un repunte por especies antropófilas. Presentamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo de veinticuatro niños con tinea capitis antropófila, diagnosticados en nuestro centro entre 2004 y 2019. El 75% de los pacientes fueron varones con una media de edad de 4,88 años. El 83,3% eran africanos, el 4,2% de América del Sur y el 12,5% de España. Clínicamente, en el 70,8% de los casos se observaron parches descamativos con alopecia no cicatricial. Trichophyton soudanense fue el dermatofito más aislado (45,8%), seguido de Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) y Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Aunque este patrón parece estar relacionado con la inmigración africana, observamos 3 casos nativos. La facilidad de transmisión de los dermatofitos antropófilos permite predecir un aumento en la incidencia de la tinea capitis y un potencial problema de salud pública (AU)

[Artículo traducido] Nuevos hallazgos epidemiológicos en la tinea capitis antropófila, un estudio de una serie de casos en el noroeste de España / New Epidemiological Outcomes in Anthropophilic tinea capitis, a Case Series Study in Northwestern Spain

Aunque los dermatofitos zoófilos son aparentemente aún la causa principal de tinea capitis en España, se está observando un repunte por especies antropófilas. Presentamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo de veinticuatro niños con tinea capitis antropófila, diagnosticados en nuestro centro entre 2004 y 2019. El 75% de los pacientes fueron varones con una media de edad de 4,88 años. El 83,3% eran africanos, el 4,2% de América del Sur y el 12,5% de España. Clínicamente, en el 70,8% de los casos se observaron parches descamativos con alopecia no cicatricial. Trichophyton soudanense fue el dermatofito más aislado (45,8%), seguido de Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) y Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Aunque este patrón parece estar relacionado con la inmigración africana, observamos 3 casos nativos. La facilidad de transmisión de los dermatofitos antropófilos permite predecir un aumento en la incidencia de la tinea capitis y un potencial problema de salud pública (AU)

Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included twenty-four children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem (AU)

[Compartment syndrome: an atypical presentation as a cause of Henoch-Schönlein purpura]. / Síndrome compartimental: una presentación atípica como causa de la púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein.

INTRODUCTION: there are few case reports available that describe compartment syndrome as a complication of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. CASE REPORT: we report the case of a 17-year-old patient with bilateral compartment syndrome of the foot as an atypical presentation of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. A case like this has not been reported before. CONCLUSION: although the patient had an extremely rare clinical presentation, the viability and functionality of the limbs was preserved even after six months of follow-up thanks to an early diagnosis and surgical treatment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: en la literatura existen escasos reportes de caso del desarrollo de síndrome compartimental como una potencial complicación de la púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein. CASO CLÍNICO: se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 17 años con un cuadro de síndrome compartimental bilateral en pies como presentación atípica de la púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein, nunca antes descrita en la literatura. CONCLUSIÓN: con una rápida sospecha diagnóstica y un tratamiento quirúrgico con fasciotomías, se consiguió preservar la viabilidad de las extremidades y su funcionalidad a los seis meses de seguimiento, a pesar de tratarse de una presentación sumamente atípica de la patología en cuestión.

A new graph of soil Rn-gas transport: Radon-rose plot.

Soil radon gas movement depends on soil geology, environmental thermodynamic parameters and, micro-seismic telluric activity. Mapping radon time dependent concentration at the relaxation depth in a selected area, provide transport direction in a seismically high-risk region. Nuclear track methodology is employed to determine main gradient vector for radon transport. Applying the gradient definition, a "radon rose" graph is constructed from which prone area can be promptly identified. Results show that short time interval, Rn-transport direction may change unpredictably, however, the length of each "spoke" around the circle provides information on the soil Rn-gas probable shifts towards or from a direction per time interval. The new graph is a novelty and provide improved approach for environmental protection and radon dosimetry.

