Cascaded autocatalytic hairpin assembly molecular circuit for amplified fluorescent aptamer luteinising hormone assay.

The quantitative detection of luteinising hormone (LH) is critical for the study of the physiological mechanism of reproductive function and the assessment of infertility and the clinical treatment of reproductive disorders. However, conventional approaches for LH detection are mostly based on an antibody recognition module with the limitations of sensitivity, simplicity and cost. The development of robust LH sensing methods is therefore highly demanded for facilitating the diagnosis of LH-related diseases. We establish a convenient, amplified and sensitive fluorescent aptamer LH assay based on new target-triggered and cascaded autocatalytic hairpin assembly (C-aCHA) circuit amplification means via initiator sequence replication. Target LH molecules bind the aptamers in the aptamer/initiator duplexes to release the initiator sequences, which trigger CHA formation of DNA three-way junctions (TWJs) and the unfolding of fluorescently quenched signal hairpins to show amplified fluorescence. The TWJs further activate another CHA cycle for the yield of more initiator sequences to form the C-aCHA circuit amplification cycles, which lead to the unfolding of many signal hairpins to exhibit substantially magnified fluorescence recovery for detecting LH down to 8.56 pM in the range from 10 pM to 50 nM. In addition, the monitoring of trace LH in diluted serums by this sensing approach has been also verified. Our LH assay clearly outperforms current existing antibody-based methods and the C-aCHA signal amplification strategy can be easily extended as a robust means for sensitively monitoring various biomolecular markers with simple replacement of the corresponding aptamers for diverse applications.

Discovery of novel cholinesterase inhibitors easily crossing the blood-brain barrier via structure-property relationship investigation: Methylenedioxy-cinnamicamides containing tertiary amine side chain.

In the present investigation, a series of dimethoxy or methylenedioxy substituted-cinnamamide derivatives containing tertiary amine moiety (N. N-Dimethyl, N, N-diethyl, Pyrrolidine, Piperidine, Morpholine) were synthesized and evaluated for cholinesterase inhibition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Although their chemical structures are similar, their biological activities exhibit diversity. The results showed that all compounds except for those containing morpholine group exhibited moderate to potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Preliminary screening of BBB permeability shows that methylenedioxy substituted compounds have better brain permeability than the others. Compound 10c, containing methylenedioxy and pyrrolidine side chain, showed a better acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50: 1.52±0.19 µmol/L) and good blood-brain barrier permeability. Further pharmacokinetic investigation of compound 10c using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in mice showed that compound 10c in brain tissue reached its peak concentration (857.72 ± 93.56 ng/g) after dosing 30 min. Its half-life in the serum is 331 min (5.52 h), and the CBrain/CSerum at various sampling points is ranged from 1.65 to 4.71(Mean: 2.76) within 24 hours. This investigation provides valuable information on the chemistry and pharmacological diversity of cinnamic acid derivatives and may be beneficial for the discovery of central nervous system drugs.

Capsaicin combined with stem cells improved mitochondrial dysfunction in PIG3V cells, an immortalized human vitiligo melanocyte cell line, by inhibiting the HSP70/TLR4/mTOR/FAK signaling axis.

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a common autoimmune skin disease. Capsaicin has been found to exert a positive effect on vitiligo treatment, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are also confirmed to be an ideal cell type. This study aimed to explore the influence of capsaicin combined with stem cells on the treatment of vitiligo and to confirm the molecular mechanism of capsaicin combined with stem cells in treating vitiligo. METHODS AND RESULTS: PIG3V cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8 and TUNEL assays, MitoSOX Red fluorescence staining was used to measure the mitochondrial ROS level, and JC-1 staining was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential. The expression of related genes and proteins was detected using RT‒qPCR and Western blotting. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to analyze the protein interactions between HSP70 and TLR4 or between TLR4 and mTOR. The results showed higher expression of HSP70 in PIG3V cells than in PIG1 cells. The overexpression of HSP70 reduced the proliferation of PIG3V cells, promoted apoptosis, and aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy abnormalities. The expression of HSP70 could be inhibited by capsaicin combined with MSCs, which increased the levels of Tyr, Tyrp1 and DCT, promoted the proliferation of PIG3V cells, inhibited apoptosis, activated autophagy, and improved mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, capsaicin combined with MSCs regulated the expression of TLR4 through HSP70 and subsequently affected the mTOR/FAK signaling pathway CONCLUSIONS: Capsaicin combined with MSCs inhibits TLR4 through HSP70, and the mTOR/FAK signaling pathway is inhibited to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy abnormalities in PIG3V cells.

