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Using integrative tools can be effective for species identification, especially in complex groups like Astyanax. Astyanax bimaculatus group is composed of six valid species, including A. lacustris. "A. altiparanae", "A. asuncionensis", and "A. jacuhiensis" are considered as junior synonyms of A. lacustris. Seeking to test the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) status of the junior synonyms of A. lacustris ("A. altiparanae", "A. asuncionensis", and "A. jacuhiensis"), we used analyses through mitochondrial DNA (COI and Cytb), cytogenetic markers (classical and molecular), and morphometry ("truss network"). Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences separated A. lacustris from the other synonymized species. The cytogenetic and morphometric analyses did not corroborate the synonymization and suggest that besides A. lacustris, the OTUs A. altiparanae, A. asuncionensis, and A. jacuhiensis are valid species. The analysis of different characters proposed by the integrative taxonomy used on the same individuals could provide greater reliability and minimize the underestimation of biodiversity.
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The study of discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) under spherical confinement has gained considerable significance due to its relevance in the design and optimization of advanced materials with tailored properties. The unique characteristics of DLC fluids, coupled with confinement within a spherical Janus surface, offer a compelling avenue for exploring novel behaviors and emergent phenomena. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations within the NpT ensemble are employed to investigate the behavior of a DLC fluid confined by a spherical Janus surface. The Janus surface is characterized by distinct hemispheres, with one promoting homeotropic (face-on) anchoring and the other planar (edge-on) anchoring. Our analysis reveals the emergence of two topological defects: one exclusively on the edge-anchoring hemisphere and the other at the boundary of both anchorings. Each topological defect possessing a topological charge ofk= +1/2. We observe that as the temperature transitions the central region of the droplet into a nematic phase, a disclination line forms, linking the two surface defects. By investigating droplets of three different sizes, we confirm that the isotropic-nematic transition is first-order for the larger droplet studied. However, this transition becomes continuous under strong confinement conditions. In contrast, the nematic-columnar transition remains first order even for smaller systems.
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Centromochlinae is a widely diverse subfamily with more than 50 species and several taxonomic conflicts due to morphological similarity between Tatia and Centromochlus species. However, cytogenetic studies on this group have been limited to only four species so far. Therefore, here we present the karyotype of Centromochlus schultzi from the Xingu River in Brazil using classic cytogenetic techniques, physical mapping of the 5S and 18S rDNAs, and telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n. The species had 58 chromosomes, simple NORs and 18S rDNA sites. Heterochromatic regions were detected on the terminal position of most chromosomes, including pericentromeric and centromeric blocks that correspond to interstitial telomeric sites. The 5S rDNA had multiple sites, including a synteny with the 18S rDNA in the pair 24st, which is an ancestral feature for Doradidae, sister group of Auchenipteridae, but appears to be a homoplastic trait in this species. So far, C. schultzi is only the second species within Centromochlus to be karyotyped, but it has already presented characteristics with great potential to assist in future discussions on taxonomic issues in the subfamily Centromochlinae, including the first synteny between rDNAs in Auchenipteridae and also the presence of heterochromatic ITSs that could represent remnants of ancient chromosomal fusions.
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[ABSTRACT]. The Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC) aims to increase the cure rate for children with cancer globally by improving healthcare access and quality. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (St. Jude), and collaborators have joined efforts to improve outcomes of children with cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) using the CureAll framework. In this article, we describe the process of developing regional resources aimed at accelerating the GICC implementation in LAC. In March 2021, PAHO formed regional working groups to develop core projects aligned with CureAll pillars and enablers. Seven working groups emerged from regional dialogues: early detection, nursing, psychosocial, nutrition, supportive care, treatment abandonment, and palliative care. PAHO arranged regular online meetings under the mentorship and support of St. Jude regional/transversal programs and international mentors. Between April and December 2021, 202 multidisciplinary experts attended 43 online meetings to promote the dialogue between stakeholders to improve childhood cancer outcomes. Fourteen technical outputs were produced: four regional snapshots, four technical documents, two virtual courses, one set of epidemiological country profiles, one educational content series for parents/caregivers, and two communication campaigns. The ongoing dialogue and commitment of PAHO, St. Jude, LAC working committees, and international collaborators are essential foundations to successfully accelerate GICC implementation. This is achievable through the development of materials of regional and global relevance. Further research and evaluation are needed to deter- mine the impact of these strategies and resources on childhood cancer outcomes in LAC and other regions.
