Cultural variations in perceptions and reactions to social norm transgressions: a comparative study.

Introduction: Humans are similar but behave differently, and one main reason is the culture in which they are born and raised. The purpose of this research is to examine how the perception and reaction to those who transgress social norms may vary based on the individualism/collectivism of their culture. Methods: A study (N = 398) conducted in the United Kingdom, Spain, and China showed differences in the perception and reaction to incivilities based on individualism/collectivism. Results: People from highly collective countries (China) perceive uncivil transgressors as immoral and enact more social control over them than people from highly individualistic countries (U.K.). They also experience more discomfort when facing uncivil transgressors, and this discomfort mediates the increasing immorality perceived on the agents of incivilities in contrast with people from less collective countries. Discussion: Our findings provide insights into how cultural factors shape individuals' perceptions of social norm violations and emphasize the importance of considering cultural differences when addressing incivility.

Gender inequality in incivility: Everyone should be polite, but it is fine for some of us to be impolite.

Civility is formed by social norms that guide our behavior and allow us to interact appropriately with others. These norms affect everyone and are learned through the socialization process. However, in the same process, people also learn gender norms that dictate how men and women should behave, leading to gender stereotypes and differentiated behavioral characteristics. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between gender and civility, and how we react to those who behave uncivilly given their gender. The results of Study 1 (N = 153) showed that even in a fictional and gender-neutral society, uncivil behaviors were associated with stereotypically masculine characteristics, and those who behaved uncivilly were dehumanized. In Study 2 (N = 144), gender differences were observed in incivility. Women were harsher when facing uncivil transgressors than men, especially if the transgressor was another woman. Our findings support the notion that gender norms are applied to civility, leading those supposedly equal social norms to unequal perceptions and evaluations.

Dehumanization as a Response to Uncivil and Immoral Behaviors.

Theoretical approaches to dehumanization consider civility to be an attribute of human uniqueness (HU). However, studies that explore the links between civility and humanness are scarce. More precisely, the present research tests whether there is a consistent relationship between civility and HU. Method and results: The first study (N = 192; Mage = 19.91; SD = 2.70; 69% women) shows that individuals infer more HU traits in the agents of civil behaviors compared to agents of other positive behaviors that are not related to civility. The second study (N = 328; Mage = 19.69; SD = 3.65; 77% women) reveals that uncivil and immoral behaviors displayed a similar pattern of inference of HU traits; however, moral behaviors were more associated with human nature than civil behaviors. Conclusions: Overall, results confirmed that civil behaviors facilitate the inference of humanness, specifically of HU traits, and that civil and moral behaviors are not equivalent in terms of the human inferences to which they lead.

Humanness Is Not Always Positive: Automatic Associations between Incivilities and Human Symbols.

Uncivil behavior involves an attack on social norms related to the protection of public property and respect for community life. However, at the same time, the low-frequency and relatively low-intensity damage caused by most of these behaviors could lead to incivilities being considered a typically human action. The purpose of this set of studies is to examine the automatic associations that people establish between humanness and both civic and uncivil behaviors. Across three studies, uncivil behaviors were more strongly associated with human pictures than animal pictures (study 1) and with human-related words than animal-related words (study 2). We replicated study 2 with uncivil behaviors that do not prime graphically human beings (study 3). Overall, our results showed that uncivil behaviors and civic behaviors were clearly associated with human concepts. Our findings have direct implications for the conceptualization of humanness and its denial.

Intergroup trust and anxiety: The two sides of stigma towards people with Down syndrome / Confianza y ansiedad intergrupal: los dos lados del estigma hacia las personas con síndrome de Down

People with Down syndrome experience a type of ambivalent stigmatisation, which combines stereotypes, emotional reactions, and both positive and negative attitudes. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between ambivalent attitudes towards people with Down syndrome, and the levels of intergroup trust and anxiety felt towards them. A total of 144 university students completed a questionnaire on their social perception of people with Down syndrome, indicating the extent to which they anticipate an interaction with this group based on trust or anxiety. The results show that responses to people with Down syndrome are ambivalent. Moreover, while intergroup trust is associated with high levels of admiration and competence, intergroup anxiety is associated with high levels of aversion, compassion and low admiration. We discuss the implications of these results, taking into account how to enhance the social perception of people with Down syndrome, as well as the complex role of compassion in the assessment of stigmatised groups (AU)

