A new species of mailed catfish of genus Rhadinoloricaria (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Loricariinae) from Rio Negro basin, Brazil.

During a recent collection expedition to the Rio Negro, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, eight individuals of an unknown species were collected, with a combination of characteristics that placed the species in the genus Rhadinoloricaria. Furthermore, the presence of two autapomorphic characteristics, including numerous elongated papillae on the lower lip and unbranched barbelets on the margin of lower lip, suggests that it is a new species. From morphological and phylogenetic analyses, including the sequencing of specific genes to calculate the maximum likelihood analyses, coupled with osteological computed tomography (CT) scan analyses, the authors corroborated that the specimens represent a new species of Rhadinoloricaria, described in the present study.

Osteology-focused redescription and description of the blood-feeding candirus Paracanthopoma parva and Paravandellia alleynei sp.n. (Trichomycteridae: Vandelliinae).

This study resolves a significant impediment to the taxonomy of the Neotropical endemic hematophagous candirus by providing the first high-resolution, CT-based osteological descriptions of type and nontype specimens of Paracanthopoma parva, type species of the genus. We also describe the distinctive new species Paravandellia alleynei based on specimens that were previously misidentified as Parac. parva in the only taxonomic study of that species since its 1935 description. Paracanthopoma parva is distinguished from all nominal congeners by its parietosupraoccipital and caudal skeleton morphology and by various meristics, including numbers of teeth on median premaxilla, vertebrae, and procurrent and principal caudal-fin rays. Paravandellia alleynei differs from both nominal congeners (Paravandellia oxyptera and Paravandellia phaneronema) by the unique morphology of its maxilla, mesethmoid and opercular apparatus, relative position of the pelvic- and anal-fin origins, orientation of the opercular odontodes, and various meristics, including numbers of vertebrae, median premaxillary teeth, medial teeth on premaxilla, branchiostegal rays, opercular and interopercular odontodes, distal claw-like premaxillary teeth, dorsal-fin rays and dentary teeth. This is the first species of Paravandellia recognized from Guyana and the Essequibo River basin. It is currently known only from two type specimens from the lower Essequibo River basin and 43 nontype specimens from the upper Branco River basin. By providing the first skeletal observations for type specimens of the type species Parac. parva and for topotypic specimens of all three nominal species of Paravandellia, we clarify and confirm the diagnosis of Parac. parva and establish a robust foundation for ongoing taxonomic revisions of these two small-sized and species-poor, yet trans-continentally distributed genera, both of which contain considerable unrecognized diversity.

A redescription of deep-channel ghost knifefish, Sternarchogiton preto (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), with assignment to a new genus

From a study of morphological and molecular datasets we determine that a species originally described as Sternarchogiton preto does not form a monophyletic group with the other valid species of Sternarchogiton including the type species, S. nattereri. Previously-published phylogenetic analyses indicate that this species is sister to a diverse clade comprised of six described apteronotid genera. We therefore place it into a new genus diagnosed by the presence of three cranial fontanels, first and second infraorbital bones independent (not fused), the absence of an ascending process on the endopterygoid, and dark brown to black pigments over the body surface and fins membranes. We additionally provide a redescription of this enigmatic species with an emphasis on its osteology, and provide the first documentation of secondary sexual dimorphism in this species.(AU)

RESUMO Através de um estudo com dados morfológicos e moleculares, nós propomos que a espécie originalmente descrita como Sternarchogiton preto não forma um grupo monofilético com outras espécies válidas de Sternarchogiton incluindo a espécie-tipo, S. nattereri. Análises filogenéticas anteriormente publicadas indicam que essa espécie é irmã de um clado diverso contendo seis gêneros descritos de Apteronotidae. Nós então a alocamos em um novo gênero diagnosticado pela presença de três fontanelas craniais, primeiro e segundo ossos infraorbitais independentes (não fusionados), ausência de um processo ascendente do endopterigoide e pigmentação marrom-escura à negra sobre a superfície do corpo e membranas das nadadeiras. Adicionalmente, nós realizamos a redescrição dessa enigmática espécie com ênfase na sua osteologia, e fazemos o primeiro registro de dimorfismo sexual secundário nessa espécie.(AU)

Molecular phylogeny of the ghost knifefishes (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae).

Ghost knifefishes (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) are weakly electric fishes that possess a high-frequency, neurogenic electric organ discharge. They are found throughout the humid Neotropics from Panama to Argentina and are most diverse and abundant in the channels of large lowland rivers. Apteronotidae is the most species-rich family of Neotropical electric knifefishes with 96 valid species in 15 genera. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis based on molecular sequence data from three mitochondrial genes (16S, coi, cytb) and four nuclear loci (glyt, rag2, ryr3, zic1). Our analysis includes sequence data for 203 samples in 54 species and 14 genera, making it the most densely-sampled and data-rich phylogeny of the Apteronotidae to date. Our results corroborate previous phylogenetic hypotheses with the placement of Orthosternarchus + Sternarchorhamphus sister to all other apteronotids, a non-monophyletic Apterontotus, and a sister relationship between Sternarchorhynchus and the Navajini. We also report several novel relationships, particularly within the Navajini and among several species of the nominal genus Apteronotus not previously included in phylogenetic analyses. We additionally provide a new classification for the family.

Resolving Deep Nodes in an Ancient Radiation of Neotropical Fishes in the Presence of Conflicting Signals from Incomplete Lineage Sorting.