[RESUMEN]. La Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil tiene como objetivo aumentar a nivel mundial la tasa de curación del cáncer infantil mediante la mejora del acceso a la atención de salud y de su calidad. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital y los colaboradores han aunado esfuerzos para mejorar los resultados en la población infantil con cáncer en América Latina y el Caribe valiéndose del marco CureAll. En este artículo describimos el proceso de elaboración de recursos regionales destinados a acelerar la aplicación de la Iniciativa Mundial en América Latina y el Caribe. En marzo del 2021, la OPS formó grupos de trabajo regionales para elaborar proyectos básicos que estuvieran en consonancia con los pilares y los elementos facilitadores del CureAll. De los diálogos regionales surgieron siete grupos de trabajo: detección temprana, enfermería, aspectos psicosociales, nutrición, tratamientos de apoyo, abandono del tratamiento y cuidados paliativos. La OPS organizó con regularidad reuniones virtuales en las que se contó con la tutoría y el apoyo de programas regionales o transversales del St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital y de mentores internacionales. Entre abril y diciembre del 2021 hubo 43 reuniones virtuales a las que asistieron 202 expertos multidisciplinarios, con el objetivo de promover el diálogo entre las partes interesadas para mejorar los resultados en materia de cáncer infantil. Se elaboraron catorce productos técnicos: cuatro panoramas regionales, cuatro documentos técnicos, dos cursos virtuales, un conjunto de perfiles epidemiológicos de países, una serie con contenidos educativos para padres y cuidadores y dos campañas de comunicación. El diálogo y el compromiso constantes de la OPS, el St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, los comités de trabajo de América Latina y el Caribe y los colaboradores internacionales son las bases fundamentales para conseguir que se acelere la aplicación de la Iniciativa Mundial. Esto se puede lograr mediante la elaboración de materiales que resulten pertinentes a nivel regional y mundial. Son necesarias más investigaciones y evaluaciones para determinar el impacto que tienen estas estrategias y recursos en los resultados que se obtienen en el cáncer infantil en América Latina y el Caribe y en otras subregiones.
[RESUMO]. A Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil tem como objetivo aumentar a taxa de cura de crianças com câncer no mundo todo, melhorando o acesso a cuidados e a qualidade da assistência médica. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS), o St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (St. Jude) e colaboradores uniram esforços para melhorar o desfecho de crianças com câncer na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) no âmbito do marco CureAll. Neste artigo, descrevemos o processo de desenvolvimento de recursos regionais com o objetivo de acelerar a implementação da Iniciativa na ALC. Em março de 2021, a OPAS formou grupos de trabalho regionais para desenvolver projetos centrais alinha- dos com os pilares e facilitadores do CureAll. A partir das reuniões de diálogo regionais, foram criados sete grupos de trabalho: detecção precoce, enfermagem, atenção psicossocial, nutrição, cuidados de suporte, abandono do tratamento e cuidados paliativos. A OPAS organizou reuniões virtuais regulares sob a orientação e o apoio dos programas regionais e transversais do St. Jude e de mentores internacionais. Entre abril e dezembro de 2021, 202 especialistas multidisciplinares participaram de 43 reuniões virtuais para promover o diálogo entre as partes interessadas a fim de melhorar os desfechos do câncer infantil. Foram produzidos 14 materiais técnicos: quatro panoramas regionais, quatro documentos técnicos, dois cursos virtuais, um conjunto de perfis epidemiológicos nacionais, uma série de conteúdo educacional para pais e cuidadores e duas campanhas de comunicação. O diálogo e o compromisso contínuos da OPAS, do St. Jude, dos comitês de trabalho da ALC e dos colabora- dores internacionais são bases essenciais para acelerar com sucesso a implementação da Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil. Isso é possível por meio do desenvolvimento de materiais de relevância regional e mundial. São necessárias mais pesquisas e avaliações para determinar o impacto dessas estratégias e recursos nos resultados do câncer infantil na ALC e em outras regiões.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Salud Infantil , Colaboración Intersectorial , Planes y Programas de Salud , América Latina , Región del Caribe , Neoplasias , Salud Infantil , Colaboración Intersectorial , Planes y Programas de Salud , América Latina , Región del Caribe , Salud Infantil , Colaboración Intersectorial , Planes y Programas de Salud , Región del CaribeRESUMEN
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe the development of educational materials for parents and other caregivers of children with cancer, which utilized a culturally sensitive approach to reduce acceptance barriers to palliative care (PC). Methods. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, and partners in Latin America and the Caribbean collaborated in a three-phase project, beginning with a needs assessment survey of caregivers of children with cancer in Peru. Based on this finding, an interdisciplinary team of pediat- ric PC experts developed educational content that was designed and validated by an international committee of PC and communication experts. Results. The collaboration resulted in the development of an eight-module series that introduces caregivers to key concepts of pediatric PC, including management of pain, quality of life, and end of life care. The series was designed to reduce caregiver stigma associated with PC through culturally sensitive education that addresses the low levels of health literacy among caregivers in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the 15 months since the launch, these modules have been distributed throughout Latin America and were downloaded 2 825 times. Conclusions. Educational materials and anticipatory guidance of PC were considered to be a priority for par- ents and other caregivers of children with cancer throughout Latin America. The materials developed through this project have been widely utilized and are available through the PAHO website and the Together by St. JudeTM online resource.
