Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering.

Three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology for bone tissue engineering. However, most hydrogel bioinks lack the mechanical and post-printing fidelity properties suitable for such hard tissue regeneration. To overcome these weak properties, calcium phosphates can be employed in a bioink to compensate for the lack of certain characteristics. Further, the extracellular matrix of natural bone contains this mineral, resulting in its structural robustness. Thus, calcium phosphates are necessary components of bioink for bone tissue engineering. This review paper examines different recently explored calcium phosphates, as a component of potential bioinks, for the biological, mechanical and structural properties required of 3D bioprinted scaffolds, exploring their distinctive properties that render them favorable biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. The discussion encompasses recent applications and adaptations of 3D-printed scaffolds built with calcium phosphates, delving into the scientific reasons behind the prevalence of certain types of calcium phosphates over others. Additionally, this paper elucidates their interactions with polymer hydrogels for 3D bioprinting applications. Overall, the current status of calcium phosphate/hydrogel bioinks for 3D bioprinting in bone tissue engineering has been investigated.

Modulation of 3D Bioprintability in Polysaccharide Bioink by Bioglass Nanoparticles and Multiple Metal Ions for Tissue Engineering.

BACKGROUND: Bioglasses are used in applications related to bone rehabilitation and repair. The mechanical and bioactive properties of polysaccharides like alginate and agarose can be modulated or improved using bioglass nanoparticles. Further essential metal ions used as crosslinker have the potential to supplement cultured cells for better growth and proliferation. METHOD: In this study, the alginate bioink is modulated for fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds by extrusion-based 3D bioprinting using agarose, bioglass nanoparticles and combination of essential trace elements such as iron, zinc, and copper. Homogeneous bioink was obtained by in situ mixing and bioprinting of its components with twin screw extruder (TSE) based 3D bioprinting, and then distribution of metal ions was induced through post-printing diffusion of metal ions in the printed scaffolds. The mechanical and 3d bioprinting properties, microscopic structure, biocompatibility of the crosslinked alginate/agarose hydrogels were analyzed for different concentrations of bioglass. The adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) and osteoblast cells (MC3T3) were used to evaluate this hydrogel's biological performances. RESULTS: The porosity of hydrogels significantly improves with the incorporation of the bioglass. More bioglass concentration results in improved mechanical (compressive, dynamic, and cyclic) and 3D bioprinting properties. Cell growth and extracellular matrix are also enhanced with bioglass concentration. CONCLUSION: For bioprinting of the bioinks, the advanced TSE head was attached to 3D bioprinter and in situ fabrication of cell encapsulated scaffold was obtained with optimized composition considering minimal effects on cell damage. Fabricated bioinks demonstrate a biocompatible and noncytotoxic scaffold for culturing MC3T3 and ADMSC, while bioglass controls the cellular behaviors such as cell growth and extracellular matrix formation.

Incorporation of Cell-Adhesive Proteins in 3D-Printed Lipoic Acid-Maleic Acid-Poly(Propylene Glycol)-Based Tough Gel Ink for Cell-Supportive Microenvironment.

In extrusion-based 3D printing, the use of synthetic polymeric hydrogels can facilitate fabrication of cellularized and implanted scaffolds with sufficient mechanical properties to maintain the structural integrity and physical stress within the in vivo conditions. However, synthetic hydrogels face challenges due to their poor properties of cellular adhesion, bioactivity, and biofunctionality. New compositions of hydrogel inks have been designed to address this limitation. A viscous poly(maleate-propylene oxide)-lipoate-poly(ethylene oxide) (MPLE) hydrogel is recently developed that shows high-resolution printability, drug-controlled release, excellent mechanical properties with adhesiveness, and biocompatibility. In this study, the authors demonstrate that the incorporation of cell-adhesive proteins like gelatin and albumin within the MPLE gel allows printing of biologically functional 3D scaffolds with rapid cell spreading (within 7 days) and high cell proliferation (twofold increase) as compared with MPLE gel only. Addition of proteins (10% w/v) supports the formation of interconnected cell clusters (≈1.6-fold increase in cell areas after 7-day) and spreading of cells in the printed scaffolds without additional growth factors. In in vivo studies, the protein-loaded scaffolds showed excellent biocompatibility and increased angiogenesis without inflammatory response after 4-week implantation in mice, thus demonstrating the promise to contribute to the printable tough hydrogel inks for tissue engineering.

