Results of a Community-Based Screening Program for Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infection in Young People Aged 18-25 Years.

Introduction and aim Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) cases have increased in the last decade. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of CT genital infection in asymptomatic, sexually active young people and determine whether a community screening program would be effective in reducing the number of cases. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional studyof consecutive inclusion of asymptomatic people aged 18-25 years between September 2021 and May 2022. Community interventions in high schools, universities, and cultural events were planned to realize the screening. Sociodemographic variables of gender, age, country of origin, and educational level, as well as sexual habits, were recorded for each patient. CT was detected via urine samples. An estimate of the prevalence of CT genital infection and its 95% confidence interval (CI) was made based on the exact binomial distribution, assuming that the sample is representative of the study population. Results A total of 628 subjects participated in the study, of whom 33 had a CT infection, giving a prevalence of 5.2% (95% CI: 3.6%, 7.3%). 93.9% of subjects with CT infection were female (p≤0.019) and 85% of the participants were Spanish nationals. Among vocational training students, the prevalence was 8.1%. Having had four or more sexual partners in the last month and in the previous year was significantly associated with CT infection (p<0.001). Conclusion Screening for CT genital infection in young sexually active women should be implemented in our country, as recommended by the various guidelines.

Changes in Group A Streptococcus emm Types Associated with Invasive Infections in Adults, Spain, 2023.

An increase in invasive group A Streptococcus infection was detected in the northeast of Spain in November 2022. A postpandemic decline in the diversity of circulating emm types involved in invasive group A Streptococcus was observed, along with the emergence of emm49 in this geographic area.

Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing the nostrils of Spanish children.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing healthy Spanish children. METHODS: Between March and July 2018, 1876 Spanish children younger than 14 years attending primary healthcare centers were recruited from rural and urban areas. Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the anterior nostrils was analyzed. MecA and mecC genes, antibiotic susceptibility, and genotyping according to the spa were determined in all strains, and the following toxins were examined: Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst), and exfoliative toxins (eta, etb, etd). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) typing were performed on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, as well as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: 619 strains were isolated in 1876 children (33%), and 92% of them were sent for characterization to the Spanish National Centre of Microbiology (n = 572). Twenty (3.5%) of these strains were mecA-positive. Several spa types were detected among MRSA, being t002 the most frequently observed (30%), associating with SCCmec IVc. Among MSSA, 33% were positive for tst, while only 0.73% were positive for pvl. The 20 MRSA strains were negative for pvl, and 6 (30%) harbored the tst gene. CONCLUSIONS: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in Spanish children is rare, with t002 being the most observed spa type, associated with SCCmec IVc. None of the MRSA strains produced pvl, but up to 30% of S. aureus strains were positive for tst.

E-gene RT-PCR Crossing Point Value and Other Biochemical Parameters as Useful Markers of Death Risk in COVID-19 Patients.

The identification of laboratory markers which predict the outcome of COVID-19 patients is a great concern. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate laboratory parameters of COVID-19 patients as well as to evaluate the RT-PCR crossing point (Cp) value and correlate blood test abnormalities and the Cp value with patients survival. Two hundred thirty patients with positive RT-PCR of SARS-CoV-2 were included in the study. Molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was performed by RT-PCR (LightMix, TibMolbiol, Germany). Clinical information, biochemical parameters and Cp values were collected in an anonymized database and variables were analyzed with SPSS v25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). No-survivors were significantly older (>65 years old) than survivors (p=0.007). A higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients who died than in those who survived was found (p=0.002). Statistically significant differences were obtained comparing RT-PCR Cp values for the E-gene of patients who died and those who survived, being lower (<=28) those of patients who died (p=0.004). No-survivors had significantly higher levels of CRP (>100) (p=0.007). E-gene Cp values <=28, which correlate with a high number of copies of SARS-CoV-2, as well as several demographical and biochemical parameters (Age above 65 years old, CRP levels >100 mg/L or cardiovascular comorbidities) could be useful markers of death risk in these patients.

Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization in Spanish Children. The COSACO Nationwide Surveillance Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization in Spanish children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients <14 years from primary care centers all over Spain. Clinical data and nasal aspirates were collected from March to July 2018. RESULTS: A total of 1876 patients were enrolled. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA colonization were 33% (95% CI 30.9-35.1) and 1.44% (95% CI 0.9-2), respectively. Thirty-three percent of the children (633/1876) presented chronic conditions, mainly atopic dermatitis, asthma and/or allergy (524/633). Factors associated with S. aureus colonization were age ≥5 years (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.12), male sex (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17-1.76), urban setting (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08-1.97) and the presence of asthma, atopic dermatitis or allergies (OR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.093-1.43). Rural residence was the only factor associated with MRSA colonization (OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.57-8.36). MRSA was more frequently resistant than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus to ciprofloxacin [41.2% vs 2.6%; p<0.0001], clindamycin [26% vs 16.9%; p=0.39], and mupirocin [14.3% vs 6.7%; p=0.18]. None of the MRSA strains was resistant to tetracycline, fosfomycin, vancomycin or daptomycin. CONCLUSIONS: The main risk factors for S. aureus colonization in Spanish children are being above five years of age, male gender, atopic dermatitis, asthma or allergy, and residence in urban areas. MRSA colonization is low, but higher than in other European countries and is associated with rural settings.