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir la elaboración de material educativo para progenitores y otras personas que cuidan de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer mediante un enfoque sensible a las especificidades culturales, a fin de reducir los obstáculos a la aceptación de los cuidados paliativos (CP). Métodos. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el St. Jude Children's Research Hospital y aso- ciados de América Latina y el Caribe colaboraron en un proyecto de tres fases, que se inició con una encuesta de evaluación de las necesidades de las personas que cuidan de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer en Perú. A partir de estos resultados, un equipo interdisciplinario de expertos en CP pediátricos elaboró un material educativo diseñado y validado por un comité internacional de expertos en CP y comunicación. Resultados. Esta colaboración permitió diseñar una serie de ocho módulos en los que se presentan conceptos clave de los CP pediátricos, como el tratamiento del dolor, la calidad de vida y los cuidados terminales. Estos módulos se diseñaron para reducir la estigmatización asociada a los CP por parte de las personas encargadas de los cuidados, mediante una educación que tiene en cuenta sus especificidades culturales y aborda el bajo nivel de conocimientos básicos de salud de estas personas en América Latina y el Caribe. En los 15 meses transcurridos desde su publicación, se han distribuido por toda América Latina y su contenido se ha descargado 2 825 veces. Conclusiones. Se consideró que los materiales educativos y la orientación preparatoria sobre los CP consti- tuyen una prioridad para los progenitores y otras personas encargadas del cuidado de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer en toda América Latina. Los materiales elaborados mediante este proyecto han sido ampliamente utilizados y están disponibles en el sitio web de la OPS y en el recurso en línea Together by St. JudeTM.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever o desenvolvimento de materiais educativos para pais e outros cuidadores de crianças com câncer por meio de uma abordagem sensível à cultura para reduzir as barreiras de aceitação dos cuida- dos paliativos (CP). Métodos. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS), o St. Jude Children's Research Hospital e parceiros da América Latina e do Caribe colaboraram em um projeto de três fases, que iniciou com uma pesquisa de avaliação das necessidades dos cuidadores de crianças com câncer no Peru. Com base nos achados dessa pesquisa, uma equipe interdisciplinar de especialistas em CP pediátricos desenvolveu um conteúdo educacional que foi concebido e validado por um comitê internacional de especialistas em CP e comunicação. Resultados. A colaboração resultou no desenvolvimento de uma série de oito módulos que apresenta os prin- cipais conceitos dos CP pediátricos aos cuidadores, incluindo controle da dor, qualidade de vida e cuidados de final de vida. A série foi concebida para reduzir o estigma dos cuidadores em relação aos CP por meio de educação sensível à cultura, abordando os baixos níveis de letramento em saúde entre os cuidadores da América Latina e do Caribe. Nos 15 meses desde seu lançamento, os módulos foram distribuídos em toda a América Latina, tendo sido baixados 2 825 vezes. Conclusões. Os materiais educativos e a orientação prévia sobre CP foram considerados uma prioridade para os pais e outros cuidadores de crianças com câncer em toda a América Latina. Os materiais desenvolvidos por meio desse projeto foram amplamente utilizados e estão disponíveis no site da OPAS e no recurso on-line Together by St. JudeTM.
Asunto(s)
Cuidados Paliativos , Calidad de Vida , Alfabetización en Salud , Neoplasias , Salud Infantil , América Latina , Cuidados Paliativos , Calidad de Vida , Alfabetización en Salud , Neoplasias , Salud Infantil , América Latina , Calidad de Vida , Alfabetización en Salud , Salud InfantilRESUMEN
In this work we present the results of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations at the isothermal-isobaric ensemble for a discotic liquid crystal (DLC) droplet whose surface promotes edge-on (planar) anchoring. For a given pressure, we simulate an annealing process that enables observation of phase transitions within the spherical droplet. In particular, we report a first order isotropic-nematic transition as well as a nematic-columnar transition at the center of the droplet. We found the appearance of topological defects consisting of two disclination lines with ends at the surface of the sphere. We also observed that both transitions, isotropic-nematic and nematic-columnar, occur at lower temperatures as compared to the unconfined system.
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The scattered distribution pattern of microsatellites is a challenging problem in fish cytogenetics. This type of array hinders the identification of useful patterns and the comparison between species, often resulting in over-limited interpretations that only label it as "scattered" or "widely distributed". However, several studies have shown that the distribution pattern of microsatellites is non-random. Thus, here we tested whether a scattered microsatellite could have distinct distribution patterns on homeologous chromosomes of closely related species. The clustered sites of 18S and 5S rDNA, U2 snRNA and H3/H4 histone genes were used as a guide to compare the (GATA)n microsatellite distribution pattern on the homeologous chromosomes of six Trachelyopterus species: T. coriaceus and Trachelyopterus aff. galeatus from the Araguaia River basin; T. striatulus, T. galeatus and T. porosus from the Amazonas River basin; and Trachelyopterus aff. coriaceus from the Paraguay River basin. Most species had similar patterns of the (GATA)n microsatellite in the histone genes and 5S rDNA carriers. However, we have found a chromosomal polymorphism of the (GATA)n sequence in the 18S rDNA carriers of Trachelyopterus galeatus, which is in Hard-Weinberg equilibrium and possibly originated through amplification events; and a chromosome polymorphism in Trachelyopterus aff. galeatus, which combined with an inversion polymorphism of the U2 snRNA in the same chromosome pair resulted in six possible cytotypes, which are in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. Therefore, comparing the distribution pattern on homeologous chromosomes across the species, using gene clusters as a guide to identify it, seems to be an effective way to further the analysis of scattered microsatellites in fish cytogenetics.