Las personas con síndrome de Down sufren un tipo de estigmatización ambivalente, que combina estereotipos, reacciones emocionales y actitudes positivas y negativas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación que existe entre las actitudes ambivalentes hacia las personas con síndrome de Down, y los niveles de confianza y ansiedad intergrupal que se mantienen hacia ellas. Un total de 144 estudiantes universitarios respondieron a un cuestionario sobre la percepción social que mantienen hacia este colectivo, e indicaron en qué medida anticipan una interacción con personas con síndrome de Down basada en la confianza o en ansiedad intergrupal. Los resultados indican que se producen respuestas ambivalentes hacia las personas con síndrome de Down. Además, mientras que la confianza intergrupal está relacionada con altos niveles de admiración y competencia, la ansiedad intergrupal está relacionada con niveles altos de aversión, compasión y baja admiración. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados alcanzados de cara a mejorar la percepción social de las personas con síndrome de Down, así como el complejo papel que juega la compasión en la valoración de grupos estigmatizados (AU)

The impact of helping behavior on outgroup infrahumanization.

Infrahumanization research has verified that in intergroup contexts, there is a strong tendency to attribute secondary emotions, which are uniquely human, to the ingroup, while limiting that attribution in outgroups. Experiments have shown it to be as common as ingroup bias. However, it is not yet known what characteristics may mitigate this trend. This paper presents two studies. The first analyzes the impact of helping behavior on attributions of human traits to two fictitious groups. The second study's objective was to determine if members of the Spanish ingroup would infrahumanize an Ethiopian outgroup less when that outgroup performs prosocial behavior towards another group. Infrahumanization was determined by a lexical decision task, using the names of ingroup and outgroup members as priming. The results demonstrate that describing a fictitious group in altruistic terms increases their human profile (experiment one) and reduces infrahumanization (experiment two).

The impact of helping behavior on outgroup infrahumanization

Infrahumanization research has verified that in intergroup contexts, there is a strong tendency to attribute secondary emotions, which are uniquely human, to the ingroup, while limiting that attribution in outgroups. Experiments have shown it to be as common as ingroup bias. However, it is not yet known what characteristics may mitigate this trend. This paper presents two studies. The first analyzes the impact of helping behavior on attributions of human traits to two fictitious groups. The second study’s objective was to determine if members of the Spanish ingroup would infrahumanize an Ethiopian outgroup less when that outgroup performs prosocial behavior towards another group. Infrahumanization was determined by a lexical decision task, using the names of ingroup and outgroup members as priming. The results demonstrate that describing a fictitious group in altruistic terms increases their human profile (experiment one) and reduces infrahumanization (experiment two) (AU)

Los estudios sobre infrahumanización han confirmado que hay una sólida tendencia en los escenarios intergrupales a atribuir al endogrupo la capacidad de experimentar sentimientos, una emoción exclusivamente humana, a la vez que se restringe esa posibilidad a los exogrupos. Aunque se trata de un fenómeno tan común como el favoritismo endogrupal, aún se sabe muy poco sobre las características que pueden atenuar esta tendencia. En este artículo se presentan dos investigaciones. En la primera se estudia el impacto de la conducta de ayuda en la atribución de rasgos humanos a dos grupos ficticios. El objetivo de la segunda fue determinar si hay una menor infrahumanización del exogrupo etíope, frente al endogrupo españoles cuando aquel lleva a cabo una conducta prosocial respecto a otro grupo. La infrahumanización se determinó mediante una tarea de decisión léxica empleando como priming nombres de miembros del endogrupo y del exogrupo. Los resultados muestran que describir en términos altruistas a un grupo ficticio incrementa su perfil humano (experimento uno) y reduce su infrahumanización (experimento dos) (AU)

[Impact of low-level expression dermatological diseases on the quality of life as a function of its level of specificity]. / Impacto de las alteraciones dermatológicas de baja expresión en función del nivel de especificidad de la calidad de vida.

The impact of dermatological diseases on the quality of life is relatively well established, although some results do not support this relationship. Whereas a few studies indicate a decrease in various indicators of quality of life in conditions of disease, in other studies, this effect has not been observed. These differences can be explained by the use of different concepts of quality of life and/or the comparison of different severity levels of the diseases. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of low-level expression dermatological diseases on various concepts of quality of life. Two hundred-ninety-nine participants completed a questionnaire about symptoms, psychological and psychosocial impact, and general and specific satisfaction. Results show that minor dermatological diseases affect health-related quality of life, but not quality of life considered as well-being.