Study on Bioresponsive Gelatin-Hyaluronic Acid-Genipin Hydrogel for High Cell-Density 3D Bioprinting.

The Development of bioresponsive extrudable hydrogels for 3D bioprinting is imperative to address the growing demand for scaffold design as well as efficient and reliable methods of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This study proposed genipin (5 mg) cross-linked gelatin (1 to 1.5 g)-hyaluronic acid (0.3 g) hydrogel bioink (20 mL) tailored for 3D bioprinting. The focus is on high cell loading and a less artificial extra-cellular matrix (ECM) effect, as well as exploring their potential applications in tissue engineering. The bioresponsiveness of these hydrogel scaffolds was successfully evaluated at 37 °C and room temperature (at pH 2.5, 7.4, and 9). The rheological and mechanical properties (more than three times) increased with the increase in gelatin content in the hydrogel; however, the hydrogel with the least amount of gelatin showed the best extrusion capability. This optimized hydrogel's high extrusion ability and post-printing shape fidelity were evident from 3D and four-axis printing of complex structures such as hollow tubes, stars, pyramids, and zigzag porous tubular (four-axis) scaffolds (printed at 90 kPa pressure, 70 mm/s speed, 22G needle, fourth axis rotation of 4 rpm). 3 million/mL MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cells were used in preparing 3D bioprinted samples. The in vitro cell culture studies have been carried out in a CO2 incubator (at 37 °C, 5% CO2). In the cytocompatibility study, almost three times more cell viability was observed in 3 days compared to day 1 control, proving the non-toxicity and cell-supportiveness of these hydrogels. High cell viability and cell-to-cell interactions observed at the end of day 3 using this moderately stable hydrogel in 3D bioprinting exhibit high potential for precise cell delivery modes in tissue engineering as well as regenerative medicine.

3D bioprinting of complex tissue scaffolds with in situ homogeneously mixed alginate-chitosan-kaolin bioink using advanced portable biopen.

Control of in situ 3D bioprinting of hydrogel without toxic crosslinker is ideal for tissue regeneration by reinforcing and homogeneously distributing biocompatible reinforcing agent during fabrication of large area and complex tissue engineering scaffolds. In this study, homogeneous mixing, and simultaneous 3D bioprinting of a multicomponent bioink based on alginate (AL)-chitosan (CH), and kaolin was obtained by an advanced pen-type extruder to ensure structural and biological homogeneity during the large area tissue reconstruction. The static, dynamic and cyclic mechanical properties as well as in situ self-standing printability significantly improved with the kaolin concentration for AL-CH bioink-printed samples due to polymer-kaolin nanoclay hydrogen bonding and cross-linking with less amount of calcium ions. The Biowork pen ensures better mixing effectiveness for the kaolin-dispersed AL-CH hydrogels (evident from computational fluid dynamics study, aluminosilicate nanoclay mapping and 3D printing of complex multilayered structures) than the conventional mixing process. Two different cell lines (osteoblast and fibroblast) introduced during large area multilayered 3D bioprinting have confirmed the suitability of such multicomponent bioinks for in vitro even tissue regeneration. The effect of kaolin to promote uniform growth and proliferation of the cells throughout the bioprinted gel matrix is more significant for this advanced pen-type extruder processed samples.

Progress in biomechanical stimuli on the cell-encapsulated hydrogels for cartilage tissue regeneration.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, many people suffer from knee injuries and articular cartilage damage every year, which causes pain and reduces productivity, life quality, and daily routines. Medication is currently primarily used to relieve symptoms and not to ameliorate cartilage degeneration. As the natural healing capacity of cartilage damage is limited due to a lack of vascularization, common surgical methods are used to repair cartilage tissue, but they cannot prevent massive damage followed by injury. MAIN BODY: Functional tissue engineering has recently attracted attention for the repair of cartilage damage using a combination of cells, scaffolds (constructs), biochemical factors, and biomechanical stimuli. As cyclic biomechanical loading is the key factor in maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype, many studies have evaluated the effect of biomechanical stimulation on chondrogenesis. The characteristics of hydrogels, such as their mechanical properties, water content, and cell encapsulation, make them ideal for tissue-engineered scaffolds. Induced cell signaling (biochemical and biomechanical factors) and encapsulation of cells in hydrogels as a construct are discussed for biomechanical stimulation-based tissue regeneration, and several notable studies on the effect of biomechanical stimulation on encapsulated cells within hydrogels are discussed for cartilage regeneration. CONCLUSION: Induction of biochemical and biomechanical signaling on the encapsulated cells in hydrogels are important factors for biomechanical stimulation-based cartilage regeneration.