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Bagres , Animales , Bagres/genética , Histonas/genética , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Cromosomas/genéticaRESUMEN
The TATA box is a promoter sequence able to interact directly with the components of the basal transcription initiation machinery. We investigate the changes in the electronic and magnetic properties of a TATA-DNA sequence when functionalized with different chemical groups; using the first-principles density functional theory specifically, the TATA-DNA sequences were functionalized with methyl groups (CH3 , methylation), amino groups (NH2 , amination), imine groups (NH, imination), chloroamine groups (NCl2 , chloramination), H-adatom (hydrogenation), and Cl-adatom (chlorination). The functional groups were anchored at nitrogen atoms from adenine and oxygen atoms from thymine at sites pointed as reactive regions. We demonstrated that chemical functionalization induces significant changes in charge transfer, hydrogen bond distance, and hydrogen bond energy. The hydrogenation and imination increased the hydrogen bond energy. Results also revealed that the chemical functionalization of DNA molecules exhibit a ferromagnetic ground state, reaching magnetization up to 4.665 µB and complex magnetic ordering. We further demonstrated that the functionalization could induce tautomerism (proton migration in the base pair systems). The present study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the functionalization further into DNA molecules and visualizing possible future applications.
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ADN , Electrónica , Secuencia de Bases , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Fenómenos MagnéticosRESUMEN
Studies involving fish eggs and larvae date back to the end of the nineteenth century. Since then, studies with ichthyoplankton have proved to be an essential tool, generating information for the knowledge of the ichthyofauna and the environmental inventory. Most of these studies reveal the difficulty of obtaining a precise taxonomic identification of the collected materials, making research with ichthyoplankton extremely challenging. With the advent of molecular biology, the use of markers such as COI enabled greater taxonomic precision, helping to understand events involving ichthyofauna. Now we can observe the evolution of the molecular identification tool for ichthyoplankton via DNA barcoding, which has been increasingly used over the last few decades. From 2000 to 2010, we found six publications; from 2011 to 2021, 75 papers were published, and in 2022 four studies. Our survey also showed the accuracy of molecular identification when compared to the taxonomic identification of these. In this review, we show the state of the art of studies that used barcode and DNA metabarcoding to identify fish eggs and larvae in different environments and discuss their importance as the best practice for working with these organisms.
Asunto(s)
Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , Peces , Animales , Larva/genética , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico/métodos , Peces/genética , ADN , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
ABSTRACT The Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC) aims to increase the cure rate for children with cancer globally by improving healthcare access and quality. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (St. Jude), and collaborators have joined efforts to improve outcomes of children with cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) using the CureAll framework. In this article, we describe the process of developing regional resources aimed at accelerating the GICC implementation in LAC. In March 2021, PAHO formed regional working groups to develop core projects aligned with CureAll pillars and enablers. Seven working groups emerged from regional dialogues: early detection, nursing, psychosocial, nutrition, supportive care, treatment abandonment, and palliative care. PAHO arranged regular online meetings under the mentorship and support of St. Jude regional/transversal programs and international mentors. Between April and December 2021, 202 multidisciplinary experts attended 43 online meetings to promote the dialogue between stakeholders to improve childhood cancer outcomes. Fourteen technical outputs were produced: four regional snapshots, four technical documents, two virtual courses, one set of epidemiological country profiles, one educational content series for parents/caregivers, and two communication campaigns. The ongoing dialogue and commitment of PAHO, St. Jude, LAC working committees, and international collaborators are essential foundations to successfully accelerate GICC implementation. This is achievable through the development of materials of regional and global relevance. Further research and evaluation are needed to determine the impact of these strategies and resources on childhood cancer outcomes in LAC and other regions.
RESUMEN La Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil tiene como objetivo aumentar a nivel mundial la tasa de curación del cáncer infantil mediante la mejora del acceso a la atención de salud y de su calidad. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el St. Jude Children's Research Hospital y los colaboradores han aunado esfuerzos para mejorar los resultados en la población infantil con cáncer en América Latina y el Caribe valiéndose del marco CureAll. En este artículo describimos el proceso de elaboración de recursos regionales destinados a acelerar la aplicación de la Iniciativa Mundial en América Latina y el Caribe. En marzo del 2021, la OPS formó grupos de trabajo regionales para elaborar proyectos básicos que estuvieran en consonancia con los pilares y los elementos facilitadores del CureAll. De los diálogos regionales surgieron siete grupos de trabajo: detección temprana, enfermería, aspectos psicosociales, nutrición, tratamientos de apoyo, abandono del tratamiento y cuidados paliativos. La OPS organizó con regularidad reuniones virtuales en las que se contó con la tutoría y el apoyo de programas regionales o transversales del St. Jude Children's Research Hospital y de mentores internacionales. Entre abril y diciembre del 2021 hubo 43 reuniones virtuales a las que asistieron 202 expertos multidisciplinarios, con el objetivo de promover el diálogo entre las partes interesadas para mejorar los resultados en materia de cáncer infantil. Se elaboraron catorce productos técnicos: cuatro panoramas regionales, cuatro documentos técnicos, dos cursos virtuales, un conjunto de perfiles epidemiológicos de países, una serie con contenidos educativos para padres y cuidadores y dos campañas de comunicación. El diálogo y el compromiso constantes de la OPS, el St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, los comités de trabajo de América Latina y el Caribe y los colaboradores internacionales son las bases fundamentales para conseguir que se acelere la aplicación de la Iniciativa Mundial. Esto se puede lograr mediante la elaboración de materiales que resulten pertinentes a nivel regional y mundial. Son necesarias más investigaciones y evaluaciones para determinar el impacto que tienen estas estrategias y recursos en los resultados que se obtienen en el cáncer infantil en América Latina y el Caribe y en otras subregiones.