Evaluation of the usefulness of a quantitative blood culture in the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection: Comparative analysis of two periods (2002 and 2012) / Evaluación de la utilidad del hemocultivo cuantitativo en el diagnóstico de la bacteriemia relacionada con catéter: análisis comparativo de dos periodos (2002 y 2012)

INTRODUCTION: A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the usefulness of systematic quantitative blood culture (QBC) in the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) during two 1-year periods (2002 and 2012). METHODS: The study included all QBC requests sent to the microbiology laboratory for suspected CRBSI in adults (≥18 years) with any type of intravascular catheter (IVC). Based on a ratio of ≥4:1CFU/mL of the same microorganism between IVC blood culture from any lumen and peripheral blood culture, 5 diagnostic groups were defined: confirmed or probable CRBSI, primary BSI, other focus of infection, and colonization. RESULTS: In total, 4521 QBCs were evaluated; 24% positive in 2002 and 16% in 2012 (P<0.0001). There were 243 episodes of suspected CRBSI (101 in 2002 and 142 in 2012). Confirmed CRBSI episodes were higher in 2002 than 2012 (56% vs 34%) (P<0.0001), whereas colonization episodes were lower (18% vs 38%) (P=0.0006). Gram-positive cocci decrease in 2012 relative to 2002 (56% vs 79.7%) (P=0.022). Almost one-third (32%) of confirmed CRBSI would have been missed if blood from all catheter lumens had not been cultured. CONCLUSIONS: QBC is a useful method for diagnosing CRBSI. Blood samples from all catheter lumens must be cultured to avoid missing around one-third of CRBSI diagnoses

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo, para investigar la utilidad del hemocultivo cuantitativo (HC) para el diagnóstico de las bacteriemias relacionadas con catéteres (BRC), durante dos periodos de un año (2002 y 2012). MÉTODOS: Todos los HC recibidos en el laboratorio de microbiología realizados ante la sospecha de BRC, a pacientes ≥18 años portadores de cualquier tipo de catéter intravascular (CIV), han sido incluidos en este estudio. Basándonos en la proporción ≥4:1CFU/mL del mismo microorganismo entre el HC de cualquier luz del CIV y el HC periférico se han definido 5 grupos diagnósticos: BRC confirmada o probable, bacteriemia primaria, otro foco de infección y colonización. RESULTADOS: Han sido evaluados 4521 HC; 24% positivos en 2002 y 16% en 2012 (P<0.0001). Fueron sospechosos de BRC 243 episodios (101 en 2002 y 142 en 2012). El Porcentaje de episodios de BRC confirmados fue mayor en 2002 que en 2012 (56% vs 34%) (P<0.0001), en cambio fue menor el de los episodios de colonización (18% vs 38%) (P=0.0006). Los cocos Gram-positivos disminuyeron en 2012 en relación con 2002 (56% vs 79.7%) (P=0.022). En el 32.2% de las BRC confirmadas se hubiese perdido el diagnóstico si no se hubiera realizado HC de todas las luces. CONCLUSIONES: El HC es un método muy útil para el diagnóstico de las BRC. Hay que obtener muestra de sangre de todas luces para cultivo con el fin de evitar la pérdida de alrededor del 30% de los episodios de BRC

Evaluation of the usefulness of a quantitative blood culture in the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection: Comparative analysis of two periods (2002 and 2012).

INTRODUCTION: A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the usefulness of systematic quantitative blood culture (QBC) in the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) during two 1-year periods (2002 and 2012). METHODS: The study included all QBC requests sent to the microbiology laboratory for suspected CRBSI in adults (≥18 years) with any type of intravascular catheter (IVC). Based on a ratio of ≥4:1CFU/mL of the same microorganism between IVC blood culture from any lumen and peripheral blood culture, 5 diagnostic groups were defined: confirmed or probable CRBSI, primary BSI, other focus of infection, and colonization. RESULTS: In total, 4521 QBCs were evaluated; 24% positive in 2002 and 16% in 2012 (P<0.0001). There were 243 episodes of suspected CRBSI (101 in 2002 and 142 in 2012). Confirmed CRBSI episodes were higher in 2002 than 2012 (56% vs 34%) (P<0.0001), whereas colonization episodes were lower (18% vs 38%) (P=0.0006). Gram-positive cocci decrease in 2012 relative to 2002 (56% vs 79.7%) (P=0.022). Almost one-third (32%) of confirmed CRBSI would have been missed if blood from all catheter lumens had not been cultured. CONCLUSIONS: QBC is a useful method for diagnosing CRBSI. Blood samples from all catheter lumens must be cultured to avoid missing around one-third of CRBSI diagnoses.

Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Children: Changes During Eighteen Years.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacteremia in children and is associated with high morbidity. Complete data are lacking on the incidence, related risk factors and mortality associated with this infection. METHODS: Descriptive study including patients younger than 16 years admitted to a tertiary reference hospital, with blood cultures exclusively positive for S. aureus. Four study periods were established: period 1, 1995-1999; period 2, 2000-2002; period 3, 2006-2008 and period 4, 2010-2012. RESULTS: In total, 269 episodes of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) occurred in 242 patients. Over the total time studied, the incidence increased from 1.3 to 3.3 cases per 1000 patients hospitalized (relative risk: 2.71; 95% confidence interval: 1.85-3.95) and mortality decreased from 18% to 6% (P = 0.008). There were no differences in the resistance patterns of S. aureus strains. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) increased from 3% to 13% between periods 1 and 2 and decreased from 14% to 3% between periods 3 and 4 (P = 0.011). The 30-day cumulative mortality was 3.3%, and the SAB-related mortality was 1.5%. Nosocomial acquisition and age 12-16 years were factors independently related with death on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SAB tripled during the years studied but remained stable in the last period. Antimicrobial resistances did not increase. Although a decrease in mortality was documented, approximately half the 30-day cumulative mortality was caused by SAB.