Cáncer de mama en mujeres adultas mayores, características clínicas e histopatológicas y resultados del tratamiento con intención curativa / Characteristics and results of breast cancer in elderly females treated with curative inten

Background: Aging is the main risk factor to acquire breast cancer (BC). Nevertheless BC in elderly patients is sub-represented in clinical trials. Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics and long term treatment results of localized BC in older women. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 65 women aged 70 to 88 years, with localized BC, treated with surgery, postoperative radiotherapy or systemic therapy at a Clinical Hospital in Chile. Results: The presence of symptoms or abnormal findings on physical examination were the main reasons for consulting in 65% of cases. Compared with tumors detected on physical examination, those detected using screening mammogram were smaller and were in stage 1 with a higher frequency (18 and 59% respectively, p < 0.01). The pathological type was luminal in 80% of cases. Overall survival was better for luminal pathological type. All patients completed radiotherapy without interruptions developing minor acute toxicity. The most common co-morbidity was high blood pressure occurring in 46% of patients. Thirteen percent of patients had three or more co-morbidities. After a median follow up of 7 years, 23 (35%) patients had died and the cause of death was BC in 43% of cases. Two patients died of lung cancer. No patient had a local breast relapse. Conclusions: Screening mammogram in older women detected smaller tumors and it was associated with a better survival. BC is the ultimate cause of death in approximately half of cases.

[Characteristics and results of breast cancer in elderly females treated with curative intent]. / Cáncer de mama en mujeres adultas mayores, características clínicas e histopatológicas y resultados del tratamiento con intención curativa.

BACKGROUND: Aging is the main risk factor to acquire breast cancer (BC). Nevertheless BC in elderly patients is sub-represented in clinical trials. AIM: To describe the clinical characteristics and long term treatment results of localized BC in older women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of 65 women aged 70 to 88 years, with localized BC, treated with surgery, postoperative radiotherapy or systemic therapy at a Clinical Hospital in Chile. RESULTS: The presence of symptoms or abnormal findings on physical examination were the main reasons for consulting in 65% of cases. Compared with tumors detected on physical examination, those detected using screening mammogram were smaller and were in stage 1 with a higher frequency (18 and 59% respectively, p < 0.01). The pathological type was luminal in 80% of cases. Overall survival was better for luminal pathological type. All patients completed radiotherapy without interruptions developing minor acute toxicity. The most common co-morbidity was high blood pressure occurring in 46% of patients. Thirteen percent of patients had three or more co-morbidities. After a median follow up of 7 years, 23 (35%) patients had died and the cause of death was BC in 43% of cases. Two patients died of lung cancer. No patient had a local breast relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Screening mammogram in older women detected smaller tumors and it was associated with a better survival. BC is the ultimate cause of death in approximately half of cases.

Carcinoma sebáceo de la glándula parótida / Sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland

Introduction: Sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland is an extremely rare neoplasm, whose treatment is complex by the possible consequences that may occur due to its location. Material and Methods: We report a case of a 54 year old patient with a left parotid tumor without facial nerve dysfunction. The imaging study reports the presence of a left parotid tumor of 2.3 cm, without lymphadenopathy. Results: We performed a left partial parotidectomy whose final pathological diagnosis was a sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland.

Introducción: El carcinoma sebáceo de la glándula parótida es una neoplasia extremadamente infrecuente, cuyo manejo es complejo por las posibles secuelas que pueden suceder dada su localización. Material y Método: Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 54 años con un tumor parotídeo izquierdo de larga data sin compromiso de la función del VII par. Resultados: El estudio por imágenes informó la presencia de un tumor parotídeo izquierdo de 2,2 cm, sin linfoadenopatías regionales. Se realizó una parotidectomía parcial izquierda cuyo diagnóstico patológico definitivo fue un carcinoma sebáceo de glándula parótida.