RESUMO A Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil tem como objetivo aumentar a taxa de cura de crianças com câncer no mundo todo, melhorando o acesso a cuidados e a qualidade da assistência médica. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS), o St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (St. Jude) e colaboradores uniram esforços para melhorar o desfecho de crianças com câncer na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) no âmbito do marco CureAll. Neste artigo, descrevemos o processo de desenvolvimento de recursos regionais com o objetivo de acelerar a implementação da Iniciativa na ALC. Em março de 2021, a OPAS formou grupos de trabalho regionais para desenvolver projetos centrais alinhados com os pilares e facilitadores do CureAll. A partir das reuniões de diálogo regionais, foram criados sete grupos de trabalho: detecção precoce, enfermagem, atenção psicossocial, nutrição, cuidados de suporte, abandono do tratamento e cuidados paliativos. A OPAS organizou reuniões virtuais regulares sob a orientação e o apoio dos programas regionais e transversais do St. Jude e de mentores internacionais. Entre abril e dezembro de 2021, 202 especialistas multidisciplinares participaram de 43 reuniões virtuais para promover o diálogo entre as partes interessadas a fim de melhorar os desfechos do câncer infantil. Foram produzidos 14 materiais técnicos: quatro panoramas regionais, quatro documentos técnicos, dois cursos virtuais, um conjunto de perfis epidemiológicos nacionais, uma série de conteúdo educacional para pais e cuidadores e duas campanhas de comunicação. O diálogo e o compromisso contínuos da OPAS, do St. Jude, dos comitês de trabalho da ALC e dos colaboradores internacionais são bases essenciais para acelerar com sucesso a implementação da Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil. Isso é possível por meio do desenvolvimento de materiais de relevância regional e mundial. São necessárias mais pesquisas e avaliações para determinar o impacto dessas estratégias e recursos nos resultados do câncer infantil na ALC e em outras regiões.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the development of educational materials for parents and other caregivers of children with cancer, which utilized a culturally sensitive approach to reduce acceptance barriers to palliative care (PC). Methods. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and partners in Latin America and the Caribbean collaborated in a three-phase project, beginning with a needs assessment survey of caregivers of children with cancer in Peru. Based on this finding, an interdisciplinary team of pediatric PC experts developed educational content that was designed and validated by an international committee of PC and communication experts. Results. The collaboration resulted in the development of an eight-module series that introduces caregivers to key concepts of pediatric PC, including management of pain, quality of life, and end of life care. The series was designed to reduce caregiver stigma associated with PC through culturally sensitive education that addresses the low levels of health literacy among caregivers in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the 15 months since the launch, these modules have been distributed throughout Latin America and were downloaded 2 825 times. Conclusions. Educational materials and anticipatory guidance of PC were considered to be a priority for parents and other caregivers of children with cancer throughout Latin America. The materials developed through this project have been widely utilized and are available through the PAHO website and the Together by St. Jude™ online resource.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la elaboración de material educativo para progenitores y otras personas que cuidan de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer mediante un enfoque sensible a las especificidades culturales, a fin de reducir los obstáculos a la aceptación de los cuidados paliativos (CP). Métodos. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el St. Jude Children's Research Hospital y asociados de América Latina y el Caribe colaboraron en un proyecto de tres fases, que se inició con una encuesta de evaluación de las necesidades de las personas que cuidan de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer en Perú. A partir de estos resultados, un equipo interdisciplinario de expertos en CP pediátricos elaboró un material educativo diseñado y validado por un comité internacional de expertos en CP y comunicación. Resultados. Esta colaboración permitió diseñar una serie de ocho módulos en los que se presentan conceptos clave de los CP pediátricos, como el tratamiento del dolor, la calidad de vida y los cuidados terminales. Estos módulos se diseñaron para reducir la estigmatización asociada a los CP por parte de las personas encargadas de los cuidados, mediante una educación que tiene en cuenta sus especificidades culturales y aborda el bajo nivel de conocimientos básicos de salud de estas personas en América Latina y el Caribe. En los 15 meses transcurridos desde su publicación, se han distribuido por toda América Latina y su contenido se ha descargado 2 825 veces. Conclusiones. Se consideró que los materiales educativos y la orientación preparatoria sobre los CP constituyen una prioridad para los progenitores y otras personas encargadas del cuidado de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer en toda América Latina. Los materiales elaborados mediante este proyecto han sido ampliamente utilizados y están disponibles en el sitio web de la OPS y en el recurso en línea Together by St. Jude™.
RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever o desenvolvimento de materiais educativos para pais e outros cuidadores de crianças com câncer por meio de uma abordagem sensível à cultura para reduzir as barreiras de aceitação dos cuidados paliativos (CP). Métodos. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS), o St. Jude Children's Research Hospital e parceiros da América Latina e do Caribe colaboraram em um projeto de três fases, que iniciou com uma pesquisa de avaliação das necessidades dos cuidadores de crianças com câncer no Peru. Com base nos achados dessa pesquisa, uma equipe interdisciplinar de especialistas em CP pediátricos desenvolveu um conteúdo educacional que foi concebido e validado por um comitê internacional de especialistas em CP e comunicação. Resultados. A colaboração resultou no desenvolvimento de uma série de oito módulos que apresenta os principais conceitos dos CP pediátricos aos cuidadores, incluindo controle da dor, qualidade de vida e cuidados de final de vida. A série foi concebida para reduzir o estigma dos cuidadores em relação aos CP por meio de educação sensível à cultura, abordando os baixos níveis de letramento em saúde entre os cuidadores da América Latina e do Caribe. Nos 15 meses desde seu lançamento, os módulos foram distribuídos em toda a América Latina, tendo sido baixados 2 825 vezes. Conclusões. Os materiais educativos e a orientação prévia sobre CP foram considerados uma prioridade para os pais e outros cuidadores de crianças com câncer em toda a América Latina. Os materiais desenvolvidos por meio desse projeto foram amplamente utilizados e estão disponíveis no site da OPAS e no recurso on-line Together by St. Jude™.