Rendimiento de los marcadores tumorales séricos en la recaída peritoneal por cáncer colorrectal / Serum tumor markers efficiency for colorectal cancer peritoneal relapse

El cáncer colorrectal es una de las formas más habituales de neoplasia a nivel mundial y el peritoneo representa su tercera localización metastásica más frecuente. La resección quirúrgica continua siendo la primera opción de tratamiento curativo en asociación con una terapia citostática. El antígeno carcinoembrionario (CEA) representa el marcador sérico más estudiado en el cáncer colorrectal. En los últimos años, se ha sumado el análisis de otros biomarcadores tumorales a modo de contribución predictiva de recaída peritoneal en pacientes intervenidos. Su evaluación sérica preoperatoria está afianzándose como indicador de recurrencia y localización de la misma. No obstante, existen muy pocos estudios que evalúen su valor pronóstico en el postoperatorio de la enfermedad, especialmente cuando se carece de alguna determinación previa a la cirugía. Ofrecemos una interpretación del significado predictivo del CEA y del antígeno carbohidrato (Ca 19.9) séricos obtenidos en el postoperatorio de estos pacientes cuando son contextualizados de una forma individualizada con otros factores de riesgo clínico para recaída peritoneal. (AU)

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common worldwide neoplasia and peritoneum represents its third metastatic site. Surgicalresection remains to be the first curative treatment option in association with cytostatic therapy. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)appears to be the most studied serum marker in colorectal cancer. In present years, other tumor biomarkers analysis has been added as a predictive contribution of peritoneal relapse in operated patients. A preoperative serum assessement of them is becoming established as an indicator of recurrence and location. Nevertheless, there are very few studies that evaluate its prognostic value during the postoperative follow-up of disease, especially when there is no determination prior to surgery. We reflect on the predictivesignificance of serum both CEA and carbohydrate antigen (Ca19.9) that were taken in the postoperative follow-up of these patients, establishing an individualized relationship of their value with other clinical risk factors for peritoneal relapse. (AU)

Fundamentos de mejora de la calidad de vida en citorreducción quirúrgica por carcinomatosis peritoneal / Principles on quality of life improvement in cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal carcinomatosis

Introducción. El abordaje multidisciplinar de la carcinomatosis peritoneal ha permitido un aumento relevante de la supervivencia con una morbimortalidad aceptable. Sin embargo, se dispone de muy poca información sobre el impacto del tratamiento en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Una valoración detallada de la calidad de vida perioperatoria debería ser un instrumento de gran valor para conocer sus expectativas y promover estrategias de mejora. Pacientes y método. Estudio retrospectivo de 79 pacientescon indicación de citorreducción quirúrgica entre 2007 y 2019 a los que se realizó un cuestionario adaptado sobre calidad de vida, según el modelo EORTC QLQ-C30 (versión 3.0), al diagnóstico y a los seis meses de finalizar el tratamiento. Se han considerado factores epidemiológicos y clinicoquirúrgicos para determinar su influencia en la valoración realizada. Resultados. La puntuaciónmedia del QLQ-C30 fue de 52.8±6.1 al diagnóstico con influencia notable de la sintomatología tumoral y 64.6±6.3 postratamiento a costa de una limitación funcional y pobre percepción de salud. Un perfil de paciente mujer menor de 65 años es más susceptible de puntuaciones más altas. El estado nutricional parece afectar a la percepción de calidad de vida (p=0.004). El grado de citorreducción (p=0.048) y la influencia de complicaciones postoperatorias mayores (p=0.041) también podrían contribuir en la opinión del paciente. Conclusiones. La escala EORTC QLQ-C30 nos aproxima a la percepción subjetiva del paciente intervenido por carcinomatosis peritoneal pero carece de una estandarización, quizás por influencia de factores socioculturales propios del área geográfica donde se desarrolla la enfermedad. (AU)

Background. Peritoneal carcinomatosis muldisciplinar approach has allowed an outstanding increase in survival with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, there is very little available information on the quality of life treatment impact for these patients. A perioperative quality of life detailed assessment should be a valuable instrument to know their expectations and promote improvement strategies. Patients and method. Retrospective study of 79 patients with an indication for cytoreductive surgery between 2007 and 2019 who filled out an adapted quality of life questionnaire, according to the EORTC QLQ-C30 (version 3.0), at diagnosis and six months post-treatment. Epidemiological, clinical and surgical factors have been taken into account on the assessment performed. Results. QLQ-C30 mean score was 52.8±6.1 at diagnosis with a remarkable influence of tumour symptoms and 64.6±6.3 after treatment at the expense of functional limitation and poor perception of health. Female-patient profile under 65 years of age is more susceptible to higher scores. Nutritional status seems to affect to the quality of life perception (p=0.004). Cytoreduction degree (p=0.048) in association with major postoperative complications (p=0.041) could also influence patient’s opinion. Conclusions. EORTC QLQ-C30 is bringing closer to patient subjective perception operated on peritoneal carcinomatosis, although lacking standard model, maybe due to the influence of sociocultural factors in the geographic area where the disease is happening. Association existing between survival and best possible quality of life, together with influence of these new variables, could explain their inclusion in this type of questionnaires during cancer treatment assessment and provide strategies for following actions. (AU)

Mechanisms of checkpoint inhibition-induced adverse events.