Photo-crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel strengthened with calcium phosphate-based nanoparticles for early healing of rabbit calvarial defects.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of photo-crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (GelMa) hydrogel containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CNp) when applying different fabrication methods for bone regeneration. METHODS: Four circular defects were created in the calvaria of 10 rabbits. Each defect was randomly allocated to the following study groups: 1) the sham control group, 2) the GelMa group (defect filled with crosslinked GelMa hydrogel), 3) the CNp-GelMa group (GelMa hydrogel crosslinked with nanoparticles), and 4) the CNp+GelMa group (crosslinked GelMa loaded with nanoparticles). At 2, 4, and 8 weeks, samples were harvested, and histological and micro-computed tomography analyses were performed. RESULTS: Histomorphometric analysis showed that the CNp-GelMa and CNp+GelMa groups at 2 weeks had significantly greater total augmented areas than the control group (P<0.05). The greatest new bone area was observed in the CNp-GelMa group, but without statistical significance (P>0.05). Crosslinked GelMa hydrogel with nanoparticles exhibited good biocompatibility with a minimal inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the efficacy of bone regeneration according to the synthesized method of photo-crosslinked GelMa hydrogel with nanoparticles. However, these materials could remain within a bone defect up to 2 weeks and showed good biocompatibility with little inflammatory response. Further improvement in mechanical properties and resistance to enzymatic degradation would be needed for the clinical application.

Modulation of bioactive calcium phosphate micro/nanoparticle size and shape during in situ synthesis of photo-crosslinkable gelatin methacryloyl based nanocomposite hydrogels for 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering.

BACKGROUND: The gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) polymer suffers shape fidelity and structural stability issues during 3D bioprinting for bone tissue engineering while homogeneous mixing of reinforcing nanoparticles is always under debate. METHOD: In this study, amorphous calcium phosphates micro/nanoparticles (CNP) incorporated GelMA is synthesized by developing specific sites for gelatin structure-based nucleation and stabilization in a one-pot processing. The process ensures homogenous distribution of CNPs while different concentrations of gelatin control their growth and morphologies. After micro/nanoparticles synthesis in the gelatin matrix, methacrylation is carried out to prepare homogeneously distributed CNP-reinforced gelatin methacryloyl (CNP GelMA) polymer. After synthesis of CNP and CNP GelMA gel, the properties of photo-crosslinked 3D bioprinting scaffolds were compared with those of the conventionally fabricated ones. RESULTS: The shape (spindle to spherical) and size (1.753 µm to 296 nm) of the micro/nanoparticles in the GelMA matrix are modulated by adjusting the gelatin concentrations during the synthesis. UV cross-linked CNP GelMA (using Irgacure 2955) has significantly improved mechanical (three times compressive strength), 3D printability (160 layers, 2 cm self-standing 3D printed height) and biological properties (cell supportiveness with osteogenic differentiation). The photo-crosslinking becomes faster due to better methacrylation, facilitating continuous 3D bioprinting or printing. CONCLUSION: For 3D bioprinting using GelMA like photo cross-linkable polymers, where structural stability and homogeneous control of nanoparticles are major concerns, CNP GelMA is beneficial for even bone tissue regeneration within short period.

Nanodiamond enhanced mechanical and biological properties of extrudable gelatin hydrogel cross-linked with tannic acid and ferrous sulphate.