Impacto de las alteraciones dermatológicas de baja expresión en función del nivel de especificidad de la calidad de vida / Impact of low-level expression dermatological diseases on the quality of life as a function of its level of specificity

El impacto de las enfermedades dermatológicas sobre la calidad de vida está relativamente bien establecido, aunque existen resultados que no apoyan esta relación. Mientras que unos estudios señalan una disminución de distintos indicadores de calidad de vida en situaciones de enfermedad, en otros no se ha observado ese efecto. La utilización de conceptos diferentes de calidad de vida y/o la comparación entre diferentes grados de severidad de las patologías podrían estar a la base de estas diferencias. Esta investigación analiza el impacto de la enfermedad dermatológica de baja expresión sintomatológica sobre diferentes conceptualizaciones de calidad de vida. 299 personas cumplimentaron un cuestionario que evaluaba expresión sintomatológica, impacto psicológico y psicosocial, y satisfacción general y específica. Los resultados muestran que las alteraciones dermatológicas leves afectan a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, pero no a la calidad de vida entendida como bienestar (AU)

The impact of dermatological diseases on the quality of life is relatively well established, although some results do not support this relationship. Whereas a few studies indicate a decrease in various indicators of quality of life in conditions of disease, in other studies, this effect has not been observed. These differences can be explained by the use of different concepts of quality of life and / or the comparison of different severity levels of the diseases. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of low-level expression dermatological diseases on various concepts of quality of life. Two hundred-ninety-nine participants completed a questionnaire about symptoms, psychological and psychosocial impact, and general and specific satisfaction. Results show that minor dermatological di-seases affect health-related quality of life, but not quality of life considered as well-being (AU)

Amenaza al endogrupo y nivel de infrahumanización del exogrupo / When is the infrahumanization to a threatening outgroup higher? Effects of the ambiguity of situation and the empathy with ingroup

¿Cuándo se infrahumaniza más al exogrupo que nos amenaza? Efectos de la ambigüedad de la situación y de la empatía con el endogrupo. Los estudios sobre infrahumanización han comprobado que las personas atribuyen a su grupo ciertas características típicamente humanas, como la capacidad de experimentar sentimientos. Este sesgo les lleva a privar al exogrupo de dicha capacidad y, en consecuencia, a infrahumanizarlo. Sin embargo, debe haber condiciones en las que la infrahumanización del exogrupo se intensifique. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si algunas características de una situación de amenaza influyen en el grado en que el endogrupo infrahumaniza al exogrupo. Para ello se construyeron dos historias en las que el exogrupo cometía una acción violenta contra el endogrupo y en las que se manipulaba tanto el grado de certeza sobre la autoría del hecho como el nivel de empatía hacia la víctima. Los resultados muestran que cuando hay empatía con la víctima y existe cierta ambigüedad sobre la autoría, el grado de infrahumanización del exogrupo es mayor

Infrahumanization researchs have shown that people attribute their ingroup exclusively human features, for example, the ability to experience secondary emotions. This bias lead people to deny this ability to outgroup and, consequently, to infrahumanize them. However, it would have conditions in which the infrahumanization is intensified. The aim of this study is to determine if there are characteristics in a threatening situation that influence in the level in which ingroup infrahumanize the outgroup. Two histories were constructed; in them, the outgroup committed a violent action against the ingroup, and asthe degree of certainty about the perpetration as the level of empathy with the victim were manipulated. The results show that when there are empathy with the victim and ambiguity about the perpetration, the infrahumanization to outgroup is higher

Variables moderadoras y mediadoras de la relación percepción de diferencias-ansiedad intergrupal / Relation between perception of differences and intergroup anxiety: moderator and mediator variables

La presente investigación tiene un doble objetivo. Primero, probar la relación entre las diferencias percibidas entre el endo y el exogrupo y la ansiedad que experimentan los miembros del primero en sus relaciones con los segundos. Segundo, comprobar el papel moderador y/o mediador de una serie de variables relevantes en la literatura del prejuicio intergrupal en dicha relación. Para este segundo objetivo se tuvieron en cuenta los requisitos exigidos por Baron y Kenny (1986). El análisis se realiza desde la perspectiva del grupo minoritario concretamente, inmigrantes marroquíes residentes en la provincia de Almería. Los resultados confirman el papel moderador de las variables presión hacia la asimilación y percepción de xenofobia y el papel mediador de las variables actitud de los inmigrantes hacia los autóctonos y paranoia social