[Umbilical cord hematopoietic precursors transplantation. Report of five patients]. / Trasplante con precursores hematopoyéticos de cordón umbilical en adultos con neoplasias hematológicas en Chile: serie clínica.

Hematopoietic precursors transplantation is a therapeutic alternative for leukemia, some metabolic diseases and some immune deficiency syndromes. In its allogeneic variety leukemia eradication is based in the conditioning prior to transplantation and the allograñ effect against leukemia. Umbilical cord blood is an alternative source of hematopoietic precursors when there are no HLA compatible relatives available. Between 2003 and 2007 we have performed five umbilical cord blood transplant in adult patients in a University hospital. All patients had malignant diseases. Conditioning protocols were ablative in all except in one patient and in all, more than one unit of umbilical cord blood was used. Hematopoietic engraftment was confirmed in all patients and the main complications registered were infectious and associated to immunosuppression.

Trasplante con precursores hematopoyéticos de cordón umbilical en adultos con neoplasias hematológicas en Chile: Serie clínica / Umbilical cord hematopoietic precursors transplantation: Report of five patients

Hematopoietic precursors transplantation is a therapeutic alternative for leukemia, some metabolic diseases and some immune deficiency syndromes. In its allogeneic variety leukemia eradication is based in the conditioning prior to transplantation and the allograñ effect against leukemia. Umbilical cord blood is an alternative source of hematopoietic precursors when there are no HLA compatible relatives available. Between 2003 and 2007 we have performed five umbilical cord blood transplant in adult patients in a University hospital. All patients had malignant diseases. Conditioning protocols were ablative in all except in one patient and in all, more than one unit of umbilical cord blood was used. Hematopoietic engraftment was confirmed in all patients and the main complications registered were infectious and associated to immunosuppression.

Tratamiento de anemia aplásica severa adquirida en pacientes pediátricos con inmunosupresión y trasplante alogénico de precursores hematopoiéticos / Treatment of acquired severe aplastic anemia in pediatric patients with immunosupression and allogeneic stem cell hematopoyetic transplant

Background: Severe acquired aplastic anemia (SAA) is an uncommon disease of childhood. Patients with SAA receive supportive care with transfusions and timely treatment of opportunistic infections, along with specific therapies, which may be allogenic stem cell transplantation (SCT) from a matched sibling or immunosupressive therapy (IT). Aim: To report the experience in the management of SAA. Patients and methods: Twenty five children with acquired SAA were treated from July 1992 to September 2005. Patients with full matched sibling donors received allogenic SCT after conditioning with a cyclophosphamide containing regimen. The other patients received immune suppression with cyclosporine plus methylprednisolone (n= 18) plus ATG (n=17). All received supportive care until recovery of hematopoietic function. Those who had severe opportunistic infections at diagnosis or did not respond to two cycles of ATG were evaluated for unrelated donor SCT. Results: Seven patients received sibling donor SCT and 18 IT, which was repeated in six. Three patients received mismatched related (1) or unrelated (2) SCT. Nineteen patients survived with a median follow up time of 4 years, 14 with full hematologic recovery. Six patients died: four due to infections after IT or SCT, one due to intracranial hemorrhage and one with secondary myelodysplasia 12 years after IT. Conclusions: Most children with SAA can be treated successfully with sibling donor SCT or IT. Patients without a histocompatible sibling who fail to respond to IS have a worse prognosis.

