New 2-oxoindole derivatives as multiple PDGFRα/ß and VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Two new series of N-aryl acetamides 6a-o and benzyloxy benzylidenes 9a-p based 2-oxoindole derivatives were designed as potent antiproliferative multiple kinase inhibitors. The results of one-dose NCI antiproliferative screening for compounds 6a-o and 9a-p elucidated that the most promising antiproliferative scaffolds were 6f and 9f, which underwent five-dose testing. Notably, the amido congener 6f was the most potent derivative towards pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma MDA-PATC53 and PL45 cell lines (IC50 = 1.73 µM and 2.40 µM, respectively), and the benzyloxy derivative 9f was the next potent one with IC50 values of 2.85 µM and 2.96 µM, respectively. Both compounds 6f and 9f demonstrated a favorable safety profile when tested against normal prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). Additionally, compound 6f displayed exceptional selectivity as a multiple kinase inhibitor, particularly targeting PDGFRα, PDGFRß, and VEGFR-2 kinases, with IC50 values of 7.41 nM, 6.18 nM, and 7.49 nM, respectively. In contrast, the reference compound Sunitinib exhibited IC50 values of 43.88 nM, 2.13 nM, and 78.46 nM against the same kinases. The derivative 9f followed closely, with IC50 values of 9.9 nM, 6.62 nM, and 22.21 nM for the respective kinases. Both 6f and 9f disrupt the G2/M cell cycle transition by upregulating p21 and reducing CDK1 and cyclin B1 mRNA levels. The interplay between targeted kinases and these cell cycle regulators underpins the G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by our compounds. Also, compounds 6f and 9f fundamentally resulted in entering MDA-PATC53 cells into the early stage of apoptosis with good percentages compared to the positive control Sunitinib. The in silico molecular-docking outcomes of scaffolds 6a-o and 9a-p in VEGFR-2, PDGFRα, and PDGFRß active sites depicted their ability to adopt essential binding interactions like the reference Sunitinib. Our designed analogs, specifically 6f and 9f, possess promising antiproliferative and kinase inhibitory properties, making them potential candidates for further therapeutic development.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 3-Cyanopyridone/Pyrazoline Hybrids as Potential Apoptotic Antiproliferative Agents Targeting EGFR/BRAFV600E Inhibitory Pathways.

A series of novel 3-cyanopyridone/pyrazoline hybrids (21-30) exhibiting dual inhibition against EGFR and BRAFV600E has been developed. The synthesized target compounds were tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. Compounds 28 and 30 demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity, boasting GI50 values of 27 nM and 25 nM, respectively. These hybrids exhibited dual inhibitory effects on both EGFR and BRAFV600E pathways. Compounds 28 and 30, akin to Erlotinib, displayed promising anticancer potential. Compound 30 emerged as the most potent inhibitor against cancer cell proliferation and BRAFV600E. Notably, both compounds 28 and 30 induced apoptosis by elevating levels of caspase-3 and -8 and Bax, while downregulating the antiapoptotic Bcl2 protein. Molecular docking studies confirmed the potential of compounds 28 and 30 to act as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. Furthermore, in silico ADMET prediction indicated that most synthesized 3-cyanopyridone/pyrazoline hybrids exhibit low toxicity and minimal adverse effects.

Combination of an Oxindole Derivative with (-)-ß-Elemene Alters Cell Death Pathways in FLT3/ITD+ Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the cancers that grow most aggressively. The challenges in AML management are huge, despite many treatment options. Mutations in FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptors make the currently available therapies less responsive. Therefore, there is a need to find new lead molecules that can specifically target mutated FLT3 to block growth factor signaling and inhibit AML cell proliferation. Our previous studies on FLT3-mutated AML cells demonstrated that ß-elemene and compound 5a showed strong inhibition of proliferation by blocking the mutated FLT3 receptor and altering the key apoptotic genes responsible for apoptosis. Furthermore, we hypothesized that both ß-elemene and compound 5a could be therapeutically effective. Therefore, combining these drugs against mutated FLT3 cells could be promising. In this context, dose-matrix combination-based cellular inhibition analyses, cell morphology studies and profiling of 43 different apoptotic protein targets via combinatorial treatment were performed. Our studies provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that ß-elemene and compound 5a combination considerably increased the therapeutic potential of both compounds by enhancing the activation of several key targets implicated in AML cell death.