BACKGROUND: The requirements for cell-encapsulated injectable and bioprintable hydrogels are extrusion ability, cell supportive micro-environment and reasonable post-printing stability for the acclimatization of the cells in the target site. Detonation nanodiamond (ND) has shown its potential to improve the mechanical and biological properties of such hydrogels. Enhancing the performance properties of natural biopolymer gelatin-based hydrogels can widen their biomedical application possibilities to various areas including drug delivery, tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting. METHOD: In this study, natural cross-linker tannic acid (TA) is used along with ferrous sulphate (FS) to optimize the swelling and disintegration of extrudable and 3D printable gelatin hydrogels. The amounts of TA and FS are restricted to improve the extrusion ability of the gels in 3D printing. Further, ND particles (detonation type) are dispersed using twin screw extrusion technology to study their effect on mechanical and biological properties of the 3D printing hydrogel. RESULTS: The improved dispersion of ND particles helps to improve compressive strength almost ten times and dynamic modulus three times using 40 mg ND (2% w/w of gelatin). The surface-functional groups of detonation ND also contributed for such improvement in mechanical properties due to higher interaction with the hydrogel matrix. The stability of the hydrogels in water was also improved to 7 days. Four times improvement of the cell growth and proliferation was observed in ND based hydrogel. CONCLUSION: The cell-supportive nature of these moderately stable and extrudable ND dispersed gelatin hydrogels makes them a good candidate for short term regenerative applications of cell-encapsulated injectable hydrogels with better mechanical properties.

Multifunctional Sutures with Temperature Sensing and Infection Control.

The next-generation sutures should provide in situ monitoring of wound condition such as temperature while reducing surgical site infection during wound closure. In this study, functionalized nanodiamond (FND) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) are incorporated to develop a new multifunctional suture with such capabilities. Incorporation of FND and rGO into PCL enhances its tensile strength by about 43% and toughness by 35%. The sutures show temperature sensing capability in the range of 25-40 °C based on the shift in zero-splitting frequency of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV- ) centers in FND via optically detected magnetic resonance, paving the way for potential detection of infection or excessive inflammation in healing wounds. The suture surface readily coats with antibiotics to reduce bacterial infection risk to the wounds. The new suture thus is promising in monitoring and supporting wound closure.

Symbiotic culture of nanocellulose pellicle: A potential matrix for 3D bioprinting.

Nanocellulose pellicle is produced as a byproduct during the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast in kombucha. It shows good mechanical strength, biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. However, it has limited application in tissue engineering due to its low processability. In this work, bacterial cellulose-based sustainable kombucha (KBC) sheet has been produced and it was acid-treated to partially hydrolyse. This controlled process improves its extrusion and shape formation ability. The physical, functional and biological properties were studied to assess its potential as a 3D printed scaffold. Two different cell lines (Human dermal fibroblast cells and mouse osteoblast cells) were used to study the cytocompatibility. Both the cell types showed good attachment, growth and proliferation on the pure and treated KBC. They attained almost full confluence within 3 days. This study indicates that the controlled partial hydrolysis of KBC can make it suitable for 3D printing retaining its mechanical strength and cytocompatibility. This sustainable microbial biopolymer shows the possibility to be used as a bioink for 3D bioprinting.

Polypropylene-nanodiamond composite for hernia mesh.

Commercial hernia mesh is commonly made from polypropylene (PP), due to its inertness, biocompatibility, physical properties, ease of processing and versatility for conversion into flexible shape. However, reportedly hernia mesh prepared from PP experienced issues such as diminished long-term strength, foreign body rejection, lack of biocompatibility and high adhesion to the abdomen wall. Infiltration of the mesh by soft tissue (called remodeling) results in an integration of mesh into the body, leading to a rapid reduction in mesh mechanical properties and potential infection. Here, this study addresses these issues through the incorporation of nanodiamond (ND) into PP filament and coating on the surface of plasma-treated PP-ND mesh. The results show that the dynamic modulus of the PP-ND mesh increased significantly, without compromising its flexibility. Coating PP-ND mesh with hydroxylated ND led to a reduction in nonspecific protein adsorption onto the surface of nanocomposite, which is an important characteristic for hernia mesh to prevent foreign body reaction, attachment of mesh to the abdominal wall and nearby organs. In-vitro study with mammalian cells shows that coated PP-ND mesh with functionalized ND exhibits a significant increase in the number of adhered cells with more elongated morphology in comparison with other PP meshes, due to the better hydrophilicity. Therefore, the ND coated nanocomposite mesh can be a promising candidate for hernia repair in the future; however, more investigation is required.