This research has two aims: first, to determine the relationship between the intergroup differences perceived and the anxiety experienced by ingroup members in their contact with members of the outgroup. Second, to examine the moderator and/or mediator role of a series of variables considered relevant in the literature on intergroup prejudice, take into account Baron and Kenny’s (1986) requeriments. This analysis is carried out from the perspective of the minority group, in this case Moroccan inmigrants to Almería. The results confirm the moderating role of the variables pressure to assimilate and perception of xenophobia and the mediating role of inmigrants’ attitude towards local people and social paranoia

[When is the infrahumanization to a threatening outgroup higher? Effects of the ambiguity of situation and the empathy with ingroup]. / Amenaza al endogrupo y nivel de infrahumanización del exogrupo.

Infrahumanization researchs have shown that people attribute their ingroup exclusively human features, for example, the ability to experience secondary emotions. This bias lead people to deny this ability to outgroup and, consequently, to infrahumanize them. However, it would have conditions in which the infrahumanization is intensified. The aim of this study is to determine if there are characteristics in a threatening situation that influence in the level in which ingroup infrahumanize the outgroup. Two histories were constructed; in them, the outgroup committed a violent action against the ingroup, and as the degree of certainty about the perpetration, so the level of empathy with the victim were manipulated. The results show that when there are empathy with the victim and ambiguity about the perpetration, the infrahumanization to outgroup is higher.

[Relation between perception of differences and intergroup anxiety: moderator and mediator variables]. / Variables moderadoras y mediadoras de la relación percepción de diferencias-ansiedad intergrupal.

This research has two aims: first, to determine the relationship between the intergroup differences perceived and the anxiety experienced by ingroup members in their contact with members of the outgroup. Second, to examine the moderator and/or mediator role of a series of variables considered relevant in the literature on intergroup prejudice, take into account Baron and Kenny's (1986) requeriments. This analysis is carried out from the perspective of the minority group, in this case Moroccan inmigrants to Almería. The results confirm the moderating role of the variables pressure to assimilate and perception of xenophobia and the mediating role of inmigrants' attitude towards local people and social paranoia.

El efecto de las identidades nacionales con distintos niveles de inclusividad en el prejuicio hacia exogrupos / The efffects of identities with different levels of inclusion in prejudice towards outgroups

En la presente investigación se estudia el efecto que tienen las identidades con distinto nivel de inclusividad en la actitud de rechazo hacia exogrupos relevantes. Para ello se parte de dos supuestos principales, primero, que las personas tienen múltiples identidades que pueden estructurarse de manera jerárquica y, segundo, que éstas tienen una fuerte dependencia contextual. Las dos investigaciones realizadas muestran, en consonancia con las hipótesis de partida, que las categorías altamente inclusivas(p. ej., europeo) van asociadas a niveles más bajos de prejuicio hacia el exogrupo que las categorías menos inclusivas (p. ej., español). Los resultados se discuten a la luz de las teorías de la categorización (AU)

The effects of identities with different levels of inclusion in prejudice towards out groups. In this paper we study the effects that identities with different levels of inclusion have on attitudes towards relevants out groups. We start from two main assumptions. First, people have multiple identities, which can be structured hierarchically. Second, identities have a context–dependent nature. The two studies carried out showed, in support of our hypothesis, that more inclusive categories (e. g., European) are associated with less prejudice towards out groups than less inclusive categories (e. g., Spanish). The results are discussed in the light of several categorization theories (AU)

Relación de la infrahumanización del exogrupo con los procesos de inferencia y memoria / Outgroup infrahumanization in relation to inference and memory processes

Una de las estrategias para infrahumanizar a los miembros de un exogrupo consiste en negarles la capacidad de experimentar sentimientos. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprobar si dicha estrategia está relacionada con la inferencia y memorización de conductas que implican sentimientos. Para comprobarlo realizamos una investigación experimental que mostró que se infiere más rápidamente un sentimiento si el actor de la conducta pertenece al endogrupo que si pertenece al exogrupo. Además, cuando se utilizan términos emocionales como pistas para que los sujetos recuerden las frases, dicho recuerdo es mayor cuando las frases las dice un miembro del endogrupo que cuando las dice un miembro del exogrupo. Sin embargo, cuando no se da ninguna pista, la diferencia en el recuerdo de las frases del endogrupo y del exogrupo no resultó significativa (AU)