[Treatment results of early breast cancer: a retrospective review]. / ¿Es curable el cáncer de mama en etapa precoz?: Resultados del tratamiento combinado con cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer will develop in one out of ten women during their lifetime. Early diagnosis has increased in recent years. AIM: To describe a population of women with breast cancer stage T1N0M0. To analyze radiation therapy toxicity and to evaluate treatment results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of 125 women (aged 35 to 80 years) with breast cancer T1N0M0, that were treated between January 1997 and May 2004, with breast conserving surgery and postoperative radiation therapy at an oncology center. Patients lost from follow up were contacted by telephone. RESULTS: An abnormal screening mammography was the reason for consult in 62% of cases. The average tumor size was 11.6 mm. Tumors detected with screening mammogram were smaller than those detected on physical exam. The most common radiotherapy toxicity was erithema, which was severe in 2.5% of cases. No patient had to stop the radiation treatment due to toxicity. One patient developed arm edema. Tamoxifen was prescribed for 5 years to 80% of patients and 17 patients received chemotherapy. After an average follow up of 40 months, no patient has developed local breast relapse, three patients developed contralateral breast cancer and three developed distant metastasis. Two patients died from breast cancer. Disease free survival was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy was well tolerated and had excellent local control. Screening mammography detects small tumors. Survival is excellent for early stage breast cancer.

¿Es curable el cáncer de mama en etapa precoz?: Resultados del tratamiento combinado con cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia / Treatment results of early breast cancer: A retrospective review

Background: Breast cancer will develop in one out of ten women during their lifetime. Early diagnosis has increased in recent years. Aim: To describe a population of women with breast cancer stage T1N0M0. To analyze radiation therapy toxicity and to evaluate treatment results. Material and methods: Retrospective review of the medical records of 125 women (aged 35 to 80 years) with breast cancer T1N0M0, that were treated between January 1997 and May 2004, with breast conserving surgery and postoperative radiation therapy at an oncology center. Patients lost from follow up were contacted by telephone. Results: An abnormal screening mammography was the reason for consult in 62 percent of cases. The average tumor size was 11.6 mm. Tumors detected with screening mammogram were smaller than those detected on physical exam. The most common radiotherapy toxicity was erithema, which was severe in 2.5 percent of cases. No patient had to stop the radiation treatment due to toxicity. One patient developed arm edema. Tamoxifen was prescribed for 5 years to 80 percent of patients and 17 patients received chemotherapy. After an average follow up of 40 months, no patient has developed local breast relapse, three patients developed contralateral breast cancer and three developed distant metastasis. Two patients died from breast cancer. Disease free survival was 95 percent. Conclusions: Radiotherapy was well tolerated and had excellent local control. Screening mammography detects small tumors. Survival is excellent for early stage breast cancer.

Evaluación de un modelo computacional para la indicación de quimioterapia en cáncer de mama / Evaluation of a computer program in use of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer

El cáncer de mama es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres en Chile. El tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia ha demostrado disminuir la recurrencia y muerte por la enfermedad. La recomendación de usar adyuvancia en un paciente individual es compleja y depende de la evaluación del riesgo de recaída, muerte y condición del enfermo. Adjuvant! es un modelo computacional útil en la predicción de la sobrevida y beneficio de la terapia adyuvante en pacientes con cáncer de mama. El modelo Adjuvant! se estudió en nuestra población de pacientes para conocer el beneficio estimado de la quimioterapia y la relación con su prescripción. Se aplicó Adjuvant! a 125 pacientes con cáncer de mama precoz (T1N0M0) tratadas con cirugía conservadora y radioterapia, 20 (16%) recibieron quimioterapia adyuvante. Según el modelo, el beneficio absoluto en sobrevida global a 10 años con quimioterapia en este grupo es de 1.3% (0,1-11,1%) y la reducción absoluta en el riesgo de recurrencia de 6.45% (0.4-20%). Un 25% de pacientes obtendría un beneficio en sobrevida global mayor del 2% y un 58,4% (73/125) mayor al 1%. De las pacientes de nuestra serie que recibieron quimioterapia un 50% (10/20) recibirían un beneficio esperado en sobrevida global menor al 2%. La mediana de beneficio del tratamiento combinado quimioterapia / hormonoterapia en la sobrevida global es de 1,8% (2-11,1) y en la sobrevida libre de enfermedad de 10.5% (1-25,6%). En estudios clásicos, al consultar a pacientes ya tratadas, más del 50% usarían nuevamente quimioterapia por un beneficio absoluto menor al 1%.