Resolving patterns of ancient and rapid diversifications is one of the most challenging tasks in evolutionary biology. These difficulties arise from confusing phylogenetic signals that are associated with the interplay of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and homoplasy. Phylogenomic analyses of hundreds, or even thousands, of loci offer the potential to resolve such contentious relationships. Yet, how much useful phylogenetic information these large data sets contain remains uncertain and often goes untested. Here, we assess the utility of different data filtering approaches to maximize phylogenetic information and minimize noise when reconstructing an ancient radiation of Neotropical electric knifefishes (Order Gymnotiformes) using ultraconserved elements. We found two contrasting hypotheses of gymnotiform evolutionary relationships depending on whether phylogenetic inferences were based on concatenation or coalescent methods. In the first case, all analyses inferred a previously-and commonly-proposed hypothesis, where the family Apteronotidae was found as the sister group to all other gymnotiform families. In contrast, coalescent-based analyses suggested a novel hypothesis where families producing pulse-type (viz., Gymnotidae, Hypopomidae, and Rhamphichthyidae) and wave-type electric signals (viz., Apteronotidae, Sternopygidae) were reciprocally monophyletic. Nodal support for this second hypothesis increased when analyzing loci with the highest phylogenetic information content and further increased when data were pruned using targeted filtering methods that maximized phylogenetic informativeness at the deepest nodes of the Gymnotiformes. Bayesian concordance analyses and topology tests of individual gene genealogies demonstrated that the difficulty of resolving this radiation was likely due to high gene-tree incongruences that resulted from ILS. We show that data filtering reduces gene-tree heterogeneity and increases nodal support and consistency of species trees using coalescent methods; however, we failed to observe the same effect when using concatenation methods. Furthermore, the targeted filtering strategies applied here support the use of "gene data interrogation" rather than "gene genealogy interrogation" approaches in phylogenomic analyses, to extract phylogenetic signal from intractable portions of the Tree of Life.

Melanosternarchus amaru, a new genus and species of electric ghost knifefish (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Amazon Basin.

We describe Melanosternarchus amaru as a new genus and species of Apteronotidae from the deep channels of blackwater and clearwater tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil and Peru. The new species superficially resembles members of the widespread "Apteronotus" bonapartii species group, from which it can be readily distinguished by expanded bones of the infraorbital laterosensory canal. It can further be distinguished from all other apteronotids by a unique combination of characters: reduced premaxillary dentition, a large gape, and an absence of scales from the entire dorsum. A molecular phylogenetic analysis using three mitochondrial loci and one nuclear locus (~3000 bp) places this genus as sister to Compsaraia, and these two genera together as a clade sister to Pariosternarchus; all nodes with strong statistical support. The clade formed by these three genera includes five species, four of which are restricted to the Amazon basin. The apparent habitat preference of the new species for low-conductivity blackwater and clearwater rivers has not been reported in other apteronotid species.

Data supporting phylogenetic reconstructions of the Neotropical clade Gymnotiformes.

Data is presented in support of model-based total evidence (MBTE) phylogenetic reconstructions of the Neotropical clade of Gymnotiformes "Model-based total evidence phylogeny of Neotropical electric knifefishes (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes)" (Tagliacollo et al., 2016) [1]). The MBTE phylogenies were inferred using a comprehensive dataset comprised of six genes (5277 bp) and 223 morphological characters for an ingroup taxon sample of 120 of 218 valid species and 33 of the 34 extant genera. The data in this article include primer sequences for gene amplification and sequencing, voucher information and GenBank accession numbers, descriptions of morphological characters, morphological synapomorphies for the recognized clades of Gymnotiformes, a supermatrix comprised of concatenated molecular and morphological data, and computer scripts to replicate MBTE inferences. We also included here Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian topologies, which support two main gymnotiform clades: Gymnotidae and Sternopygoidei, the latter comprised of Rhamphichthyoidea (Rhamphichthyidae+Hypopomidae) and Sinusoidea (Sternopygidae+Apteronotidae).

Model-based total evidence phylogeny of Neotropical electric knifefishes (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes).

This study provides the most comprehensive Model-Based Total Evidence (MBTE) phylogenetic analyses of the clade Gymnotiformes to date, reappraising relationships using a dataset comprised of six genes (5277bp) and 223 morphological characters, and an ingroup taxon sample including 120 of 212 valid species representing 34 of the 35 extant genera. Our MBTE analyses indicate the two main gymnotiform clades are Gymnotidae and Sternopygoidei, the latter comprised of Rhamphichthyoidea (Rhamphichthyidae+Hypopomidae) and Sinusoidea (Sternopygidae+Apteronotidae). Within Gymnotidae, Electrophorus and Gymnotus are sister taxa, and Gymnotus includes the following six clades: (i) G. pantherinus clade, (ii) G. coatesi clade, (iii) G. anguillaris clade, (iv) G. tigre clade, (v) G. cylindricus clade, and (vi) G. carapo clade. Within Rhamphichthyoidea, Steatogenae (Steatogenys+Hypopygus) is a member of Rhamphichthyidae, and Hypopomidae includes the following clades: (i) Akawaio, (ii) Hypopomus, (iii) Microsternarchini, and (iv) Brachyhypopomus. Within Sternopygidae, Sternopygus and Eigenmanninae are sister groups, Rhabdolichops is the sister to other Eigenmanninae, Archolaemus+Distocyclus is the sister to Eigenmannia, and Japigny is nested within Eigenmannia. Within Apteronotidae, Sternarchorhamphinae (Sternarchorhamphus+Orthosternarchus) is the sister to Apteronotinae, Adontosternarchus is the sister group to other Apteronotinae, Sternarchorhynchini (Sternarchorhynchus+Platyurosternarchus) is the sister to Navajini, and species assigned to Apteronotus are members of two separate clades: (i) A. sensu stricto in the Apteronotini, and (ii) the "A." bonapartii clade in the Navajini.