Immune checkpoint inhibition has revolutionized the treatment of several solid cancers, most notably melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Drugs targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have made their way into routine clinical use; however, this has not been without difficulties. Stimulation of the immune system to target cancer has been found to result in a reduction of self-tolerance, leading to the development of adverse effects that resemble autoimmunity. These adverse effects are erratic in their onset and severity and can theoretically affect any organ type. Several mechanisms for immune-related toxicity have been investigated over recent years; however, no consensus on the cause or prediction of toxicity has been reached. This review seeks to examine reported evidence for possible mechanisms of toxicity, methods for prediction of those at risk and a discussion of future prospects within the field.

Genome-Wide Association Studies for Methane Production in Dairy Cattle.

Genomic selection has been proposed for the mitigation of methane (CH4) emissions by cattle because there is considerable variability in CH4 emissions between individuals fed on the same diet. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) represents an important tool for the detection of candidate genes, haplotypes or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers related to characteristics of economic interest. The present study included information for 280 cows in three dairy production systems in Mexico: 1) Dual Purpose (n = 100), 2) Specialized Tropical Dairy (n = 76), 3) Familiar Production System (n = 104). Concentrations of CH4 in a breath of individual cows at the time of milking (MEIm) were estimated through a system of infrared sensors. After quality control analyses, 21,958 SNPs were included. Associations of markers were made using a linear regression model, corrected with principal component analyses. In total, 46 SNPs were identified as significant for CH4 production. Several SNPs associated with CH4 production were found at regions previously described for quantitative trait loci of composition characteristics of meat, milk fatty acids and characteristics related to feed intake. It was concluded that the SNPs identified could be used in genomic selection programs in developing countries and combined with other datasets for global selection.

ECLIM-SEHOP, a new platform to set up and develop international academic clinical trials for childhood cancer and blood disorders in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer and blood disorders in children are rare. The progressive improvement in survival over the last decades largely relies on the development of international academic clinical trials that gather the sufficient number of patients globally to elaborate solid conclusions and drive changes in clinical practice. The participation of Spain into large international academic trials has traditionally lagged behind of other European countries, mainly due to the burden of administrative tasks to open new studies, lack of financial support and limited research infrastructure in our hospitals. METHODS: The objective of ECLIM-SEHOP platform (Ensayos Clínicos Internacionales Multicéntricos-SEHOP) is to overcome these difficulties and position Spain among the European countries leading the advances in cancer and blood disorders, facilitate the access of our patients to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and, most importantly, continue to improve survival and reducing long-term sequelae. ECLIM-SEHOP provides to the Spanish clinical investigators with the necessary infrastructural support to open and implement academic clinical trials and registries. RESULTS: In less than 3 years from its inception, the platform has provided support to 20 clinical trials and 8 observational studies, including 8 trials and 4 observational studies where the platform performs all trial-related tasks (integral support: trial setup, monitoring, etc.) with more than 150 patients recruited since 2017 to these studies. In this manuscript, we provide baseline metrics for academic clinical trial performance that permit future comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: ECLIM-SEHOP facilitates Spanish children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer and blood disorders to access state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Conducta sexual y realización de la prueba del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en jóvenes que estudian en la universidad en Cuzco (Perú) / Sexual behaviour and human immunodeficiency virus testing in university students from Cuzco (Peru)

