Deregulation of cytokine affecting oral neutrophil subsets in oral cancer.

The most prevalent form of leukocytes in human blood, neutrophils, is regarded as an essential part of the innate immune system and the body's 1st line of defense against foreign invaders. However, divergent opinions arise on the role of neutrophils in cancer, likely due to the occurrence of many neutrophil subsets. Several factors in the tumor microenvironment were found to modify the phenotype and function of neutrophils. Inhibitory cytokine production and recruitment of protumor immune cells to the tumor microenvironment are the reasons for immune suppression. Although some salivary cytokines were found to be increased in cancer patient's saliva, simultaneously, it was observed that those cytokines are high in other oral inflammatory conditions. So, it is challenging to distinguish at what level of expression those cytokines are involved in the neoplastic process. Therefore, the goal of this study is to provide a summary of the current information about the existence and presence of specific cytokines that impact cPMN and TAN and their potential activities in the context of healthy and cancer states so that we can relate to oPMN.

Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface-Based Combined Approach to Optimize the Oil Content of Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora (Thai Basil).

Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora is valuable for its medicinal properties. The barriers to the commercialization of essential oil are the lack of requisite high oil-containing genotypes and variations in the quantity and quality of essential oils in different geographic areas. Thai basil's essential oil content is significantly influenced by soil and environmental factors. To optimize and predict the essential oil yield of Thai basil in various agroclimatic regions, the current study was conducted. The 93 datasets used to construct the model were collected from samples taken across 10 different agroclimatic regions of Odisha. Climate variables, soil parameters, and oil content were used to train the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The outcome showed that a multilayer feed-forward neural network with an R squared value of 0.95 was the most suitable model. To understand how the variables interact and to determine the optimum value of each variable for the greatest response, the response surface curves were plotted. Garson's algorithm was used to discover the influential predictors. Soil potassium content was found to have a very strong influence on responses, followed by maximum relative humidity and average rainfall, respectively. The study reveals that by adjusting the changeable parameters for high commercial significance, the ANN-based prediction model with the response surface methodology technique is a new and promising way to estimate the oil yield at a new site and maximize the essential oil yield at a particular region. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an ANN-based prediction model for Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora.

Developing a computational toolbased on an artificial neural network for predicting and optimizing propolis oil, an important natural product for drug discovery.

Propolis is a promising natural product that has been extensively researched and studied for its potential health and medical benefits. The lack of requisite high oil-containing propolis and existing variation in the quality and quantity of essential oil within agro-climatic regions pose a problem in the commercialization of essential oil. As a result, the current study was carried out to optimize and estimate the essential oil yield of propolis. The essential oil data of 62 propolis samples from ten agro-climatic areas of Odisha, as well as an investigation of their soil and environmental parameters, were used to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) based prediction model. The influential predictors were determined using Garson's algorithm. To understand how the variables interact and to determine the optimum value of each variable for the greatest response, the response surface curves were plotted. The results revealed that the most suited model was multilayer-feed-forward neural networks with an R2 value of 0.93. According to the model, altitude was found to have a very strong influence on response, followed by phosphorous & maximum average temperature. This research shows that using an ANN-based prediction model with a response surface methodology technique to estimate oil yield at a new site and maximize propolis oil yield at a specific site by adjusting variable parameters is a viable commercial option. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the development of a model to optimize and estimate the essential oil yield of propolis.

Understanding the functional relevance of oral neutrophils, phenotype and properties in OSCC.

Neutrophils are the predominant white blood cells (WBC) that are recruited to the sites of inflammation and infection. They are acknowledged to perform dual roles by promoting (pro-tumor) or by exhibiting anti-cancer properties (anti-tumor). Neutrophils are characterized based on the changes in phenotype and functional properties. To this context, circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (cPMN) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in cancer biology has been well explored but limited to oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, oPMNs are eminent in maintaining the healthy oral ecosystem by neutralizing microorganisms. Neutralization process enhances the expression of cell surface markers (CD11b, CD63, CD66, CD66b, CD66c, and CD66e) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and IL-8) and increases the recruitment of neutrophils. Along with the inflammation, it has been reported that CEACAM1 and chemerin also favors the infiltration of neutrophils to the cancer site. This indicates that oPMN might contribute to the aetiology of OSCC. The main objective of this review is to explore, the production and migration of oPMNs to the oral cavity, their phenotypes and possible role in OSCC.

Classifying histopathological images of oral squamous cell carcinoma using deep transfer learning.