One of the strategies to infrahumanize the outgroup member is to deny the capacity of feel secondary emotions or sentiments.The aim of this study is to verify whether this strategy is related to memory and inference of behaviors which involve secondary emotions or sentiments. To confirm this hypothesis, an experimental study was carried out, showing that people infer faster secondary emotions if the behavior is done by an ingroupmember than by an outgroup member. Furthermore, when emotional terms are used as cues for sentence recalling, people remembered more sentences said by an ingroup member than by an outgroup member. However, when no cue is given, differences in sentences recalled by ingroup and outgroup members were not significant (AU)

El efecto del estatus en la atribución de las dimensiones estereotípicas de sociabilidad y competencia / The effect of status on sociability and competence stereotypical dimensions

La competencia y la sociabilidad son dos dimensiones centrales en la percepción de los otros. Esto es así por dos razones. Primera, porque estructuran el contenido estereotípico de los grupos. Segunda, porque reflejan diferencias de estatus y ayudan a clasificar a los otros como colaboradores o competidores. El objetivo de esta investigación es verificar que el estatus covaría con la atribución de competencia y sociabilidad y, especialmente, determinar si esta atribución tiene lugar también en el endogrupo. Los resultados de las dos investigaciones realizadas confirman nuestra hipótesis, según la cual la atribución rasgos de competencia o sociabilidad, tanto al exogrupo como al endogrupo, depende del estatus del grupo. Así, el grupo de bajo estatus fue considerado alto en sociabilidad y bajo en competencia, mientras que para los grupos de alto estatus fue lo opuesto. Estos resultados se ajustan al modelo de contenido de los estereotipos de Fiske, Xu, Cuddy y Glick (2002)

Since the first pioneering studies of impression formation, it has been generally accepted that competence and sociability are core dimensions in the perception of others, for two reasons. First, because they structure the stereotype content of all group. Second, because they reflect status differences and so help in classifying others as collaborators or competitors. The aim of this study is to verify that the dimensions of status does covary with the attribution also takes place in the ingroup. The results from the two studies carried out confirm our hypothesis, that the decision to attribute traits of competence or sociability to both the outgroup and the ingroup depends on the status of the group. So, low status group was considered high in sociability and low in competence. However, high status group was perceived in opposite way. These results fit the model of stereotype content proposed by Fiske, Xu, Cuddy and Glick (2002)

La percepción de semejanza integrupal y la identificación con el endogrupo: ¿incrementa o disminuye el prejuicio? / The perception of intergroup similarity and ingroup identification: do they increase or reduce prejudice?

El presente estudio analiza el papel de la semejanza intergrupal y la identidad en las relaciones intergrupales. Se trata de determinar la relación de la percepción de semejanza endo-exogrupal y la identidad endogrupal, con las actitudes hacia varios grupos de inmigrantes. Para ello, 400 estudiantes de Secundaria respondieron un cuestionario compuesto por tres escalas: identificación con el endogrupo, similitud intergrupal y una escala de distancia social. El análisis multidimensional de las escalas de similitud mostró que las personas atienden fundamentalmente a dos dimensiones: la similitud de estatus y la similitud actitudinal o cultural. Estas dimensiones permitieron organizar a los inmigrantes en tres categorías: grupos semejantes grupos diferentes de alto estatus y grupos diferentes de bajo estatus. Finalmente, el análisis de las respuestas a las escalas de distancia social indicó que es la semejanza intergrupal la que explica un porcentaje mayor de su varianza (AU)

This study examines the role played by intergroup similarity and identity in intergroup relations. The main purpose was to determine the relation between ingroup/outgroup perceived similarity and ingroup identification, with attitudes towards several immigrants groups. 400 secondary school students answered a questionnaire composed by three scales: ingroup identification, perceived intergroup similarity, and social distance. Multidimensional analysis of similarity scales showed that people basically employ two dimensions: status similarity and attitudinal similarity. These two dimensions allowed to determine three outgroup categories: similar groups, high status dissimilar groups and low status dissimilar group. Lastly, the analysis of the answer to social distances scales showed that similarity explains the greatest percentage of variance (AU)

Atribución diferencial al endogrupo y al exogrupo de las dimensionesde moralidad y eficacia: un indicador de favoritismo endogrupal / Differential attributions of morality and efficiency to the ingroup and the outgroup: An indicator of ingroup favoritism