Indole-based FLT3 inhibitors and related scaffolds as potential therapeutic agents for acute myeloid leukemia.

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutation mechanisms are among the most common genetic abnormalities detected in about 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. These mutations are accompanied by poor clinical response, although all these progressions in identifying and interpreting biological AML bio-targets. Several small structured FLT3 inhibitors have been ameliorated to struggle against AML. Despite all these developments regarding these inhibitors, the Overall survival rate is about five years or more in less than one-third of diagnosed AML patients. Midostaurin was the first FDA-approved FLT3 inhibitor in 2017 in the United States and Europe for AML remedy. Next, Gilteritinib was an FDA-approved FLT3 inhibitor in 2018 and in the next year, Quizartinib was approved an as FLT3 inhibitor in Japan. Interestingly, indole-based motifs had risen as advantaged scaffolds with unusual multiple kinase inhibitory activity. This review summarises indole-based FLT3 inhibitors and related scaffolds, including FDA-approved drugs, clinical candidates, and other bioactive compounds. Furthermore, their chemotypes, mechanism of action, and interaction mode over both wild and mutated FLT3 target proteins had been judgmentally discussed. Therefore, this review could offer inspiring future perspectives into the finding of new FLT3-related AML therapies.

Design, Synthesis, Antiproliferative Actions, and DFT Studies of New Bis-Pyrazoline Derivatives as Dual EGFR/BRAFV600E Inhibitors.

Some new Bis-pyrazoline hybrids 8-17 with dual EGFR and BRAFV600E inhibitors have been developed. The target compounds were synthesized and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. Compounds 12, 15, and 17 demonstrated strong antiproliferative activity with GI50 values of 1.05 µM, 1.50 µM, and 1.20 µM, respectively. Hybrids showed dual inhibition of EGFR and BRAFV600E. Compounds 12, 15, and 17 inhibited EGFR-like erlotinib and exhibited promising anticancer activity. Compound 12 is the most potent inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation and BRAFV600E. Compounds 12 and 17 induced apoptosis by increasing caspase 3, 8, and Bax levels, and resulted in the downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl2. The molecular docking studies verified that compounds 12, 15, and 17 have the potential to be dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. Additionally, in silico ADMET prediction revealed that most synthesized bis-pyrazoline hybrids have low toxicity and adverse effects. DFT studies for the two most active compounds, 12 and 15, were also carried out. The values of the HOMO and LUMO energies, as well as softness and hardness, were computationally investigated using the DFT method. These findings agreed well with those of the in vitro research and molecular docking study.

Design, synthesis, cytotoxic activities, and molecular docking of chalcone hybrids bearing 8-hydroxyquinoline moiety with dual tubulin/EGFR kinase inhibition.

The present study established thirteen novel 8-hydroxyquinoline/chalcone hybrids3a-mof hopeful anticancer activity. According to NCI screening and MTT assay results, compounds3d-3f, 3i,3k,and3ldisplayed potent growth inhibition on HCT116 and MCF7 cells compared to Staurosporine. Among these compounds,3eand3fshowed outstanding superior activity against HCT116 and MCF7 cells and better safety toward normal WI-38 cells than Staurosporine. The enzymatic assay revealed that3e,3d, and3ihad goodtubulin polymerization inhibition (IC50 = 5.3, 8.6, and 8.05 µM, respectively) compared to the reference Combretastatin A4 (IC50 = 2.15 µM). Moreover,3e,3l, and3fexhibited EGFR inhibition (IC50 = 0.097, 0.154, and 0.334 µM, respectively) compared to Erlotinib (IC50 = 0.056 µM). Compounds3eand3fwere investigated for their effects on the cell cycle, apoptosis induction, andwnt1/ß-cateningene suppression. The apoptosis markers Bax, Bcl2, Casp3, Casp9, PARP1, and ß-actin were detected by Western blot. In-silico molecular docking, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic studies were implemented for the validation of dual mechanisms and other bioavailability standards. Hence, Compounds3eand3fare promising antiproliferative leads with tubulin polymerization and EGFR kinase inhibition.