Oral cancer is a prevalent malignancy that affects the oral cavity in the region of head and neck. The study of oral malignant lesions is an essential step for the clinicians to provide a better treatment plan at an early stage for oral cancer. Deep learning based computer-aided diagnostic system has achieved success in many applications and can provide an accurate and timely diagnosis of oral malignant lesions. In biomedical image classification, getting large training dataset is a challenge, which can be efficiently handled by transfer learning as it retrieves the general features from a dataset of natural images and adapted directly to new image dataset. In this work, to achieve an effective deep learning based computer-aided system, the classifications of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) histopathology images are performed using two proposed approaches. In the first approach, to identify the best appropriate model to differentiate between benign and malignant cancers, transfer learning assisted deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), are considered. To handle the challenge of small dataset and further increase the training efficiency of the proposed model, the pretrained VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionV3, and MobileNet, are fine-tuned by training half of the layers and leaving others frozen. In the second approach, a baseline DCNN architecture, trained from scratch with 10 convolution layers is proposed. In addition, a comparative analysis of these models is carried out in terms of classification accuracy and other performance measures. The experimental results demonstrate that ResNet50 obtains substantially superior performance than selected fine-tuned DCNN models as well as the proposed baseline model with an accuracy of 96.6%, precision and recall values are 97% and 96%, respectively.

Periodontitis and Its Inflammatory Changes Linked to Various Systemic Diseases: A Review of Its Underlying Mechanisms.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gums. The incidence of periodontitis is increasing all over the world. In patients with periodontitis, there is gradual destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, and later, in advanced stages, there is tooth loss. Different microorganisms, the host's immune response, and various environmental factors interact in the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease. In the present review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications of periodontitis. We also discuss the association of chronic inflammation found in periodontitis with various other systemic diseases, which include cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, Alzheimer's, cancer, adverse pregnancy, and multiple myeloma, and also highlight microbial carcinogenesis and the microRNAs involved. The latest updates on the molecular mechanism, possible biomarkers, and treatment procedures may be beneficial for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Global emergence of Enterovirus 71: a systematic review.

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infection caused by a virus from the enterovirus genus of picornavirus family that majorly affects children. Though most cases of HFMD do not cause major problems, the outbreaks of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can produce a high risk of neurological sequelae, including meningoencephalitis, lung difficulties, and mortality. In Asia, HFMD caused by EV71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential, which demands the attention of the international medical community. Main body of the abstract: Some online databases including NCBI, PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Scopus, and EBSCO were also accessed using keywords relating to the topic for data mining. The paid articles were accessed through the Centre Library facility of Siksha O Anusandhan University. This work describes the structure, outbreak, molecular epidemiology of Enterovirus 71 along with different EV71 vaccines. Many vaccines have been developed such as inactivated whole-virus live attenuated, subviral particles, and DNA vaccines to cure the patients. In Asia-Pacific nations, inactivated EV71 vaccination still confronts considerable obstacles in terms of vaccine standardization, registration, price, and harmonization of pathogen surveillance and measurements. Short conclusion: HFMD has emerged as a severe health hazard in Asia-Pacific countries in recent decades. In Mainland China and other countries with high HFMD prevalence, the inactivated EV71 vaccination will be a vital tool in safeguarding children's health. When creating inactivated EV71 vaccines, Mainland China ensured maintaining high standards of vaccine quality. The Phase III clinical studies were used to confirm the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations.

Multistage classification of oral histopathological images using improved residual network.

Oral cancer is a prevalent disease happening in the head and neck region. Due to the high occurrence rate and serious consequences of oral cancer, an accurate diagnosis of malignant oral tumors is a major priority. Thus, early diagnosis is very effective to give the patient a prompt response to treatment. The most efficient way for diagnosing oral cancer is from histopathological imaging, which provides a detailed view of inside cells. Accurate and automatic classification of oral histopathological images remains a difficult task due to the complex nature of cell images, staining methods, and imaging conditions. The use of deep learning in imaging techniques and computational diagnostics can assist doctors and physicians in automatically analysing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma biopsy images in a timely and efficient manner. Thus, it reduces the operational workload of the pathologist and enhance patient management. Training deeper neural networks takes considerable time and requires a lot of computing resources, due to the complexity of the network and the gradient diffusion problem. With this motivation and inspired by ResNet's significant successes to handle the gradient diffusion problem, in this study we suggest the novel improved ResNet-based model for the automated multistage classification of oral histopathology images. Three prospective candidate model blocks are presented, analyzed, and the best candidate model is chosen as the optimal one which can efficiently classify the oral lesions into well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated in significantly reduced time, with 97.59% accuracy.