Objetivo: El objetivo era analizar la conducta sexual, la realización de la prueba del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), las intenciones para hacérsela y los motivos para no realizársela en jóvenes estudiantes en la universidad en Cuzco (Perú). Métodos: Participaron 1377 estudiantes universitarios/as de diversas instituciones de educación superior de Cuzco (Perú). El rango de edad era de 16 a 30 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre conducta sexual y realización de la prueba del VIH. El tamaño de la muestra se estableció considerando un nivel de confianza del 97% y un error de estimación del 3%. El cuestionario se cumplimentó en las aulas durante las horas lectivas. Resultados: Un mayor porcentaje de varones que de mujeres ha tenido sexo vaginal, anal y oral, un mayor número de parejas sexuales y un inicio a una edad más temprana en el sexo vaginal y oral. Un mayor porcentaje de mujeres que de varones no utilizó el preservativo en la primera relación sexual anal y tenía un mayor índice de riesgo anal. La mayoría de los/las jóvenes no se había realizado nunca la prueba del VIH. El principal motivo para no hacérsela era la seguridad de no estar infectados/as. Conclusiones: Parece existir una baja percepción de riesgo frente al VIH en los/las jóvenes a pesar de implicarse en conductas sexuales de riesgo. Es necesaria la realización de campañas de prevención dirigidas tanto a la población general como a las poblaciones clave, y considerar especialmente a la juventud

Objective: To analyse sexual behaviour, HIV testing, HIV testing intentions and reasons for not testing for HIV in university students from Cuzco (Peru). Methods: The sample comprised 1,377 university students from several institutions from Cuzco (Peru). The size of the sample was set according to a maximum 3% error estimation and a 97% confidence interval. Ages ranged from 16 to 30 years old. The data were collected through a self-administered, anonymous and voluntary questionnaire regarding sexual behaviour and HIV testing. The data were collected in classrooms during teaching hours. Results: A higher percentage of males than females reported having had vaginal, anal and oral sex, a higher number of sexual partners and an earlier age at first vaginal and oral sex. A higher percentage of females than males did not use condoms when they first had anal sex and had a higher anal sex-risk index. Most of the participants had never been HIV tested. The main reason was that they were sure that they were not HIV infected. Conclusions: It seems that there was a low HIV risk perception in these participants despite the fact that they had been involved in sexual risk behaviours. Prevention campaigns focused on the general population as well as the at-risk populations and young people are needed

Spanish-language screening scales: A critical review. / Escalas de tamizaje cognitivo en habla hispana: una revisión crítica.

INTRODUCTION: Dementia is a chronic, degenerative disease with a strong impact on families and health systems. The instruments currently in use for measuring cognitive impairment have different psychometric characteristics in terms of application time, cut-off point, reliability, and validity. The objective of this review is to describe the characteristics of the validated, Spanish-language versions of the Mini-Cog, Clock-Drawing Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination scales for cognitive impairment screening. DEVELOPMENT: We performed a three-stage literature search of articles published on Medline since 1953. We selected articles on validated, Spanish-language versions of the scales that included data on reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The 3 screening tools assessed in this article provide support for primary care professionals. Timely identification of mild cognitive impairment and dementia is crucial for the prognosis of these patients.

Cementum protein 1 transfection does not lead to ultrastructural changes in nucleolar organization of human gingival fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Transfection of cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) into human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) notably increases cell metabolism and results in overexpression of molecules related to biomineralization at transcriptional and protein levels. Therefore, HGF-CEMP1 cells are considered as putative cementoblasts. This represents a significant advance in periodontal research because cementum neoformation is a key event in periodontal regeneration. In addition, it is well known that important changes in cell metabolism and protein expression are related to nucleolar structure and the function of this organelle, which is implicated in ribosome biogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of transfecting CEMP1 gene in human HGF on the ultrastructure of the nucleolus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cells were processed using the conventional technique for transmission electron microscopy, fixed with glutaraldehyde, postfixed with osmium tetraoxide, and embedded in epoxy resin. Semi-thin sections were stained with Toluidine blue and observed by light microscopy. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. For ribonucleoprotein detection, the staining method based on the regressive effect of EDTA was used. In addition, the osmium ammine technique was used for specific staining of DNA. RESULTS: The results obtained in this study suggest that transfection of CEMP1 into HGFs does not produce changes in the general nucleolar ultrastructure because the different components of the organelle are present as fibrillary centers, and dense fibrillar and granular components compared with the control. CONCLUSION: The transfection of CEMP1 into HGFs allows these cells to perform cementoblast-like functions without alteration of the ultrastructure of the nucleolus, evaluated by the presence of the different compartments of this organelle involved in ribosomal biogenesis.