Small extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells prevent Th17-dominant neutrophilic airway inflammation via immunoregulation on Th17 cells.

Type 17 helper T cells (Th17)-dominant neutrophilic airway inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of steroid-resistant airway inflammation such as severe asthma. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display extensive therapeutic effects and advantages in many diseases. However, the role of MSC-sEV in Th17-dominant neutrophilic airway inflammation and the related mechanisms are still poorly studied. Here we found that MSC-sEV significantly alleviated the infiltration of inflammatory cells in peribronchial interstitial tissues and reduced levels of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of mice with neutrophilic airway inflammation. Consistently, MSC-sEV significantly decreased levels of IL-17A in BALF and Th17 in lung tissues. Furthermore, we found that labelled MSC-sEV were taken up by human CD4+ T cells most obviously at 12 h after incubation, and distributed mostly in mouse lungs. More importantly, potential signaling pathways involved in the MSC-sEV mediated inhibition of Th17 polarization were found using RNA sequencing. Using Western blot, JAK2-STAT3 pathway was identified as an important role in the inhibition of Th17 polarization by MSC-sEV. We found that proteins in MSC-sEV were mostly involved in the therapeutic effects of MSC-sEV. In total, our study suggested that MSC-sEV could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neutrophilic airway inflammation.

Fabrication of the Rapid Self-Assembly Hydrogels Loaded with Luteolin: Their Structural Characteristics and Protection Effect on Ulcerative Colitis.

Luteolin (LUT) is a fat-soluble flavonoid known for its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, its use in the food industry has been limited due to its low water solubility and bioavailability. In this study, hyaluronic acid, histidine, and luteolin were self-assembled to construct tubular network hydrogels (HHL) to improve the gastrointestinal stability, bioavailability, and stimulation response of LUT. As anticipated, the HHL hydrogel's mechanical strength and adhesion allow it to withstand the challenging gastrointestinal environment and effectively extend the duration of drug presence in the body. In vivo anti-inflammatory experiments showed that HHL hydrogel could successfully alleviate colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice by reducing intestinal inflammation and restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Moreover, HHL hydrogel also regulated the intestinal microorganisms of mice and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids. The HHL hydrogel group demonstrated a notably superior treatment effect compared to the LUT group alone. The hydrogel delivery system is a novel method to improve the absorption of LUT, increasing its bioavailability and enhancing its pharmaceutical effects.

Genetic Analysis of Two Novel GPI Variants Disrupting H Bonds and Localization Characteristics of 55 Gene Variants Associated with Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase Deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency is a rare hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia caused by GPI gene variants. This disorder exhibits wide heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations and molecular characteristics, often posing challenges for precise diagnoses using conventional methods. To this end, this study aimed to identify the novel variants responsible for GPI deficiency in a Chinese family. METHODS: The clinical manifestations of the patient were summarized and analyzed for GPI deficiency phenotype diagnosis. Novel compound heterozygous variants of the GPI gene, c.174C>A (p.Asn58Lys) and c.1538G>T (p.Trp513Leu), were identified using whole-exome and Sanger sequencing. The AlphaFold program and Chimera software were used to analyze the effects of compound heterozygous variants on GPI structure. RESULTS: By characterizing 53 GPI missense/nonsense variants from previous literature and two novel missense variants identified in this study, we found that most variants were located in exons 3, 4, 12, and 18, with a few localized in exons 8, 9, and 14. This study identified novel compound heterozygous variants associated with GPI deficiency. These pathogenic variants disrupt hydrogen bonds formed by highly conserved GPI amino acids. CONCLUSION: Early family-based sequencing analyses, especially for patients with congenital anemia, can help increase diagnostic accuracy for GPI deficiency, improve child healthcare, and enable genetic counseling.

Circulating exosome long non-coding RNAs are associated with atrial structural remodeling by increasing systemic inflammation in atrial fibrillation patients.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia with severe clinical sequelae, but its genetic characteristic implicated in pathogenesis has not been completely clarified. Accumulating evidence has indicated that circulating exosomes and their carried cargoes, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), involve in the progress of multiple cardiovascular diseases. However, their potential role as clinical biomarkers in AF diagnosis and prognosis remains unknown. Methods: Herein, we conducted the sequence and bioinformatic analysis of circulating exosomes harvested from AF and sinus rhythm patients. Results: A total of 53 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified, and a total of 6 significantly changed lncRNAs (fold change > 2.0), including NR0046235, NR003045, NONHSAT167247.1, NONHSAT202361.1, NONHSAT205820.1 and NONHSAT200958.1, were verified by qRT-PCR in 215 participants. Moreover, these circulating exosome lncRNA levels were different between paroxysmal and persistent AF patients, which were dramatically associated with abnormal hemodynamics and atrial diameter. Furthermore, we observed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) of six lncRNAs combination for diagnosis of persistent AF was 80.34%. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway analysis indicated these exosome lncRNAs mainly concerning response to chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction, which induced activated inflammation and structural remodeling. In addition, increased plasma levels of CXCR3 ligands, including CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, were accumulated in AF patient tissues. Conclusion: Our study provides the transcriptome profile revealing pattern of circulating exosome lncRNAs in atrial structural remodeling, which bring valuable insights into improving prognosis and therapeutic targets for AF.