Molecular docking of bioactive compounds derived from Moringa oleifera with p53 protein in the apoptosis pathway of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Moringa oleifera is nowadays raising as the most preferred medicinal plant, as every part of the moringa plant has potential bioactive compounds which can be used as herbal medicines. Some bioactive compounds of M. oleifera possess potential anti-cancer properties which interact with the apoptosis protein p53 in cancer cell lines of oral squamous cell carcinoma. This research work focuses on the interaction among the selected bioactive compounds derived from M. oleifera with targeted apoptosis protein p53 from the apoptosis pathway to check whether the bioactive compound will induce apoptosis after the mutation in p53. To check the toxicity and drug-likeness of the selected bioactive compound derived from M. oleifera based on Lipinski's Rule of Five. Detailed analysis of the 3D structure of apoptosis protein p53. To analyze protein's active site by CASTp 3.0 server. Molecular docking and binding affinity were analyzed between protein p53 with selected bioactive compounds in order to find the most potential inhibitor against the target. This study shows the docking between the potential bioactive compounds with targeted apoptosis protein p53. Quercetin was the most potential bioactive compound whereas kaempferol shows poor affinity towards the targeted p53 protein in the apoptosis pathway. Thus, the objective of this research can provide an insight prediction towards M. oleifera derived bioactive compounds and target apoptosis protein p53 in the structural analysis for compound isolation and in-vivo experiments on the cancer cell line.

Phytoperspective of Moringa oleifera for oral health care: An innovative ethnomedicinal approach.

The present era accentuate the use of alternative medicines as drugs extracted from several plant parts. These herbal medicines otherwise called ethnomedicines are now the source of many imperative drugs in this contemporary world. Furthermore with ever rising oral problems by luxurious lifestyle in this modern society, there is a soaring need for use of potent medicinal plants like horse radish (Moringa oleifera Lam.) against various oral ailments. Therefore, use of herbal medicines in reducing the adverse effects of various conventional allopathic medicines and harmful side effects of conventional antibiotics has emerged as an evolved technique in pharmaceutical science. The present review emphasizes the antipathogenic potentiality of M. oleifera along with their known therapeutic properties through biologically active compounds (phytoconstituents) and ethnomedicinal uses. Various ethno-pharmacological studies of the plant parts with their nutritional value and multifarious medicinal uses including oral health care are being quoted in present review. This review will foster future research on phytoconstituent analysis, bioefficacy assessment for oral micro flora and ethno-pharmaceutical importance of M. oleifera in the field of medical science with special reference to dentistry. Consequently, this innovative ethnomedicinal approach for oral health care may supplement the modern medicine through its potent phytoconstituents.

Recurrence of Plexiform Ameloblastoma as Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma: A Rare Case Report.

Ameloblastoma is an uncommon locally invasive benign odontogenic tumor arising from the odontogenic epithelium. It is a slow-growing tumor with locally aggressive nature, and posterior mandible is the most common location. The recurrence rate is high even after en bloc resection. Acanthomatous ameloblastoma is one of the rare variants of ameloblastoma and is usually seen in older age group. Here, we present a case of acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a 46-year-old female who previously diagnosed and treated for a case of plexiform ameloblastoma 17 years back. This is the first case to be reported among ameloblastoma with different histopathological variants at recurrence.

Panoramic radiograph as a forensic aid in age and gender estimation: Preliminary retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The temporomandibular joint is a hinge joint which is formed by the mandible with articulation of the jaw with the cranium. The morphology of the mandible is evaluated by measuring the gonial angle ramus height and bigonial width. AIM: The aim of this study to investigate the impact of age and gender on ramus height, gonial angle and bigonial width in the dentulous odisha population using digital panaromic radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 dentulous participants (25 males and 25 females) aged between 10 and 80 years were included in this study. The data were collected after comprehensive examination by 1 principal and two coinvestigators. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The mean difference between gender and different age groups was calculated using SPSS version 20.0. Unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for comparison studied parameters according to gender, side and different age groups followed by Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS: A statistically significant gender difference was seen for gonial angle, ramus height and bigonial width. All the parameters increased with increase in age. This difference was statistically significant on the right side for gonial angle and ramus height. CONCLUSION: This study is useful as for age and sex determination using mandible as primary object in forensic odontology.