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The aim was to assess the effect of XP-endo Finisher (XPF) on multispecies biofilm removal, in comparison with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fifty mandibular first premolars were instrumented, longitudinally sectioned. The split halves were incubated for 4 days with a broth obtained from three bacteria strains: Enterococcus faecalis, Eikenella corrodens and Streptococcus anginosus. Subsequently, the re-approximated split halves were irrigated with 4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or water using CSI, and the final irrigation protocols were CSI with 4% NaOCl (CSI+4%NaOCl), PUI+4%NaOCl, XPF+4%NaOCl and CSI+water. The analysis of biofilm removal was performed using SEM images. There were no differences between PUI and XPF (P > 0.05), and both groups promoted higher biofilm removal than CSI+4%NaOCl and CSI+water groups (P < 0.05). It can be concluded the multispecies biofilm removal was significantly improved using XPF and PUI when compared to CSI.
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Cavidad Pulpar , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular , Biopelículas , Cavidad Pulpar/microbiología , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/uso terapéutico , Hipoclorito de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Irrigación Terapéutica/métodos , Ultrasonido , AguaRESUMEN
Abstract The Relevant Ecological Interest Area (REIA), popularly known as "Refúgio Biológico de Santa Helena", is part of the Atlantic Forest Biome and one of the 78 ecoregions mapped by IBAMA as basic unit for planning priorities focused on national biodiversity conservation. Quarterly collections were carried out from November 2017 to November 2019 to inventory the ichthyofauna of this Conservation Unit. Specimens were captured with the aid of gillnets, fishing sieve and seine. In total, 3,919 specimens belonging to two class, eight orders, 27 families and 74 species were sampled. Characiformes and Siluriformes presented the highest species richness; they accounted for 40 (54%) and 17 (23%) species, respectively. Geophagus sveni (181 individuals = 17%), Trachelyopterus galeatus (109 individuals = 10%) and Schizodon borellii (105 individuals = 10%) were the most abundant fish species captured with gillnet. Moenkhausia was the most abundant genus captured with seine and fishing sieve, with emphasis on species Moenkhausia bonita (930 individuals = 33%) and Moenkhausia gracilima (845 individuals = 30%). Moreover, two "endangered" species (Brycon orbignyanus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) were registered. Therefore, we present an updated inventory of species belonging to the ichthyofauna of REIA, and it may contribute to future management plans focused on this Conservation Unit.
Resumo A Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico (ARIE), popularmente conhecida como "Refúgio Biológico de Santa Helena", faz parte do Bioma Mata Atlântica, uma das 78 ecorregiões mapeadas pelo IBAMA como unidade básica de planejamento e prioridades para a conservação da biodiversidade nacional. Foram realizadas coletas trimestrais de novembro de 2017 a novembro de 2019 para inventariar a ictiofauna desta Unidade de Conservação. Os espécimes foram capturados com o auxílio de redes de emalhar, peneira e rede de arrasto. No total, foram amostrados 3.919 exemplares pertencentes a duas classes, oito ordens, 27 famílias e 74 espécies. Characiformes e Siluriformes apresentaram a maior riqueza de espécies; somando um total de 40 (54%) e 17 (23%) espécies, respectivamente. Geophagus sveni (181 indivíduos = 17%), Trachelyopterus galeatus (109 indivíduos = 10%) e Schizodon borellii (105 indivíduos = 10%) foram as espécies de peixes mais abundantes capturadas com rede de espera. Moenkhausia foi o gênero mais abundante capturado com rede de arrasto e peneira, com destaque para as espécies Moenkhausia bonita (930 indivíduos = 33%) e Moenkhausia gracilima (845 indivíduos = 30%). Além disso, duas espécies "ameaçadas" (Brycon orbignyanus e Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) foram registradas. Assim, apresentamos um inventário atualizado das espécies pertencentes à ictiofauna da ARIE, podendo contribuir para futuros planos de manejo voltados para esta Unidade de Conservação.