γH2A/γH2AX Mediates DNA Damage-Specific Control of Checkpoint Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

DNA lesions trigger DNA damage checkpoint (DDC) signaling which arrests cell cycle progression and promotes DNA damage repair. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphorylation of histone H2A (γH2A, equivalent to γH2AX in mammals) is an early chromatin mark induced by DNA damage that is recognized by a group of DDC and DNA repair factors. We find that γH2A negatively regulates the G2/M checkpoint in response to the genotoxin camptothecin, which is a DNA topoisomerase I poison. γH2A also suppresses DDC signaling induced by the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate. These results differ from prior findings, which demonstrate positive or no roles of γH2A in DDC in response to other DNA damaging agents such as phleomycin and ionizing radiation, which suggest that γH2A has DNA damage-specific effects on DDC signaling. We also find evidence supporting the notion that γH2A regulates DDC signaling by mediating the competitive recruitment of the DDC mediator Rad9 and the DNA repair factor Rtt107 to DNA lesions. We propose that γH2A/γH2AX serves to create a dynamic balance between DDC and DNA repair that is influenced by the nature of DNA damage.

In pursuit of feedback activation: New insights into redox-responsive hydropersulfide prodrug combating oxidative stress.

Redox-responsive hydropersulfide prodrugs are designed to enable a more controllable and efficient hydropersulfide (RSSH) supply and to thoroughly explore their biological and therapeutic applications in oxidative damage. To obtain novel activation patterns triggered by redox signaling, we focused on NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a canonical antioxidant enzyme, and designed NQO1-activated RSSH prodrugs. We also performed a head-to-head comparison of two mainstream structural scaffolds with solid quantitative analysis of prodrugs, RSSH, and metabolic by-products by LC-MS/MS, confirming that the perthiocarbamate scaffold was more effective in intracellular prodrug uptake and RSSH production. The prodrug was highly potent in oxidative stress management against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Strikingly, this prodrug possessed potential feedback activation properties by which the delivered RSSH can further escalate the prodrug activation via NQO1 upregulation. Our strategy pushed RSSH prodrugs one step further in the pursuit of efficient release in biological matrices and improved druggability against oxidative stress.

Wheat Bran Polyphenols Ameliorate DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Suppressing MAPK/NF-κB Inflammasome Pathways and Regulating Intestinal Microbiota.

Wheat bran (WB) is the primary by-product of wheat processing and contains a high concentration of bioactive substances such as polyphenols. This study analyzed the qualitative and quantitative components of polyphenols in wheat bran and their effects on ulcerative colitis (UC) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice. The potential mechanism of wheat bran polyphenols (WBP) was also examined. Our findings indicate that the main polyphenol constituents of WBP were phenolic acids, including vanillic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid. Furthermore, WBP exerted remarkable protective effects against experimental colitis. This was achieved by reducing the severity of colitis and improving colon morphology. Additionally, WBP suppressed colonic inflammation via upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß) in colon tissues. Mechanistically, WBP ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting activation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. In addition, microbiome analysis results suggested that WBP modulated the alteration of gut microbiota caused by DSS, with an enhancement in the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and adjustments in the number of Helicobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group at the genus level. To conclude, the findings showed that WBP has excellent prospects in reducing colonic inflammation in UC mice.

Interpreting epigenetic causes of recurrent hypokalemia and seizures: Gitelman syndrome co-exist with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B.