Vanillin-Based Indolin-2-one Derivative Bearing a Pyridyl Moiety as a Promising Anti-Breast Cancer Agent via Anti-Estrogenic Activity.

The structure-based design introduced indoles as an essential motif in designing new selective estrogen receptor modulators employed for treating breast cancer. Therefore, here, a series of synthesized vanillin-substituted indolin-2-ones were screened against the NCI-60 cancer cell panel followed by in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated with HPLC and SwissADME tools. The compounds demonstrated promising anti-cancer activity for the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (GI = 6-63%). The compound with the highest activity (6j) was selective for the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (IC50 = 17.01 µM) with no effect on the MCF-12A normal breast cell line supported by real-time cell analysis. A morphological examination of the used cell lines confirmed a cytostatic effect of compound 6j. It inhibited both in vivo and in vitro estrogenic activity, triggering a 38% reduction in uterine weight induced by estrogen in an immature rat model and hindering 62% of ER-α receptors in in vitro settings. In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies supported the stability of the ER-α and compound 6j protein-ligand complex. Herein, we report that indolin-2-one derivative 6j is a promising lead compound for further pharmaceutical formulations as a potential anti-breast cancer drug.

New antiproliferative 3-substituted oxindoles inhibiting EGFR/VEGFR-2 and tubulin polymerization.

New 3-substituted oxindole derivatives were designed and synthesized as antiproliferative agents. The antiproliferative activity of compounds 6a-j was evaluated against 60 NCI cell lines. Among these tested compounds, compounds 6f and 6g showed remarkable antiproliferative activity, specifically against leukemia and breast cancer cell lines. Compound 6f was the most promising antiproliferative agent against MCF-7 (human breast cancer) with an IC50 value of 14.77 µM compared to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) (IC50 = 2.02 µM). Notably, compound 6f hampered receptor tyrosine EGFR fundamentally with an IC50 value of 1.38 µM, compared to the reference sunitinib with an IC50 value of 0.08 µM. Moreover, compound 6f afforded anti-tubulin polymerization activity with an IC50 value of 7.99 µM as an outstanding observable activity compared with the reference combretastatin A4 with an IC50 value of 2.64 µM. In silico molecular-docking results of compound 6f in the ATP-binding site of EGFR agreed with the in vitro results. Besides, the investigation of the physicochemical properties of compound 6f via the egg-boiled method clarified good lipophilicity, GIT absorption, and blood-brain barrier penetration properties.

Discovery of new cyanopyridine/chalcone hybrids as dual inhibitors of EGFR/BRAFV600E with promising antiproliferative properties.

As dual EGFR and BRAFV600E inhibitors, 2-(3-cyano-4,6-bis(aryl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-1-yl)-N-(4-cinnamoylphenyl) acetamide derivatives 8-20 were developed. Compounds 8, 12, and 13 showed strong antiproliferative activity when the target compounds were synthesized and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. These hybrids have a dual inhibition activity on EGFR and BRAFV600E , according to in vitro studies. The EGFR was inhibited by compounds 8, 12, and 13 with IC50 values between 89 and 110 nM, which were equivalent to those of erlotinib (IC50 = 80 nm). Compound 13 was found to be an effective inhibitor of the proliferation of cancer cells (GI50 = 0.72 µM) and demonstrated hopeful inhibitory activity of BRAFV600E (IC50 = 58 nm), which is superior to erlotinib (IC50 = 65 nm). Compound 13 caused apoptosis and showed cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1phase in a study on the MCF-7 cell line. The new compounds can fit tightly into the active sites of EGFR and BRAFV600E kinases, according to molecular docking analyses.

Discovery of oxindole-based FLT3 inhibitors as a promising therapeutic lead for acute myeloid leukemia carrying the oncogenic ITD mutation.