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This study aimed to identify species of Astyanax bimaculatus group from four Itaipu Reservoir tributaries (Paraná River Basin) by cytogenetics and molecular markers (COI) to investigate the possible occurrence of cryptic diversity in part of this basin. The four populations showed only one karyotype formula and simple AgNORs. FISH with 18S rDNA probe showed a high variation, and 5S rDNA probes evidenced simple sites in most of the specimens, although multiple sites are present in two specimens. The variations of 5S and 18S cistrons generated 13 cytotypes. The molecular data did not reveal cryptic diversity in the populations; however, its grouping with 82 sequences from other stretches of the Paraná River Basin originated three haplogroups (distances of 3.12% and 8.82%) and 33 haplotypes were identified. DNA Barcode suggests that cytogenetic variations represent a high polymorphism degree, and it identified the analyzed specimens as Astyanax lacustris, which confirms the morphological identification. Our data suggest that the cryptic diversity of this group in the tributaries of the Paraná River Basin is different than the proposed by the synonymizations of A. altiparanae and A. asuncionensis to A. lacustris. This study reinforces the importance of integrative cytogenetics and molecular methods for taxonomy.(AU)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar espécies do complexo Astyanax bimaculatus de quatro afluentes do reservatório de Itaipu (bacia do Rio Paraná) por métodos citogenéticos e moleculares (COI), investigando a possibilidade de ocorrência de diversidade críptica em parte desta bacia. As quatro populações apresentaram apenas uma fórmula cariotípica e AgNORs simples. A FISH com rDNA 18S apresentou alto grau de variação e as sondas de rDNA 5S evidenciaram sítios simples na maioria dos exemplares, embora sítios múltiplos tenham sido evidenciados em dois espécimes. As variações dos cistrons 5S e 18S geraram 13 citótipos. Os dados moleculares não revelaram diversidade críptica nas populações, entretanto, seu agrupamento com 82 sequências de outros trechos da mesma bacia formou três haplogrupos (distâncias de 3,12% e 8,82%) e gerou 33 haplótipos. O DNA Barcode sugere que as variações citogenéticas representam um alto grau de polimorfismo e identificou os espécimes analisados como Astyanax lacustris, confirmando a identificação por caracteres morfológicos. Nossos dados sugerem que a diversidade críptica do grupo nos afluentes da bacia do Rio Paraná é diferente do proposto pelas sinonimizações de A. altiparanae e A. asuncionensis para A. lacustris, reforçando a importância da integração de métodos citogenéticos e moleculares para a taxonomia.(AU)
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Animales , Polimorfismo Genético , Biomarcadores , Characidae/clasificación , Characidae/genética , Variación Genética , ADN Ribosómico/análisis , Análisis Citogenético/veterinariaRESUMEN
Regulatory factor MBF1 is highly conserved between species and has been described as a cofactor and transcription factor. In plants, several reports associate MBF1 with heat stress response. Nevertheless, the specific physical processes involved in the MBF1-DNA interaction are still far from clearly understood. We thus performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations of DNA with a homology-based modethel of the MBF1 protein. Based on recent experimental data, we proposed two B-DNA sequences, analyzing their interaction with our model of the Arabidopsis MBF1c protein (AtMBF1c) at three different temperatures: 293, 300, and 320 K, maintaining a constant pressure of 1 bar. The simulations suggest that MBF1 binds directly to the DNA, supporting the idea of its role as a transcription factor. We identified two different conformations of the MBF1 protein when bound, and characterized the specific groups of amino acids involved in the formation of the DNA-MBF1 complex. These regions of amino acids are bound mostly to the minor groove of DNA by the attraction of positively charged residues and the negatively charged backbone, but subject to the compatibility of shapes, much in the sense of a lock-and-key mechanism. We found that only with a sequence rich in CTAGA motifs at 300 K does MBF1 bind to DNA in the DNA-binding domain Cro/C1-type HTH predicted. In the rest of the systems tested, we observed non-specific DNA-MBF1 interactions. This study complements findings previously reported by others on the role of CTAGA as a DNA-binding element for MBF1c at a heat stress temperature.
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Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Factores de Transcripción , Aminoácidos , ADN , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in many parts of the world, carrying significant neurological morbidity that varies according to whether lesions are located inside the cerebral parenchyma or in extraparenchymal spaces. The latter, in particular subarachnoid NCC, is assumed to be more severe, but no controlled studies comparing mortality between types of NCC exist. The aim of this study was to compare all-cause mortality between patients with intraparenchymal NCC and those with subarachnoid NCC. Vital status and sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated in patients with intraparenchymal viable, intraparenchymal calcified, and subarachnoid NCC attending a neurological referral hospital in Lima, Perú. Survival analyses using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional regression models were carried out to compare mortality rates between groups. From 840 NCC patients followed by a median time of 82.3 months, 42 (5.0%) died, six (1.8%) in the intraparenchymal viable group, four (1.3%) in the calcified group, and 32 (16.6%) in the subarachnoid group (P < 0.001). Older age and lower education were significantly associated with mortality. The age-adjusted hazard ratio for death in the subarachnoid group was 13.6 (95% CI: 5.6-33.0, P < 0.001) compared with the intraparenchymal viable group and 10.7 (95% CI: 3.7-30.8, P < 0.001) when compared with the calcified group. We concluded that subarachnoid disease is associated with a much higher mortality in NCC.
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Neurocisticercosis/mortalidad , Neurocisticercosis/patología , Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Espacio Subaracnoideo , Taenia soliumRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cephalometric characteristics of skulls with and without artificial deformation in a pre-Columbian civilization of the Peruvian Andes (Chavin civilization 900 B.C. to 200 B.C.). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was observational, analytical, retrospective, and comparative in design. The image analysis unit was radiological with cephalometric measurement. The sample consisted of occipito-frontal dry skulls of the Chavín culture (n = 40) with and without artifical deformation, which underwent cephalometric radiography for analysis. RESULTS: The measurements of skull base size, anterior cranial base size, posterior cranial base size, posterior cranial base size, and cranial deflection were greater in the deformed than the non-deformed skulls (95.1 ± 6.6 vs. 92.3 ± 6.2 mm, 61.5 ± 3.6 vs. 61.4 ± 3.6 mm, 39.8 ± 3.4 vs. 38.1 ± 3.5 mm, 136 ± 26.9 vs. 135.0 ± 5.6 mm, and 35.7 ± 31.8 vs. 28.2 ± 14.6 mm, respectively). Significant differences were only found in the posterior cranial base size measurements between deformed and nondeformed skulls (P = 0.008). When comparing the characteristics of the skulls, significant differences were only found between the position of the posterior nasal spine and the maxilla size of the deformed versus the non-deformed skulls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that there are differences in the size, position, and inclination of the craniofacial structures between the artificially deformed skulls and the skulls that have not been artificially deformed by the old Chavin civilization.
