Effect of High-Intensity Interval, Moderate-Intensity Continuous, and Self-Selected Intensity Training on Health and Affective Responses.

Purpose: To compare the effects of 12-week high-intensity interval (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous (MICT), and self-selected intensity training (SSIT) on health outcomes and affective responses. Methods: Seventy-three overweight/obese inactive adults (62% woman; age, 31.4 ± 7.2 years; height, 1.66 ± 0.09 cm; Body mass index, 28.9 ± 2.7 kg.m-2) who were randomized into HIIT (n = 23), MICT (n = 24) and SSIT (n = 26) groups. The training was conducted three times per week in an outdoor environment, with 4 weeks under direct supervision and 8 weeks with semi-supervision. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and metabolic profile were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the 4th and 12th weeks. Core affect was measured during all training sessions. Results: Peak oxygen uptake improved in all groups after 4 and 12 weeks compared with baseline. Only the SSIT had reductions in body fat throughout the intervention. No improvements were observed in the metabolic profile across all groups. SSIT was perceived as more pleasurable than HIIT; however, there were no differences in affective responses between SSIT and MICT. Affective responses in-task (e.g. negative and positive peak, rate of change and affect at the end of the exercise session) predicted the HIIT and SSIT exercises attendance rate. Conclusion: Regardless of the exercise training protocol, overweight/obese inactive adults improved health outcomes, which suggests the prescribing HIIT, MICT, and SSIT in outdoor environments. SSIT should be considered in order to optimize the pleasure during training sessions. Affective response more positive in-task of the HIIT and SSIT is associated with greater attendance rate in these exercise protocols.

Social Determinants of Obesity and Stunting among Brazilian Adolescents: A Multilevel Analysis.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity and stunting among Brazilian adolescents and its associations with social determinants of health (individual, family, and school), grounded on the necessity of investigating the determinants of nutritional problems within this population. (2) Methods: A population-based survey was administered to 16,556 adolescents assessed by the 2015 National School Health Survey. Multivariate models of obesity and stunting were estimated from Multilevel Poisson Regressions. (3) Results: The prevalence of obesity among Brazilian adolescents (10.0%; 95% CI: 9.4-10.6) was associated directly with indifference or dissatisfaction with body image, with eating breakfast four or fewer days a week, living with up to four people in the household, studying in private schools, and being from the South region, and was inversely associated with being female, 15 years old or older, with having the highest nutritional risk eating pattern, dining at fast-food restaurants, and eating while watching television or studying. The prevalence of stunting (2.3%; 95% CI: 2.0-2.8) was directly associated with the age of 15 years or older, and inversely associated with the lower number of residents living in the household, maternal education-decreasing gradient from literate to college level education, studying in urban schools, and being from the South and Central-West regions. (4) Conclusions: Obesity in adolescence presented behavioral determinants. Stunting and obesity have structural social determinants related, respectively, to worse and better socioeconomic position among Brazilian adolescents.

FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BRAZILIAN ADOLESCENTS / PERFIS ALIMENTARES E NUTRICIONAIS DE ADOLESCENTES BRASILEIROS