We describe a unique case of 27-year-old male with Gitelman syndrome (GS) co-exist with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B). The patient presented with a 5-year history of seizures, tetany, and numbness of the extremities. Further examinations showed recurrent hypokalemia, inappropriate kaliuresis, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated PTH levels. A novel variant of autosomal recessive GS (p.Val287Met SLC12A3) and a novel 492.3Kb deletion containing the whole of STX16, were discovered by a whole-exome sequencing. Following the diagnosis, calcitriol, calcium, and potassium supplements were started. Hematuria calcium and phosphorus levels, as well as blood potassium levels, have recovered and remained within normal ranges after 3 years of follow-up. Our findings have important consequences for supporting the idea that heterozygosity for variants have effects on the patients' clinical performance with autosomal recessive inheritance disorders. Further study is need for the putative effects of the variant. Likewise, further investigation with regards to the gene-gene interaction relations between GS and other electrolyte imbalance disorders is warranted.

Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-10 prevent allergic airway inflammation.

BACKGROUNDS: Allergic airway inflammation is prevalent worldwide and imposes a considerable burden on both society and affected individuals. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic advantages of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) overexpressed interleukin-10 (IL-10) for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation, as both IL-10 and MSCs possess immunosuppressive properties. METHODS: Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSCs were engineered to overexpress IL-10 via lentiviral transfection (designated as IL-10-MSCs). MSCs and IL-10-MSCs were administered intravenously to mice with allergic inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA), and the features of allergic inflammation including inflammatory cell infiltration, Th cells in the lungs, and T helper 2 cell (Th2) cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined. MSCs and IL-10-MSCs were co-cultured with CD4+ T cells from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), and the levels of Th2 cells and corresponding type 2 cytokines were studied. RNA-sequence was performed to further investigate the potential effects of MSCs and IL-10-MSCs on CD4+ T cells. RESULTS: Stable IL-10-MSCs were established and characterised by high IL-10 expression. IL-10-MSCs significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelial goblet cell numbers in the lung tissues of mice with allergic airway inflammation. Inflammatory cell and cytokine levels in BALF also decreased after the administration of IL-10-MSCs. Moreover, IL-10-MSCs showed a stronger capacity to inhibit the levels of Th2 after co-cultured with CD4+ T cells from patients with AR. Furthermore, we elucidated lower levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in IL-10-MSCs treated CD4+ T cells, and blockade of IL-10 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of IL-10-MSCs. We also reported the mRNA profiles of CD4+ T cells treated with IL-10-MSCs and MSCs, in which IL-10 played an important role. CONCLUSION: IL-10-MSCs showed positive effects in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation, providing solid support for the use of genetically engineered MSCs as a potential novel therapy for allergic airway inflammation.

[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis deficiency 15 caused by GPAA1 gene mutation: a rare disease study]. / ç½•è§ç— ç ”ç©¶ï¼šGPAA1åŸºå› çªå˜å¯¼è‡´ç³–åŸºç£·è„‚é °è‚Œé†‡ç”Ÿç‰©åˆæˆç¼ºé™·15型.

A boy, aged 6 years, attended the hospital due to global developmental delay for 6 years and recurrent fever and convulsions for 5 years. The boy was found to have delayed mental and motor development at the age of 3 months and experienced recurrent fever and convulsions since the age of 1 year, with intermittent canker sores and purulent tonsillitis. During the fever period, blood tests showed elevated white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which returned to normal after the fever subsides. Electroencephalography showed epilepsy, and genetic testing showed compound heterozygous mutations in the GPAA1 gene. The boy was finally diagnosed with glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis deficiency 15 (GPIBD15) and periodic fever. The patient did not respond well to antiepileptic treatment, but showed successful fever control with glucocorticoid therapy. This article reports the first case of GPIBD15 caused by GPAA1 gene mutation in China and summarizes the genetic features, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease, which provides a reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of GPIBD15.

Drugs targeting TGF-ß/Notch interaction attenuate hypertrophic scar formation by optic atrophy 1-mediated mitochondrial fusion.

Hypertrophic scar (HS) formation is a cutaneous fibroproliferative disease that occurs after skin injuries and results in severe functional and esthetic disability. To date, few drugs have shown satisfactory outcomes for the treatment of HS formation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß)/Notch interaction via small mothers against decapentaplegic 3 (Smad3) could facilitate HS formation; therefore, targeting TGF-ß/ Notch interaction via Smad3 is a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate HS formation. In addition, optic atrophy 1 (OPA1)-mediated mitochondrial fusion contributes to fibroblast proliferation, and TGF-ß/Smad3 axis and the Notch1 pathway facilitate OPA1-mediated mitochondrial fusion. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether drugs targeting TGF-ß/Notch interaction via Smad3 suppressed fibroblast proliferation to attenuate HS formation through OPA1-mediated mitochondrial fusion. We found that the TGF-ß pathway, Notch pathway, and TGF-ß/Notch interaction via Smad3 were inhibited by pirfenidone, the gamma- secretase inhibitor DAPT, and SIS3 in human keloid fibroblasts (HKF) and an HS rat model, respectively. Protein interaction was detected by co-immunoprecipitation, and mitochondrial morphology was determined by electron microscopy. Our results indicated that pirfenidone, DAPT, and SIS3 suppressed the proliferation of HKFs and attenuated HS formation in the HS rat model by inhibiting TGF-ß/Notch interaction via Smad3. Moreover, pirfenidone, DAPT, and SIS3 hindered OPA1-mediated mitochondrial fusion through inhibiting TGF-ß/Notch interaction, thereby suppressing the proliferation of HS fibroblasts and HS formation. In summary, these findings investigating the effects of drugs targeting TGF-ß/Notch interaction on HS formation might lead to novel drugs for the treatment of HS formation.