Nanocomposite-Coated Silk-Based Artificial Conduits: The Influence of Structures on Regeneration of the Peripheral Nerve.

In this study, silk filaments are coated with different concentrations (5, 7.5, and 10% w/w) of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) dispersed in poly-ε-caprolactone. The nanocomposite-coated silk filaments are subjected to knitting, braiding, and twisting. The tubular structures are covered with a silk fibroin/polyvinyl film for the nerve conduit application. Physical characterization of the developed nerve conduits demonstrates suitable mechanical properties comparable to native nerve tissue. Cell proliferation is confirmed through in vitro cell culture studies using Neuro 2a and rat primary cortical neural progenitor cells, which show that the proliferation happens along the interconnected macrochannels of the internal structure of the nerve conduit. The knitted structure presents better biological properties than the nerve conduits with other internal structures. The in vivo sciatic nerve implantation is performed in a rabbit model using the best conduit, i.e., 10% CNF-based nanocomposite-coated silk with a knitted inner structure without any biomolecules or tube filling gels. Regeneration of a 2 cm gap excised sciatic nerve is investigated by immunohistochemistry and histology of implanted nerve conduits removed after 30 days. Results suggest that the CNF-based conducting nanocomposite coating in this well-defined architecture of the conduit helps in signal transmission and neural growth during the regeneration of the transected nerve.

Three-dimensional directional nerve guide conduits fabricated by dopamine-functionalized conductive carbon nanofibre-based nanocomposite ink printing.

A potential issue in current nerve guides is that they do not transmit electrical nerve impulses between the distal and proximal end of an injured nerve, i.e. a synapse. Conductivity is a desirable property of an ideal nerve guide that is being considered for peripheral nerve regeneration. Most conductive polymers reported for the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds, such as polypyrrole and polyaniline, are non-biodegradable and possess weak mechanical properties, and thus cannot be fabricated into 3D structures. Herein, we have designed a new nanocomposite material composed of dopamine, carbon nanofibers (CNF) and polycaprolactone (PCL) for the fabrication of nerve conduits, which facilitates the growth and migration of neurons toward the targeted end of an injured nerve. This support and navigation of the scaffold leads to better sensory and motor function. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the printed PCL increased by 30% in comparison with the pure PCL film, which is comparable with human nerves. The in vitro cell study of human glioma cells showed that the printed lines provided support for neural cell attachment, migration and differentiation toward the targeted end. In contrast, in the absence of printed lines in the scaffold, the cells attach and grow in random directions, forming a flower shape (cell cluster) on the surface of PCL. Thus, the proposed scaffold is a promising candidate for nerve guide application based on its signal transmission and navigating neurons in a correct pathway towards the targeted end.

Correction: Three-dimensional directional nerve guide conduits fabricated by dopamine-functionalized conductive carbon nanofibre-based nanocomposite ink printing.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D0RA06556K.].

Effect of nanocomposite coating and biomolecule functionalization on silk fibroin based conducting 3D braided scaffolds for peripheral nerve tissue engineering.

In this work, the effects of carbon nanofiber (CNF) dispersed poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanocomposite coatings and biomolecules functionalization on silk fibroin based conducting braided nerve conduits were studied for enhancing Neuro 2a cellular activities. A unique combination of biomolecules (UCM) and varying concentrations of CNF (5, 7.5, 10% w/w) were dispersed in 10% (w/v) PCL solution for coating on degummed silk threads. The coated silk threads were braided to develop the scaffold structure. As the concentration of CNF increased in the coating, the electrical impedance decreased up to 400 Ω indicating better conductivity. The tensile and dynamic mechanical property analysis showed better mechanical properties in CNF coated samples. In vitro cytocompatibility analysis proved the non-toxicity of the developed braided conduits. Cell attachment, growth and proliferation were significantly enhanced on the biomolecule functionalized nanocomposite coated silk braided structure, exhibiting their potential for peripheral nerve regeneration and recovery.

