Pelvic floor ultrasound finds after episiotomy and severe perineal tear: systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: Vaginal delivery is a well-known risk factor for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) injuries, mainly when associated to prolonged labor, instrumental birth and perineal trauma such as episiotomy and perineal tears. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to test the hypothesis that episiotomy and severe perineal tear may increase the risk of pelvic floor damage. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search through electronic databases including MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS via BVS, Embase via Elsevier and Cochrane Library up to January 2019. We included articles that reported as outcome one or more morphological aspects of the PFM evaluated by ultrasonography in primiparous women three to 24 months postpartum. This review is registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42017075750). RESULTS: the final selection was composed of 18 articles for the systematic review, and 10 for the meta-analysis. Women with levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion were 1.77 times more likely to have undergone episiotomy (OR = 1.77, CI 95% 1.25-2.51, five trials), 4.31 times more likely to have severe perineal tear (OR = 4.31, CI 95% 2.34-7.91, two trials). Women with defects in the anal sphincters were 2.82 times more likely to have suffered severe perineal tear (OR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.71-4.67, three trials). CONCLUSIONS: Both episiotomy and severe perineal tear are risk factors for LAM avulsion and anal sphincter injury, and this can be useful for identifying women who are at greater risk of developing PFM dysfunctions.

Symptomatic and anatomic improvement of pelvic organ prolapse in vaginal pessary users.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The vaginal pessary is a conservative method for treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP). It is able to reduce symptoms with minimal complications, improving quality of life (QOL). This study's hypothesis was that the use of pessaries decreases quantitative measures and improves women's QOL. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the use of a ring pessary on the quantitative measurements of POP by the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) and on QOL. METHODS: Prospective cohort study divided in two stages. In stage I POP-Q and QOL were assessed prior to the use of the ring pessary and in stage II after its use for at least 4 months with pessary removal 72 h before clinical evaluation. Wilcoxon tests were performed for necessary comparisons and Spearman's tests for calculating correlations. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-six women were evaluated, of which 50 were included. There was a decrease in POP in at least one of the vaginal compartments in the women included. When assessing individual measures (Ba, Bp and C), reductions in all measures were observed. There was also an improvement in the general and specific quality of life of women. CONCLUSION: The ring pessary proved to be a good therapeutic option, with a reduction in POP-Q measurements and/or absence of POP progression in the short term and an improvement in women's QOL.

Neovaginoplasty Using Nile Tilapia Fish Skin as a New Biologic Graft in Patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome is the second most common cause of primary amenorrhea, trailing only to gonadal dysgenesis. Neovaginoplasty is an appropriate treatment option for patients who have failed dilation therapy. Several biomaterials have been used in this procedure, including peritoneum, amnion, skin grafts, and myocutaneous flaps. Nile Tilapia Fish Skin has noninfectious microbiota, morphologic structure comparable to human skin, and high in vivo bioresorption. In addition, it showed good outcomes when used as a xenograft for burn treatment. Thus, we suggest it as a new biologic graft for vaginal agenesis management. In this descriptive study, neovaginoplasty using Nile Tilapia Fish Skin offered 3 patients an anatomic and functional neovagina via a simple method with potential long-term effectiveness. When postsurgical dilation was performed correctly, a vaginal length greater than 6 cm was maintained at 180 days follow-up. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of stratified squamous epithelium with high expression of cytokeratins and fibroblast growth factor, matching the characteristics of normal adult vaginal tissue. We believe that further studies will show Nile Tilapia Fish Skin to be a relevant option in the therapeutic arsenal of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome.

Neovaginoplasty for radiation-induced vaginal stenosis using Nile Tilapia Fish Skin as a biological graft.

Tilapia skin showed good results when used as a biological graft for surgical management of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Thus, our researchers considered the use of this biomaterial for neovaginoplasty in radiation-induced vaginal stenosis. We report the case of a 41-year-old female patient with a total occlusion of the vaginal canal after radiotherapy for vaginal cancer. McIndoe neovaginoplasty using tilapia skin as a scaffold for proliferation of new vaginal epithelium was performed. Initially, laparoscopic dissection of the rectovaginal septum and vesicovaginal space spaces was conducted. In the vaginal surgical time, a transverse transmural incision was made in the scarred vaginal reminiscent followed by blunt dissection and insertion of an acrylic mold covered with tilapia skin. Good anatomical and functional outcomes were noted. Vaginal reconstruction with tilapia skin seems to be an excellent option for patients with radiation-induced vaginal stenosis due to its wide availability, easy application and high effectiveness.