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Basic and molecular cytogenetic techniques were carried out in 3 Neotropical region populations of catfishes, two of Trachelyopterus galeatus (one from the marshlands of Paraguay River basin and another from Lago Catalão, Amazon River basin) and one of Trachelyopterus porosus, a sympatric population to T. galeatus from the Amazon River basin. This study aimed to describe and understand the structure and evolution of Trachelyopterus B chromosomes, mainly through physical mapping of repetitive elements. A diploid number of 58 chromosomes was found for all individuals, as well as the presence of B chromosomes. For T. porosus this is the first report of a supernumerary. The sympatric species of T. galeatus and T. porosus from Amazon River had 1-3 B chromosomes and T. galeatus from Paraguay River had 1-2 B chromosomes, all of them showed intra- and interindividual numerical variation. Two females of T. porosus exhibited a new variant B chromosome (B2), previously not seen in Auchenipteridae, which might have originated from B1 chromosomes. All B chromosomes were entirely heterochromatic. In contrast to all complement A and B2 chromosomes, in which the telomeric sequences were found in the telomeric regions, B1 chromosomes of all populations were totally marked by (TTAGGG)n probes. (GATA)n sequence sites were found through all complement A chromosomes, but B1 and B2 chromosomes exhibited only a clustered block in one of the chromosome arms. The most frequent B chromosomes (B1) in all populations/species, including those previously studied in Auchenipteridae catfishes, share the following characteristics: totally heterochromatic, small, metacentric, with accumulation of repetitive (TTAGGG)n sequences, and a low number of (GATA)n copies, which might suggest a common ancient origin in Trachelyopterus species/populations.
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Bagres/genética , Cromosomas/ultraestructura , Animales , Brasil , Mapeo Cromosómico , Análisis Citogenético , Citogenética , Diploidia , Femenino , Cariotipo , Masculino , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Paraguay , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos Nucleicos , Telómero/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Auchenipteridae is divided into subfamilies Centromochlinae and Auchenipterinae. Parauchenipterus is included in the latter and is subject of taxonomic discussions concerning its validation or synonymization with Trachelyopterus. Herein, three species from two hydrographic basins were cytogenetically analyzed: Parauchenipterus striatulus from Doce River and two sympatric species, P. galeatus and Trachelyopterus coriaceus, from the Araguaia River. Diploid number of 58 chromosomes was verified for all species, but P. striatulus has different karyotype formula from the others. The three species have heterochromatin located in terminal regions of almost all chromosomes and in pericentromeric region on acrocentric chromosomes. Simple NORs was verified on a subtelocentric chromosome for all species. 5S rDNA sites were detected in three submetacentric chromosome pairs in P. striatulus; in a metacentric chromosome pair and submetacentric pair in T. coriaceus; and in one metacentric chromosome pair in P. galeatus. The similarities found in the karyotypes of the three species suggest the existence of only one genus, Trachelyopterus; therefore, our data refutes the validation of Parauchenipterus. Moreover, the differences in 5S rDNA distribution in P. galeatus in comparison with other populations already studied, indicate the existence of a new taxonomic unit, which suggests a species complex in P. galeatus.(AU)
Auchenipteridae é dividida nas subfamílias Centromochlinae e Auchenipterinae. Parauchenipterus encontra-se incluído na última e tem sido alvo de discussões relacionadas com a problemática taxonômica de validação ou sinonimização com Trachelyopterus. Foram analisadas citogeneticamente três espécies de duas bacias hidrográficas: Parauchenipterus striatulus do rio Doce, P. galeatus e Trachelyopterus coriaceus, simpátricas do rio Araguaia. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentaram número diploide de 58 cromossomos, com diferença na fórmula cariotípica de P. striatulus. A heterocromatina foi localizada nas regiões terminais de quase todos os cromossomos e na região pericentromérica nos cromossomos acrocêntricos das três espécies. AgNORs e DNAr 18S detectaram RONs simples em um par de cromossomos subtelocêntricos nas três espécies. DNAr 5S foi detectado em três pares de cromossomos submetacêntricos em P. striatulus; em um par de cromossomos metacêntricos e um par submetacêntrico em T. coriaceus; e em apenas um par de cromossomos metacêntricos em P. galeatus. As semelhanças encontradas nos cariótipos das três espécies analisadas indicam a existência de somente Trachelyopterus (não validação de Parauchenipterus) e a diferença encontrada na distribuição de DNAr 5S de P. galeatus em relação às outras populações já estudadas sugere a existência de uma nova unidade taxonômica, portanto P. galeatus compreende um complexo de espécies.(AU)