The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of dietary and nutritional profiles of Brazilian adolescents and their associations with sociodemographic, behavioral and sustainability factors. Data from 16,556 adolescents evaluated by the 2015 National Adolescent Health Survey were used. The information was generated from Descriptive and Correspondence Analysis of the main variables - food and nutritional profiles (combination of dietary pattern categories with nutritional status categories) - and secondary. The most prevalent profile was identified as the type of dietary pattern (BP) with the lowest nutritional risk (NB) with normal weight, grouping 42.6% (95%CI: 41.3-43.7) of the adolescents, followed by the PA profiles of higher NB with normal weight (28.1%; 95%CI: 27.1-29.0), BP of lower NB with excess weight (17.5%; 95%CI: 16.7-18.3), BP of higher NB with excess weight (9.2%; 95%CI: 8.6-9.8), BP of lower NB with thinness (1.5%; 95%CI: 1.3-1.8) and BP of greater NB with thinness (1.1%; 95%CI: 0.9-1.4). These food and nutritional profiles coexist with different ways of life among Brazilian adolescents marked by sociodemographic, behavioral and sustainability aspects. The identification of these profiles and how they are distributed in the population allows for a better diagnosis of the realities of adolescents and the planning of more targeted and resolute feeding actions.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar as prevalências dos perfis alimentares e nutricionais de adolescentes brasileiros e suas associações com fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de sustentabilidade. Foram utilizados dados de 16.556 adolescentes avaliados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. As informações foram geradas a partir de Análise descritiva e de Correspondência das variáveis principais ­ perfis alimentares e nutricionais (combinação de categorias do padrão alimentar com categorias do estado nutricional) - e secundárias. Identificou-se como perfil mais prevalente o tipo padrão alimentar (PA) de menor risco nutricional (RN) com eutrofia agrupando 42,6% (IC95%: 41,3-43,7) dos adolescentes, esse foi seguido pelos perfis PA de maior RN com eutrofia (28,1%; IC95%: 27,1-29,0), PA de menor RN com excesso de peso (17,5%; IC95%:16,7-18,3), PA de maior RN com excesso de peso (9,2%; IC95%:8,6-9,8), PA de menor RN com magreza (1,5%; IC95%:1,3-1,8) e PA de maior RN com magreza (1,1%; IC95%: 0,9-1,4). Esses perfis alimentares e nutricionais coexistem com formas de vida diferentes entre os adolescentes brasileiros marcadas por aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de sustentabilidade. A identificação desses perfis e como se distribuem na população permite um melhor diagnósticos das realidades dos adolescentes e ao planejamento de ações de alimentação mais direcionadas e resolutivas.

Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity of Schoolchildren from a Low-income Region in Brazil: Associations with Maternal Variables / Comportamento Sedentário e Atividade Física de Escolares de uma Região de Baixa Renda no Brasil: Associações com Variáveis Maternas

INTRODUCTION: In the last decade, an increasing number of studies investigated markers of Sedentary Behavior (SB) and Physical Activity (PA) in school-age children since they lead to nutritional status changes in this groupOBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between maternal factors and SB and PA of schoolchildrenMETHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 410 mothers of children enrolled between the first and the fifth year in municipal schools of Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil. By applying questionnaires, socioeconomic variables of the family, maternal data, and habits related to SB and PA on weekdays and weekends were investigated. Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to test associationsRESULTS: It was observed that income below one minimum wage and less maternal education were associated with greater active transportation among children (69.3%, p = 0.012 and 68.4%, p = 0.022, respectively). Children from low-income families (65.4%, p = 0.016) and who had six and seven siblings (8.2%, p = 0.023 and 7.6%, p = 0.037, respectively) presented lower SB at the weekend. Low level of maternal education was associated with reduced PA during the week (70.8%, p = 0.024CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic (i.e., family income and number of siblings) and maternal factors (i.e., level of education) are important indicators for time spent on sedentary behavior and physical activity of schoolchildren

INTRODUÇÃO: Na última década, um número crescente de estudos tem se preocupado em investigar marcadores de Comportamento Sedentário (CS) e Atividade Física (AF) em crianças na idade escolar, por serem reconhecidos como causadores de alterações do estado nutricional nesta faixa etáriaOBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados maternos sobre o CS e AF de escolaresMÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com delineamento transversal, envolvendo 410 mães de crianças matriculadas entre o primeiro e quinto ano nas escolas municipais de Santa Cruz, RN, Brasil. Por meio da aplicação de questionários, foram investigadas variáveis socioeconômicas da família, dados maternos e hábitos relacionados ao CS e AF dos escolares, nos dias da semana e no final de semana. Para testar associações foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Teste Exato de FisherRESULTADOS: Foi observado que uma renda inferior a um salário mínimo e menor escolaridade materna foram associados com maior deslocamento ativo das crianças (69,3%, p = 0,012 e 68,4% p = 0,022, respectivamente). As crianças de famílias com baixa renda (65,4%, p = 0,016) e que tinham seis e sete irmãos (8,2%, p = 0,023 e 7,6%, p = 0,037, respectivamente) apresentam menor CS no final de semana. Um menor grau de escolaridade materna foi associado com uma menor prática de AF durante a semana (70,8%, p = 0,024CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que os fatores socioeconômicos (i.e., renda familiar e número de irmãos) e maternos (i.e., nível de escolaridade) são importantes indicadores para o tempo dispendido em comportamento sedentário e atividade física de escolares

Is skeletal muscle radiodensity able to indicate physical function impairment in older adults with gastrointestinal cancer?