Moralidad y eficacia, dos de las principales dimensiones de la personalidad, se caracterizan por una asimetría positivo-negativo. Esto es, mientras la inmoralidad es más diagnóstica que la moralidad, la eficacia es más diagnóstica que la ineficacia. Además, la moralidad se considera una dimensión más importante que la eficacia. Partiendo de la asimetría de las dimensiones y el fenómeno del etnocentrismo, hipotetizamos que las personas atribuirán más rasgos positivos relacionados con moralidad que con eficacia a su endogrupo mientras que ocurrirá lo opuesto para el exogrupo. Por otra parte, cuando los rasgos son negativos, las personas atribuirán más rasgos de ineficacia que de inmoralidad a su endogrupo y lo contrario ocurrirá para el exogrupo. Para comprobar esta hipótesis se realizaron dos estudios con participantes canarios, en los que tenían que responder a dos tareas. La primera tarea era responder a un cuestionario de identidad canaria, y la segunda distribuir 24 características relacionadas con moralidad y eficacia, o con inmoralidad e ineficacia, entre el endogrupo y el exogrupo. En el primer estudio, el exogrupo es peninsulares, mientras que en el segundo estudio es magrebíes. Los resultados confirman la hipótesis y se discuten a la luz de la diferenciación intergrupal (AU)

Morality and efficiency constitute two dimensions of personality characterized by a positive-negative asymmetry. While low morality is more diagnostic than high morality, high efficiency is more diagnostic than low efficiency. Morality is also considered more important than efficiency. Building upon this asymmetry and the phenomenon of ethnocentrism, we hypothesized that people would attribute more positive traits related to morality than to efficiency to their ingroup. The reverse would occur for the outgroup. As regards negative traits, people would attribute more inefficient than inmoral traits to their ingroup, and the opposite would happen for the outgroup. Two studies with canarian participants were carried out. The participants had to answer two tasks. First task was to answer one Canarian identity questionaire, and the second task was to distribute 24 traits, related to morality and efficiency, or inmorality and inefficiency, between ingroup and outgroup. In the first study, the outgroup is mainlanders people, but in the second study the outgroup is Magrebian people. Results confirm the hypothesis and are discussed in terms of inter-group differentiation (AU)

El género como criterio de pertenencia grupal y las atribuciones al prejuicio / Gender as a criteria for group nembership and prefudicial attribution

Esta investigación se llevó a cabo con la finalidad de comprobar si pertenecer a un grupo discriminado o al grupo discriminador afecta al tipo de explicación que se da a situaciones de interacción ambiguas. Participaron en el experimento 53 mujeres (grupo discriminado) y 65 hombres (grupo discriminador) que respondieron a un cuestionario que reproducía distintas situaciones de interacción moderadamente hostiles, de un hombre hacia una mujer o hacia una persona de sexo desconocido. Cada situación iba acompañada de cuatro explicaciones del suceso. Una, defendía que lo sucedido se debía a que la protagonista era mujer (prejuicio explícito), otra, a alguna característica personal de la mujer relacionada con el estereotipo femenino (prejuicio implícito) y las dos restantes eran explicaciones de relleno. Los resultados obtenidos confirman las diferencias atribucionales entre hombres y mujeres. Los primeros explican el comportamiento hostil del protagonista masculino hacia las mujeres apelando a características personales de la protagonista (prejuicio implícito) mientras que las mujeres recurren a razones de pertenencia grupal (prejuicio explícito). Cuando el género de la protagonista era desconocido no se encontraron diferencias entre prejuicio explícito e implícito (AU)

This experiment aims at testing whether the fact of belonging to a discriminatory or discriminated group affects the types of explanations given for ambiguous interactions. Fifty-three women (discriminated group) and 65 men (discriminatory group) answered a questionnaire presenting various moderately hostile interactions involving a man towards a woman or towards a person of unknown gender. Each situation was followed by four possible explanations. According to one of the explanations, what happened during the interaction was due to the fact that the protagonist was a woman (explicit prejudice). Another explanation staged stereotypical characteristics of women (implicit prejudice). The other two explanations were fillers. The results support attributional differences between men and women. Whereas men explain their hostile behavior by personal characteristics of women ( implicit prejudice), women attribute the behavior to their group (explicit prejudice). When the gender of the protagonist was unknown, no differences in explicit and implicit prejudices were obtained (AU)