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations occur in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. In the current study, the oxindole chemotype is employed as a structural motif for the design of new FLT3 inhibitors as potential hits for AML irradiation. Cell-based screening was performed with 18 oxindole derivatives and 5a-c inhibited 68%-73% and 83%-91% of internal tandem duplication (ITD)-mutated MV4-11 cell growth for 48- and 72-h treatments while only 0%-2% and 27%-39% in wild-type THP-1 cells. The most potent compound 5a inhibited MV4-11 cells with IC50 of 4.3 µM at 72 h while it was 8.7 µM in THP-1 cells, thus showing two-fold selective inhibition against the oncogenic ITD mutation. The ability of 5a to modulate cell death was examined. High-throughput protein profiling revealed low levels of the growth factors IGFBP-2 and -4 with the blockage of various apoptotic inhibitors such as Survivin. p21 with cellular stress mechanisms was characterized by increased expression of HSP proteins along with TNF-ß. Mechanistically, compounds 5a and 5b inhibited FLT3 kinase with IC50 values of 2.49 and 1.45 µM, respectively. Theoretical docking studies supported the compounds' ability to bind to the FLT3 ATP binding site with the formation of highly stable complexes as evidenced by molecular dynamics simulations. The designed compounds also provide suitable drug candidates with no violation of drug likeability rules.

Development of Halogenated-Chalcones Bearing with Dimethoxy Phenyl Head as Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors.

Two series of dimethoxy-halogenated chalcones (DM1−DM20) were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAOs). Compound DM2 exhibited the most significant inhibition against MAO-B with an IC50 value of 0.067 µM, followed by compound DM18 (IC50 = 0.118 µM), with selectivity index (SI) values of 93.88 and >338.98, respectively. However, none of the substances successfully inhibited MAO-A. The MAO-B inhibitors DM2 and DM18 were competitive and reversible, with Ki values of 0.032 ± 0.004 and 0.045 ± 0.001 µM, respectively. DM2 was non-toxic below 100 µg/mL in the cytotoxic test using the Vero epithelial cell line by the MTT method. According to molecular docking studies, DM2 and DM18 formed very similar conformations within the MAO-B binding pocket, with the ortho-chlorine and ortho-fluorine aromatic rings sandwiched between F168 and Y326. These conformations were predicted to show better interactions with the targeted MAO-B than MAO-A. In particular, the induced-fit docking of the dimethoxy phenyl ring of DM2 facing the hydrophobic pocket made up of FAD, Y398, and Y435 had an impact on F168 in the docking pocket. Taken together, DM2 and DM18 may be suitable candidates for treating neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

Design, synthesis, and molecular docking of novel pyrazole-chalcone analogs of lonazolac as 5-LOX, iNOS and tubulin polymerization inhibitors with potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.

Uncontrolled inflammation predisposes to pleiotropic effects leading to cancer development thanks to promoting all stages of tumorigenesis. Therefore, cancer-associated inflammation has been delegated as the seventh hallmark of cancer. Thus, raging the war against both inflammation and cancer via the innovation of bioactive agents with dual anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities is a necessity. Herein, a novel series of pyrazole-chalcone analogs of Lonazolac (7a-g and 8a-g) have been synthesized and investigated for their in vitro anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines using the MTT assay method. Among all, hybrid 8g was the most potent against three cancer cell lines, HeLa, HCT-116, and RPMI-822 with IC50 values of 2.41, 2.41, and 3.34 µM, respectively. In contrast, hybrid 8g showed moderate inhibitory activity against MCF-7 with IC50 28.93 µM and with a selectivity profile against MCF-10A (non-cancer cells). Mechanistically, hybrid 8g was the most potent inhibitor against tubulin polymerization (IC50 = 4.77 µM), suggesting tubulin as a molecular target and explaining the observed cytotoxicity of hybrid 8g. This was mirrored by the detected potent pre-G1 apoptosis induction and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Moreover, hybrid8gexhibited selectivity against COX-2 (IC50 = 5.13 µM) more than COX-1 (IC50 = 33.46 µM), indicating that 8g may have lower cardiovascular side effects, but is still not potent as celecoxib (COX-2 IC50 = 0.204 µM, COX-1 = 35.8 µM). Notably, hybrid 8g showed promising inhibitory activity towards 5-LOX (IC50 = 5.88 µM). Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of hybrid8 g was confirmed by high iNOS and PGE2 inhibitory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW cells with IC50 values of4.93 µM and 10.98 µM, respectively, that accompanied by showingthe most potent inhibition of NO release (70.61 % inhibition rate). Molecular docking studies of hybrid 8g confirmed good correlations with the executed biological results. Furthermore, hybrid 8g had good drug-likeness and suitable physicochemical properties. Taken together, the combined results suggested hybrid8gas a promising orally administered candidate in the journey of repurposing NSAIDs for cancer chemopreventionand treatment.