BACKGROUND: Worsening nutritional status in older adult cancer patients can lead to sarcopenia, a condition that occurs with low quantity or quality of muscle mass associated with low physical function. However, most of the studies with cancer patients have only analyzed the quantity of muscle mass for diagnostic of sarcopenia, without exploring muscle characteristics and physical function. The purpose of the present study is to explore the associations between muscle mass characteristics and physical function in older adult patients with cancer. METHODS: Gastric older cancer patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Computed tomography images of the abdominal region evaluated skeletal muscle mass using the Slice-O-Matic version 5.0 Software program (Tomovision, Montreal, Canada) to determine the parameters of skeletal muscle index (SMI, muscle quantity) and skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD). The physical function was evaluated through handgrip strength and gait speed test. Four musculature phenotypes were identified: normal SMI and SMD, only low SMI, only low SMD, and low SMI and SMD. Linear regression analyses adjusted by age and tumor stage verified the associations between SMI, SMD and physical function. A One-Way Covariance Analysis with Bonferroni post hoc test was used to compare the physical function variables among the four different phenotypes. RESULTS: In total, 167 patients were evaluated (58.1% males; mean age 69.17 ±â€¯7.97 years). The results showed that muscle mass characteristics explains, at least partially, the variability in handgrip strength and gait speed in a direct relationship. The phenotypes with low muscular SMI and/or SMD presented worse performances in handgrip strength and gait speed tests. When stratified for sexes, the significant difference occurs only in males. CONCLUSIONS: Low SMD has negatively impacted physical function in older adults with gastrointestinal cancer, especially in males.

Is cachexia associated with chemotherapy toxicities in gastrointestinal cancer patients? A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy is an effective treatment with good clinical response in patients with cancer. However, it can cause exacerbated toxicities in patients and consequently change the course of treatment. Some factors may interfere with this toxicity such as body composition, especially in gastrointestinal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of body composition, nutritional status, and functional capacity scale in predicting the occurrence of toxicities in gastrointestinal cancer patients during chemotherapy treatment. METHODS: This is a prospective study with gastrointestinal cancer patients at the beginning of chemotherapy treatment. Sarcopenia and muscle attenuation were assessed using the skeletal muscle index from computerized tomography by measuring cross-sectional areas of the L3 tissue (cm2 /m2 ). Cachexia was graded according to involuntary weight loss associated with sarcopenia. Nutritional status was assessed by using anthropometric evaluation and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment. Functional capacity was evaluated by handgrip strength and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status scale. Haematological gastrointestinal and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were defined according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. The associations among sarcopenia, cachexia, nutritional status, and functional capacity with DLT were assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression model. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were evaluated (55% male, 60.9 ± 14.0 years) and followed up for a mean of 55 days. Most patients had normal weight (44.2%) and good ECOG Performance Status (≤1) at baseline (78%). During the chemotherapy period, the most prevalent toxicities were diarrhoea, nausea, and anorexia, but the presence of DLT was similar between cycles (P > 0.05). Cachexia was associated with a higher toxicity manifested by diarrhoea (P = 0.02), nausea (P = 0.02), and anorexia (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03 at Cycles 1 and 2, respectively). Sarcopenic and cachetic individuals experienced more toxicities and DLT during chemotherapy. The only factors associated with DLT in the multivariate Cox regression analyses including the presence of metastasis and the chemotherapy protocol were cachexia and the ECOG scale (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Cachexia and ECOG score may identify patients with an increased risk for developing severe toxicity events during chemotherapy treatment for gastrointestinal cancer.