Incontinência urinária e função sexual feminina: revisão integrativa de questionários validados / Incontinencia urinaria y función sexual femenina: revisión integrativa de cuestionarios validados / Urinary incontinence and female sexual function: an integrative review of validated questionnaires

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica nacional e internacional quanto à relação escores dos instrumentos ICIQ-UI-SF (Internacional Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Urinary Incontinence/Short Form (ICIQ-UI/SF) e FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) na população feminina. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada durante os meses de Dezembro de 2017 a Maio de 2018, nas bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus e Pubmed. As buscas foram conduzidas através da associação dos nomes dos questionários como descritores, sem delimitações quanto ao ano de publicação, idioma e disponibilidade em texto completo. Priorizados achados com nível de evidência de no mínimo 3A para estudos observacionais. Totalizaram 5 artigos científicos. Resultados: As evidências encontradas sobre a relação direta dos instrumentos apresentaram como objetivo predominante a sua aplicação para validar a efetividade de técnicas cirúrgicas para a correção da incontinência urinária. Mesmo diante da melhora da incontinência, os achados divergiram quanto a melhora da função sexual, apresentando modificações apenas em alguns domínios do FSFI ou nenhuma mudança. Apenas um estudo buscou investigar a relação direta dos instrumentos, indicando fraca ligação. Já a busca isolada dos instrumentos, associada com descritores específicos apontara que a incontinência urinária é fator determinante para a deterioração tanto da qualidade de vida quanto e da função sexual. Conclusão: O baixo quantitativo de produções e resultados encontrados demonstraram que é necessário um maior aprofundamento sobre a temática, para um embasamento e qualificação da assistência para portadoras de incontinência urinária.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la producción científica nacional e internacional en cuanto a la relación entre los indicadores de los ICIQ-UI-SF (ICIQ-UI / SF) y FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) en la población femenina. Métodos: Durante los meses de diciembre de 2017 a mayo de 2018, se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus y Pubmed. Las búsquedas se hicieron a través de la asociación de los nombres de los cuestionarios como descriptores, sin delimitaciones en cuanto al año de publicación, idioma y disponibilidad en texto completo. Se priorizaron hallazgos con nivel de evidencia de por lo menos 3A para estudios observacionales. Hubo un total de 5 artículos científicos. Resultados: Las evidencias encontradas sobre la relación directa de los instrumentos presentaron como objetivo predominante su aplicación para validar la efectividad de técnicas quirúrgicas para la corrección de la incontinencia urinaria. Incluso ante la mejora de la incontinencia, los hallazgos divergían en cuanto a la mejora de la función sexual, presentando modificaciones sólo en algunos dominios del FSFI o ningún cambio. Solo un estudio buscó investigar la relación directa de los instrumentos e indicó débil conexión. La búsqueda aislada de los instrumentos, asociada con descriptores específicos, apunta que la incontinencia urinaria es un factor determinante para el deterioro tanto de la calidad de vida como de la función sexual. Conclusión: La poca cantidad de producciones y resultados encontrados demostró que es necesario una mayor profundización sobre la temática para una base y calificación de la asistencia para portadoras de incontinencia urinaria.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the national and international scientific production regarding the relationship between the ICIQ-UI-SF (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Urinary Incontinence/Short Form (ICIQ-UI/SF) and FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) in the female population. Methods: Integrative literature review, carried out from December 2017 to May 2018, in the Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus and Pubmed databases. Searches were conducted through the association of the names of the questionnaires as descriptors, without delimitations regarding the year of publication, language, and availability of full text. Findings with a level of evidence of at least 3A for observational studies were prioritized. There was a total of five scientific papers. Results: The evidence found about the direct relationship of the instruments had as predominant objective their application to validate the effectiveness of surgical techniques to correct urinary incontinence. Even with the improvement of incontinence, the findings were different regarding the improvement of sexual function, showing changes only in some FSFI domains, or no change. Only one study sought to investigate the direct relationship of the instruments, indicating a poor connection. On the other hand, the isolated search of the instruments, associated with specific descriptors, indicated that urinary incontinence is a determining factor for the deterioration of both quality of life and sexual function. Conclusion: The low number of productions and results found have shown that a deeper understanding of the subject is necessary for a justification and qualification of care for patients with urinary incontinence.

Defecatory dysfunction and fecal incontinence in women with or without posterior vaginal wall prolapse as measured by pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q).