Stability, Crystal Chemistry, and Magnetism of U2+xNi21-xB6 and Nb3-yNi20+yB6 and the Role of Uranium in the Formation of the Quaternary U2-zNbzNi21B6 and UδNb3-δNi20B6 Systems.

We investigated the U-Ni-B and Nb-Ni-B systems to search for possible new heavy fermion compounds and superconducting materials. The formation, crystal chemistry, and physical properties of U2Ni21B6 and Nb3-yNi20+yB6 [ternary derivatives of the cubic Cr23C6-type (cF116, Fm3̅m)] have been studied; the formation of the hypothetical "U3Ni20B6" and "Nb2Ni21B6" has been disproved. U2Ni21B6 [a = 10.6701(2) Å] crystallizes in the ordered W2Cr21C6-type, whereas Nb3-yNi20+yB6 [a = 10.5842(1) Å] adopts the Mg3Ni20B6-type. Ni in U2Ni21B6 can be substituted by U, leading to the solid solution U2+xNi21-xB6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3); oppositely, Nb in Nb3Ni20B6 is partially replaced by Ni, forming the solution Nb3-yNi20+yB6 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5), none of them reaching the limit corresponding to the hypothetically ordered "U3Ni20B6" and "Nb2Ni21B6". These results prompted us to investigate quaternary compounds U2-zNbzNi21B6 and UδNb3-δNi20B6: strong competition in the occupancy of the 4a and 8c sites by U, Nb, and Ni atoms has been observed, with the 4a site occupied by U/Ni atoms only and the 8c site filled by U/Nb atoms only. U2Ni21B6, U2.3Ni20.7B6, and Nb3Ni20B6 are Pauli paramagnets. Interestingly, Nb2.5Ni20.5B6 shows ferromagnetism with TC ≈ 11 K; the Curie-Weiss fit gives an effective magnetic moment of 2.78 µB/Ni, suggesting that all Ni atoms in the formula unit contribute to the total magnetic moment. The M(H) data at 2 K further corroborate the ferromagnetic behavior with a saturation moment of 10 µB/fu (≈0.49 µB/Ni). The magnetic moment of Ni at the 4a site induces a moment in all of the Ni atoms of the whole unit cell (32f and 48h sites), with all atoms ordering ferromagnetically at 11 K. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that the formation of U2Ni21B6 and Nb3Ni20B6 is energetically preferred. The various electronic states generating ferromagnetism on Nb2.5Ni20.5B6 and Pauli paramagnetism on U2Ni21B6 and Nb3Ni20B6 have been identified.

Peripheral Nerve Conduit: Materials and Structures.

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are the most common injury types to affect the nervous system. Restoration of nerve function after PNI is a challenging medical issue. Extended gaps in transected peripheral nerves are only repaired using autologous nerve grafting. This technique, however, in which nerve tissue is harvested from a donor site and grafted onto a recipient site in the same body, has many limitations and disadvantages. Recent studies have revealed artificial nerve conduits as a promising alternative technique to substitute autologous nerves. This Review summarizes different types of artificial nerve grafts used to repair peripheral nerve injuries. These include synthetic and natural polymers with biological factors. Then, desirable properties of nerve guides are discussed based on their functionality and effectiveness. In the final part of this Review, fabrication methods and commercially available nerve guides are described.

Electrospun PCL nanofibers blended with Wattakaka volubilis active phytochemicals for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.

In the present study, the polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were investigated as a carrier to deliver phytochemicals for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. The PCL nanofibers was blended with phytochemicals hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and N,N-diisopropyl (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) amine isolated from a medicinal plant, Wattakaka volubilis. The scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The average diameter of control and phytochemical loaded nanofiber was 208 ±â€¯9.6 nm and 316 ±â€¯7.0 nm respectively. Biodegradation rate of nanofibers, impact of nanofiber on meniscus and osteoblast cell growth was analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, DNA content and extra cellular matrix secretion. Hoechst stain and SEM images were used to visualize and monitor the cell growth on PCL scaffold. The phytochemicals incorporated PCL nanofibers enhanced the growth and proliferation of primary human meniscus and osteoblast like cells and hence may be suitable scaffold for bone and cartilage tissue engineering applications.