Design and Synthesis of New Hydantoin Acetanilide Derivatives as Anti-NSCLC Targeting EGFRL858R/T790M Mutations.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), its wild type and mutations L858R/T790M, is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and is considered an inevitable oncology target. However, while the potential EGFR inhibitors have been represented in the literature, their cellular activity failed to establish broad potency against EGFR and its mutations. This study identifies a new series of EGFRL858R/T790M inhibitors bearing hydantoin acetanilides. Most compounds revealed strong antiproliferative activity in a range of NSCL cancer models (A549, H1975, and PC9), in which 5a and 5f were the most potent. Compounds 5a and 5f possessed potent anticancer activity on H1975 cells with IC50 values of 1.94 and 1.38 µM, respectively, compared to 9.70 µM for erlotinib. Favorably, 5a and 5f showed low activity on WI-38 normal cells. Western blotting and an EGFR kinase assay test proved the significant EGFR inhibitory activity of 5a. Besides, active hydantoin derivative 5a strongly arrested the cell cycle at the sub G1 and S phases and triggered apoptosis in A549 cells. These results imply that 5a could be considered a promising lead compound for additional development as a potential active agent for anticancer therapy.

Pyrrolizine/Indolizine-NSAID Hybrids: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies.

In the current study, eight new hybrids of the NSAIDs, ibuprofen and ketoprofen with five pyrrolizine/indolizine derivatives were designed and synthesized. The chemical structures of these hybrids were confirmed by spectral and elemental analyses. The antiproliferative activities of these hybrids (5 µM) was investigated against MCF-7, A549, and HT-29 cancer cell lines using the cell viability assay, MTT assay. The results revealed 4-71% inhibition of the growth of the three cancer cell lines, where 8a,e,f were the most active. In addition, an investigation of the antiproliferative activity of 8a,e,f against MCF-7 cells revealed IC50 values of 7.61, 1.07, and 3.16 µM, respectively. Cell cycle analysis of MCF-7 cells treated with the three hybrids at 5 µM revealed a pro-apoptotic increase in cells at preG1 and cell cycle arrest at the G1 and S phases. In addition, the three hybrids induced early apoptotic events in MCF-7 cells. The results of the molecular docking of the three hybrids into COX-1/2 revealed higher binding free energies than their parent compounds 5a,c and the co-crystallized ligands, ibuprofen and SC-558. The results also indicated higher binding free energies toward COX-2 over COX-1. Moreover, analysis of the binding modes of 8a,e,f into COX-2 revealed partial superposition with the co-crystallized ligand, SC-558 with the formation of essential hydrogen bonds, electrostatic, or hydrophobic interactions with the key amino acid His90 and Arg513. The new hybrids also showed drug-likeness scores in the range of 1.06-2.03 compared to ibuprofen (0.65) and ketoprofen (0.57). These results above indicated that compounds 8a,e,f deserve additional investigation as potential anticancer candidates.

HSP70 induction by bleomycin metal core analogs.

Induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is known to be effective against various diseases. We are interested in HSP70 induction capability of an antitumor antibiotic bleomycin which produces oxidative stress by iron chelate formation and oxygen activation in a cell. The HSP70 induction activity of bleomycin and its six metal core analogs was examined, and a compound HPH-1Trt of 10 µM was found to induce this protein in a pheochromocytoma cell line and some T cell and monocytic cell lines. Its mechanism is increase of HSP70 mRNA, but higher concentration of this compound showed toxicity. Two new derivatives were then synthesized, and one of them named DHPH-1Trt was shown to have less toxicity and higher HSP70 induction activity. This study would lead to a clue for new HSP70 inducer clinically used in near future.

Spirohydantoins and 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as inhibitors of histone deacetylase: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation.