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Pelvic Floor Dysfunction is a complex condition that may be asymptomatic or may involve a loto f symptoms. This study evaluates defecatory dysfunction, fecal incontinence, and quality of life in relation to presence of posterior vaginal prolapse. METHODS: 265 patients were divided into two groups according to posterior POP-Q stage: posterior POP-Q stage ≥2 and posterior POP-Q stage <2. The two groups were compared regarding demographic and clinical data; overall POP-Q stage, percentage of patients with defecatory dysfunction, percentage of patients with fecal incontinence, pelvic floor muscle strength, and quality of life scores. The correlation between severity of the prolapse and severity of constipation was calculated using ρ de Spearman (rho). RESULTS: Women with Bp stage ≥2 were significantly older and had significantly higher BMI, numbers of pregnancies and births, and overall POP-Q stage than women with stage <2. No significant differences between the groups were observed regarding proportion of patients with defecatory dysfunction or incontinence, pelvic floor muscle strength, quality of life (ICIQ-SF), or sexual impact (PISQ-12). POP-Q stage did not correlate with severity of constipation and incontinence. General quality of life perception on the SF-36 was significantly worse in patients with POP-Q stage ≥2 than in those with POP-Q stage <2. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of a clinically important association between the presence of posterior vaginal prolapse and symptoms of constipation or anal incontinence leads us to agree with the conclusion that posterior vaginal prolapse probably is not an independent cause defecatory dysfunction or fecal incontinence.

Ruptura de hematoma subcapsular hepático como complicação da síndrome HELLP - revisão de literatura / Ruptured subcapsular hepatic haematoma as a HELLP syndrome complication - literature review

A síndrome HELLP caracteriza-se pela associação de plaquetopenia, aumento das enzimas hepáticas e presença de hemólise em paciente gestante. O acrônimo representa as iniciais das alterações laboratoriais (hemolysis; elevated liver enzimes; low platelets). Em menos de 2% das gestações complicadas por síndrome HELLP ocorre sangramento espontâneo severo do fígado (formação de hematoma subcapsular), acompanhado de necrose hemorrágica das células hepáticas e ruptura da cápsula de Glisson. Essas intercorrências têm evolução frequentemente fulminante, sendo que elevam a mortalidade materna para mais de 50%. Este artigo apresentou uma revisão de literatura sobre hematoma subcapsular hepático como complicação da síndrome HELLP, uma entidade clínica que, apesar de rara, exige suspeição clínica para diagnóstico rápido e manejo oportuno

HELLP syndrome is characterized by the association of thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes and presence of hemolysis in a pregnant woman. The acronym stands for the initials of the laboratory abnormalities (hemolysis; elevated liver enzymes; low platelets). In less than 2% of pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome occurs spontaneous bleeding severe liver disease (formation of sub-capsular hematoma), accompanied by hemorrhagic necrosis of liver cells and rupture of the capsule of Glisson. These outcomes are often fulminant evolution, and maternal mortality amounted to more than 50%. This article presented a literature review on hepatic subcapsular haematoma as a complication of HELLP syndrome, a clinical entity, although rare requires clinical suspicion for a diagnosis of rapid and appropriate management

Síndrome pré-menstrual e síndrome disfórica pré-menstrual: aspectos atuais / Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric syndrome: current aspects

A síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) caracteriza-se por um conjunto de sintomas físicos, emocionais e comportamentais, cíclicos e recorrentes que iniciam na semana anterior à menstruação e aliviam com o início do fluxo, sendo um distúrbio altamente prevalente entre as mulheres em idade fértil. Enquetes epidemiológicas mostram que 75 a 80% das mulheres apresentam sintomas durante o período pré-menstrual. A revisão de literatura, entretanto, mostrou que o assunto está longe de um consenso, com controvérsias sobre fatores de risco, proteção e tratamento. Uma vez confirmado o diagnóstico, modificações no estilo de vida, suplemento de cálcio, vitamina B12 e V. agnus castus são opções não-farmacológicas razoáveis. Os inibidores seletivos de recaptação da serotonina (ISRS) são atualmente considerados a classe farmacológica mais efetiva. Outra opção é o uso de anticoncepcionais orais (ACO) combinados com etinilestradiol (EE) e drospirenona que foram aprovados pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para o tratamento da SPM e do transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM)

The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a set of physical symptoms, emotional and behavioral, cyclical and recurring that start in the week before menstruation and relieve the beginning of the stream, being a highly prevalent disorder among women of childbearing age. Epidemiological surveys show that 75 to 80% of women experience symptoms during the premenstrual period. The literature review, however, showed that the subject is far from a consensus, with controversies about risk factors, protection and treatment. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, changes in lifestyle, calcium supplement, vitamin B12 and V. agnus castus are pharmacologic reasonable options. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are currently considered the most effective pharmacological class. Another option is the use of oral contraceptive combined with drospirenone and ethinilestradiol (EE) which were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)