Heritability and correlation of lip print, palm print, fingerprint pattern and blood group in twin population.

BACKGROUND: Twins are similar in many ways owing to the genetical and environmental factors. However, still, there are certain things that are not similar among them, and this is the challenge for personal identification among the twins. OBJECTIVES: Our present study aimed to know and assess the similarities and differences present between the monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins in relation to lip prints, palm prints, fingerprints and blood group and to evaluate their heritability among parents and their offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 30 twins and their parents - 15 identical and 15 nonidentical twins. The age of twins ranged from 15 years to 40 years. Lip print, palm print, fingerprint and blood group were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: All the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The identical twins showed more percentage of similarities in comparison to the non identical twins. The inheritance pattern was significant for twins in case of their lip prints while palm prints and finger prints showed no such significance in inheritance pattern whereas there was significant association seen in case of blood groups of identical twins and their parents. CONCLUSION: Lip prints, palm prints, fingerprints and blood groups are the important parameters in forensic science for individual identification. Many studies have been done till now in individual but very few studies done in twin population. To the best of knowledge, ours is the first study of its kind with multiple parameters and its heritability in twins. We have observed that heritability in twins with relation to lip print was statistically significant and all the parameters can be used independently to identify the twins.

Non-Infiltrating Angiolipoma of Floor of Mouth-A Rare Case Report and Literature Review.

Angiolipoma, a subtype of lipoma is a benign tumour in which adipose tissue and vascular component are intermingled. The tumour occurs commonly in the trunk and extremities and very rarely seen in maxillofacial region. Here we report a case of Non-Infiltrating Angiolipoma (NIAL) in floor of mouth which is the second case to be reported in literature to the best of our knowledge. We have reviewed all NIAL cases involving the oral cavity from 2008 to 2016 and found 12 cases of NIAL and assessment was made according to age, sex, site and size of lesion for better understanding of the lesion and its nature.

Goldenhar Syndrome: A rare case report.

Goldenhar Syndrome or oculoauriculovertebral spectrum is a complex syndrome characterized by an association of maxillomandibular hypoplasia, deformity of the ear, ocular dermoid and vertebral anomalies and the most severe form of hemifacial microsomia. Here, we describe a 26-year-old male patient with unilateral hemifacial microsomia, preauricular ear tags, macrosomia on the right side of the face.

High Flow AV Malformation (A-V Shunt) of Mandible: A Rare Life Threatening Entity.

Intraosseous Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) in the head and neck region are very rare and potentially life threatening entities due to massive hemorrhage. These are the results of an embryonic abnormality of the vascular system. Depending on the blood flow and clinical presentations they are of different types like slow flow and high flow AVM. Here we present a case of high flow AVM involving mandible with a chief complain of gingival bleeding in a four year old girl child.

Non syndromic familial bilateral decidious taurodontism - a first case report.

Taurodontism is anatomical and morphological alteration in the shape of the tooth. In taurodontism the crowns appear larger and the roots shorter compared to the normal anatomy of the respective tooth. The incidence of taurodontism in deciduous is very low and is also not very common in permanent dentition. The endodontic treatment protocol of taurodontic tooth is challenging. Taurodontic tooth requires a very cautious approach in identifying the root canal orientation and presence of any extra or lateral canals.

Hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome: a rare genetic disorder.

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare pediatric genetic syndrome with incidence of one per eight million live births. The disorder is characterised by premature aging, generally leading to death at approximately 13.4 years of age. This is a follow-up study of a 9-year-old male with clinical and radiographic features highly suggestive of HGPS and presented here with description of differential diagnosis and dental consideration. This is the first case report of HGPS which showed pectus carinatum structure of chest.

Juvenile pleomorphic adenoma of masticator space: The first case report.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), also called benign mixed tumor, is the most common tumor of the salivary glands. About 90% of these tumors occur in the parotid gland and 10% in the minor salivary glands. Juvenile PAs are uncommon and about 5-10% of minor salivary gland PA affects patients aged 20 years and under. The most common sites of PA of the minor salivary glands are the palate followed by lips and cheek. Other rare reported sites include the throat, floor of the mouth, tongue, tonsil, pharynx, retromolar area and nasal cavity. The masticator space is a deep facial space with a complex anatomical structure where PA is not known to occur. Here, we report an unusual case of PA of left masticator space in a 16-year-old girl patient, which to the best of our knowledge is the first reported case in English language literature.