Breast cancer is the second cause of female death in Chile. Adjuvant chemotherapy has reduced breast cancer recurrence and death. The decision to use adjuvant chemotherapy for a specific patient is complex and must consider the general condition of the patient and its risks of recurrence and death. The computer model called Adjuvant! was designed for breast cancer to predict survival and determine the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. The Adjuvant! model was calculated for our population of breast cancer patients to determine the predicted benefit of chemotherapy and compare it with the actual indication. The Adjuvant model was applied to 125 patients with early breast cancer, (T1N0M0), treated with breast conserving surgery and post operative radiotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was use in 20 patients (16%). According to the predictive model the absolute 10-year survival benefit with chemotherapy is 1.3% (0.1-11.1%) and the absolute recurrence risk reduction is 6.45% (0.4-20%). For 25% of the patients chemotherapy would result in an overall survival benefit larger than 2% and for 58.4% (73/125) larger than 1%. In our series 50% (10/20) received chemotherapy with a predicted overall survival benefit less than 2%. The median benefit with the combination of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in overall survival was 1.8% (0.2-11.1) and in disease free survival was 10.5% (1-25.6%). Reports from the literature indicate that more that 50% of patients treated with chemotherapy would agree to receive it again for a benefit less than 1%.

[Treatment of acquired severe aplastic anemia in pediatric patients with immunosuppression and allogeneic stem cell hematopoietic transplant]. / Tratamiento de anemia aplásica severa adquirida en pacientes pediátricos con inmunosupresión y trasplante alogénico de precursores hematopoiéticos.

BACKGROUND: Severe acquired aplastic anemia (SAA) is an uncommon disease of childhood. Patients with SAA receive supportive care with transfusions and timely treatment of opportunistic infections, along with specific therapies, which may be allogenic stem cell transplantation (SCT) from a matched sibling or immunosuppressive therapy (IT). AIM: To report the experience in the management of SAA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty five children with acquired SAA were treated from July 1992 to September 2005. Patients with full matched sibling donors received allogenic SCT after conditioning with a cyclophosphamide containing regimen. The other patients received immune suppression with cyclosporine plus methylprednisolone (n= 18) plus ATG (n=17). All received supportive care until recovery of hematopoietic function. Those who had severe opportunistic infections at diagnosis or did not respond to two cycles of ATG were evaluated for unrelated donor SCT. RESULTS: Seven patients received sibling donor SCT and 18 IT, which was repeated in six. Three patients received mismatched related (1) or unrelated (2) SCT. Nineteen patients survived with a median follow up time of 4 years, 14 with full hematologic recovery. Six patients died: four due to infections after IT or SCT, one due to intracranial hemorrhage and one with secondary myelodysplasia 12 years after IT. CONCLUSIONS: Most children with SAA can be treated successfully with sibling donor SCT or IT. Patients without a histocompatible sibling who fail to respond to IS have a worse prognosis.

Resultados a largo plazo del tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia en linfoma no Hodgking localizado, de grados intermedio y alto / Long term results for intermediate and high grade localized non Hodgkin lymphoma, treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Background: Treatment of intermediate and high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) includes chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy, depending on the clinical stage. The standard treatment for advanced NHL is 8 cycles of combined chemotherapy, cyclophosphamide, adriamicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Patients presenting with localized disease are treated with fewer chemotherapy cycles and involved field radiotherapy, with good results. Aim: To evaluate the treatment results including overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in localized aggressive NHL patients treated at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Clinical Hospital. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients with Ann Arbor stages I and II referred to the hematology and radiotherapy clinic between 1998 and 2003. OS and EFS analysis was made according to the Kaplan and Meier method. Log-rank and Cox methods were used for univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy toxicities were scored according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scales, respectively. Results: 39 patients (20 men), aged between 20 to 85 years, were the source for this study. The average follow-up was 51 months (range 6-115). The 5 years OS and EFS were 72,4 percent and 63,3 percent, respectively. On univariate analysis, age over 60 was the only variable that affected negatively OS and EFS. Acute toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy was uncommon. Conclusions: Age over 60 was the only independent variable associated with poor prognosis. The number of chemotherapy cycles and the drug combination did not influence the results. These results support the usefullness of a shortened chemotherapy regimen plus involved field radiotherapy.