3' UTR Deletion of FBXO28 in a Patient with Brain Abnormalities and Developmental Delay.

Constitutional deletions of chromosome 1q42 region are rare. The phenotype spectrum associated with this copy number change is variable, including developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, and dysmorphology. This study describes a patient with developmental delays and brain abnormalities. G-banded karyotype, FISH, SNP oligonucleotide microarray analysis (SOMA), and whole exome sequencing analysis were performed. Postnatal reanalysis of prenatal SOMA and follow-up parental testing revealed a paternally inherited 63 kb deletion at 1q42.11 in the patient. We characterized the clinical features of this patient, providing insight into the clinical phenotype associated with deletions of the 1q42.11 sub-band. Our study provides new evidence supporting the potential functional importance of the FBXO28 3' UTR region and the hypothesis that FBXO28 is a critical gene in the pathogenesis of chromosome 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome. It also highlights the different goals and reporting criteria between prenatal and postnatal microarray tests.

Multicolor-Encoded DNA Framework Enables Specific and Amplified In Situ Detection of the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Signaling Pathway.

Monitoring the molecular activation networks of cellular processes through fluorescence imaging to accurately elucidate the signaling pathways of mitochondrial apoptosis and the regulation of upstream and downstream molecules remains a current major challenge. In this work, a multicolor-encoded tetrahedral DNA framework (meTDF) carrying two pairs of catalytic hairpins is synthesized to monitor the intracellular upstream manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA and the downstream cytochrome c (Cyt c) molecules for specific and sensitive detection of the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway. These two types of molecules can trigger catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) reactions with accelerated reaction kinetics for the hairpin pairs confined on meTDF to show highly amplified fluorescence for sensitive and simultaneous detection of MnSOD mRNA and Cyt c with detection limits of 3.7 pM and 0.23 nM in vitro, respectively. Moreover, the high stability and biocompatibility of the designed meTDF can facilitate efficient delivery of the probes into cells to monitor intracellular MnSOD mRNA and Cyt c for specific detection of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway regulated by different drugs. With the successful demonstration of their robust capability, the meTDF nanoprobes can thus open new opportunities for detecting cell apoptotic mechanisms for studying the corresponding apoptotic signaling pathways and for screening potential therapeutic drugs.

Dendritic cells mediated by small extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs attenuated the ILC2 activity via PGE2 in patients with allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) have recently attracted considerable attention because of their therapeutic potential in various immune diseases. We previously reported that MSC-sEVs could exert immunomodulatory roles in allergic airway inflammation by regulating group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) and dendritic cell (DC) functions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the indirect effects of MSC-sEVs on ILC2s from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) via DCs. METHODS: Here, we isolated sEVs from induced pluripotent stem cells-MSCs using anion-exchange chromatography and mature DCs (mDCs) were treated with MSC-sEVs. sEV-mDCs were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AR or purified ILC2s. The levels of IL-13 and GATA3 in ILC2s were examined by flow cytometry. Bulk RNA sequence for mDCs and sEV-mDCs was employed to further probe the potential mechanisms, which were then validated in the co-culture systems. RESULTS: sEV-mDCs showed impaired capacity in priming the levels of IL-13 and GATA3 in ILC2s when compared with mDCs. Furthermore, there was higher PGE2 and IL-10 production from sEV-mDCs, and the blockade of them especially the former one reversed the inhibitory effects of sEV-mDCs. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that MSC-sEVs were able to dampen the activating effects of mDCs on ILC2s in patients with AR. Mechanismly, the PGE2-EP2/4 axis played an essential role in the immunomodulatory effects of sEV-mDCs on ILC2s. Herein, we provided new insights into the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of MSC-sEVs in allergic airway inflammation.