Two structurally novel series of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) involving two potential surface recognition moieties; 3',4'-dihydro-2'H-spiro[imidazolidine-4,1'-naphthalene]-2,5-dione (in series I) and 1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (in series II) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-proliferative activities, HDAC inhibitory activities, and their binding modes to HDAC protein. Compounds 5f and 10e showed comparable HDAC inhibitory activity to SAHA. Series II have been also demonstrated as potential HDAC-tubulin dual inhibitors, promoted with structural similarities between (1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) nucleus, of series II, and Combretastatin A4. The tubulin inhibitory activities of series II members, together with their docking into colchicine binding site of ß-tubulin were performed. Compound 9a showed remarkable cytotoxicity. Hybrid 10e behaved as potent HDAC-tubulin dual inhibitor. It showed better tubulin inhibition than CA4 as well as its effectiveness against HDAC.

New 1,3,4-oxadiazole/oxime hybrids: Design, synthesis, anti-inflammatory, COX inhibitory activities and ulcerogenic liability.

A series of new 1,3,4-oxadiazole/oxime hybrids were synthesized and designed as potent COX inhibitors. The prepared compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and ulcerogenic activities. The results indicated that the prepared compounds exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory activity with (69.60-109.60% of indomethacin activity) after 4h. In vitro COX inhibitory assay showed that compounds 6d and 7h are potent COX inhibitors with IC50 of (1.10-0.94) and (2.30-5.00) µM on both COX-1 and COX-2 respectively. Compound 7h was found to inhibit both COXs non-competitively with Ki values of 73µM and 89µM. Most of the tested compounds showed ulcer-free stomachs compared to indomethacin.

Novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole/oxime hybrids: Synthesis, docking studies and investigation of anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic liability and analgesic activities.

A novel group of 1,3,4-oxadaiazoles, a group known for their anti-inflammatory activity, is hybridized with nitric oxide (NO) releasing group, oxime, for its gastro-protective action and potential synergistic effect. The synthesized hybrids were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and ulcerogenic activities. Most of the tested compounds showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity with compound 8e being more active than indomethacin. They also showed moderate analgesic activity but no antioxidant one. The ability of the synthesized compounds to inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 is studied and the prepared compounds were able to inhibit both COXs non-selectively with IC50s of 0.75-70.50µM. Docking studies revealed the mode of interaction of the tested compounds into the empty pocket of the isozymes. All of the synthesized compounds interact with COXs active site with energy scores comparable to that of ibuprofen. All compounds showed a safer profile on the stomach tissue integrity compared to conventional NSAIDs. The designed strategy was applied to ibuprofen to introduce ibuprofen/oxadiazole/NO hybrid. The synthesized ibuprofen hybrid is a promising alternative to ibuprofen having similar anti-inflammatory activity but with safer GIT profile.

Novel metal chelating molecules with anticancer activity. Striking effect of the imidazole substitution of the histidine-pyridine-histidine system.

Previously we have reported a metal chelating histidine-pyridine-histidine system possessing a trityl group on the histidine imidazole, namely HPH-2Trt, which induces apoptosis in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma AsPC-1 cells. Herein the influence of the imidazole substitution of HPH-2Trt was examined. Five related compounds, HPH-1Trt, HPH-2Bzl, HPH-1Bzl, HPH-2Me, and HPH-1Me were newly synthesized and screened for their activity against AsPC-1 and brain tumor cells U87 and U251. HPH-1Trt and HPH-2Trt were highly active among the tested HPH compounds. In vitro DNA cleavage assay showed both HPH-1Trt and HPH-2Trt completely disintegrate pUC19 DNA. The introduction of trityl group decisively potentiated the activity.

1,2,4-Triazole/oxime hybrids as new strategy for nitric oxide donors: Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, ulceroginicity and antiproliferative activities.

A series of novel nitric oxide (NO) donating triazole/oxime hybrids was prepared and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity and antiproliferative activity. Most of the tested compounds showed significant anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method compared to indomethacin. Calculation of the ulcer indices and histopathological investigation indicated that the prepared NO-donating oximes exhibited less ulcerogenicity compared to their ketone intermediates and indomethacin. The NO-donating oximes 7i and 7k achieved remarkable cell growth inhibition activity against most of the tested cell lines. Compound 7k was found to be with high selectivity against CNS subpanel with selectivity ratio of 11.99 at GI50 level.