Radioterapia por modulación de intensidad (IMRT): una nueva modalidad en el tratamiento del cáncer de cabeza y cuello / Radiotherapy through intensity modulation (IMRT): a new modality in the treatment of head and neck cancer

Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento y evaluar las ventajas de IMRT en el tratamiento del cáncer de cabeza y cuello. Material y métodos: Hace cuatro años se implementó en el Centro de Cáncer de la Pontificia Universidad Católica la técnica de IMRT para el tratamiento de los tumores de cabeza y cuello. La técnica de IMRT se basa en modificar la intensidad del haz de radiación mediante un colimador multihojas para producir una distribución más exacta de la dosis de radiación. Los resultados se evalúan mediante histogramas dosis/volumen. Se comparan las distribuciones de dosis y toxicidad para radioterapia conformada tridimensional (CRT-3D) e IMRT. Resultados: La distribución de la dosis en los histogramas dosis/volumen demostró una mejor cobertura del volumen blanco (PTV), con IMRT. La dosis recibida por los órganos a riesgo: glándulas salivales, ojos, oídos y cerebro disminuyen con IMRT. La médula espinal se protege con IMRT sin dividir el campo de tratamiento, evitando puntos con menor dosis que podrían disminuir el control del tumor. Conclusiones: La IMRT logra una mejor conformación de la dosis logrando una mejor cobertura del tumor y mayor protección de los órganos a riesgo.

[Long term results for intermediate and high grade localized non Hodgkin lymphoma, treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy]. / Resultados a largo plazo del tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia en linfoma no Hodgking localizado, de grados intermedio y alto.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of intermediate and high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) includes chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy, depending on the clinical stage. The standard treatment for advanced NHL is 8 cycles of combined chemotherapy, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Patients presenting with localized disease are treated with fewer chemotherapy cycles and involved field radiotherapy, with good results. AIM: To evaluate the treatment results including overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in localized aggressive NHL patients treated at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Clinical Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all patients with Ann Arbor stages I and II referred to the hematology and radiotherapy clinic between 1998 and 2003. OS and EFS analysis was made according to the Kaplan and Meier method. Log-rank and Cox methods were used for univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy toxicities were scored according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scales, respectively. RESULTS: 39 patients (20 men), aged between 20 to 85 years, were the source for this study. The average follow-up was 51 months (range 6-115). The 5 years OS and EFS were 72,4% and 63,3%, respectively. On univariate analysis, age over 60 was the only variable that affected negatively OS and EFS. Acute toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy was uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: Age over 60 was the only independent variable associated with poor prognosis. The number of chemotherapy cycles and the drug combination did not influence the results. These results support the usefulness of a shortened chemotherapy regimen plus involved field radiotherapy.

Seminoma estadio 1: ¿radioterapia u observación? / Seminoma stage 1: radiotherapy or observation?

La mayoría de los pacientes son seminoma estadio I son tratados con orquiectomía y radioterapia a los ganglios retroperitoneales. Esto se debe a que el seminoma es extraordinariamente sensible a la radioterapia y los resultados son excelentes, con una sobrevida libre de enfermedad de alrededor del 99 por ciento. Sin embargo, recientemente algunos oncólogos han propuesto tratar los enfermos solamente con orquiectomía y observación. Es fundamental para esta nueva modalidad de tratamiento que los enfermos que presenten progresión de la enfermedad puedan ser tratados oportunamente y adecuadamente con radioterapia o quimioterapia