Banco de leche humana (BLH): una estrategia de apoyo para la atención de neonatos / Human milk bank (HMB): a support strategy for newborn care

Introducción: la lactancia materna ha demostrado grandes beneficios para el recién nacido. En vista de que hay factores que afectan la correcta lactancia, en 2007 se crearon los bancos de leche materna y Colombia hace parte de esta iniciativa en pro de la niñez. Objetivo: identificar la utilización del banco de leche humana (BLH) de la ESE Hospital San Rafael de Fusagasugá, Colombia entre julio 2012 y junio 2016. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, con muestra de 1282 nacidos en el período que utilizaron el BLH. Resultados y discusión: entre los factores que llevaron al uso del BLH en estos menores están la baja producción de leche en la madre en 53,7%, cirugía materna 3,5%, mamá con bajo nivel cognitivo 0,2%, succión leve o pobre en 9,6%, madre ausente 0,4%, recién nacido que requirió hospitalización 4,6%, pezón invertido o plano 2,5% y labio leporino 0,5%. Conclusión: se pudo determinar que 22,7% de los niños que nacieron en el municipio necesitaron el servicio del banco de leche materna, logrando visualizar las bondades del mismo, brindando la oportunidad para que lo pudieran utilizar en la misma zona de nacimiento sin necesidad de desplazarse, evitando las subsiguientes consecuencias que ello desencadena en la familia y el recién nacido.

Introduction: breastfeeding has shown great benefits for the newborn. In view of the fact that there are factors affecting proper breastfeeding, nursing mothers ́ milk banks were created in 2007 and Colombia is part of this initiative on behalf of children. Objective: to identify the use of the human milk bank (HMB) at ESE Hospital San Rafael in Fusagasugá, Colombia between July 2012 and June 2017. Methodology: descriptive cross-sectional study, with a sample of 1282 newborns delivered in said period using HMB. Results: among the factors that led to the use of HMB in these children are the mother ́s low milk production in 53.7%, maternal surgery 3.5%, mother with low cognitive level 0.2%, mild or poor suction 9.6%, absent mother 0.4%, newborn requiring hospitalization 4.6%, inverted or flat nipple 2.5% and cleft lip 0.5%. Conclusion: it could be determined that 22.7% of the children born in the municipality needed the service of the mother ́s milk bank, managing to visualize the benefits of it, providing the opportunity for them to use it in the same area of birth without having to move, avoiding the subsequent consequences that this triggers in the family and newborn.

Women exposure to household air pollution after an improved cookstove program in rural San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

The state government of San Luis Potosí (SLP), Mexico implemented an improved cookstove (ICS) program in rural areas. As part of the comprehensive program evaluation, we compared fine particulate material (PM2.5) concentrations in kitchens and patios in treated (TH), and non-treated households (NTH), and analyzed pollutant levels according to patterns of fuels and devices use reported by the women. A panel study was conducted in 728 households (357 TH and 371 NTH) in three regions of SLP including two sampling rounds in 2015-16. Data on exposure determinants, ICS conditions and cooking practices were collected. Daily PM2.5 in kitchen and patio was measured in a subsample. The average treatment effect was estimated using the double difference method. We constructed a mixed linear model to estimate PM2.5 levels for the entire study sample and obtained personal exposure according to time-activity logs. NTH had lower socioeconomic status compared to TH. The average daily PM2.5 concentrations in NTH compared to TH were 155.2 and 92.6 µg/m3 for kitchen and 35.4 and 39.8 µg/m3 for patio, respectively. PM2.5 levels showed significant regional differences but no significant treatment effect. In many cases, the ICS was added to previous open fire and LPG use (stacking). The household size, kitchen ventilation, relative humidity, temperature and the ratio of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 concentration were significant predictors of kitchen PM2.5 levels. The daily PM2.5 personal exposure was significantly reduced using ICS in good conditions or LPG (57 µg/m3) compared to the traditional open fire (86 µg/m3). This study strengthens the evidence on the potential daily PM2.5 exposure reduction for women using an ICS in good conditions or LPG, displacing the polluting open fire. Comprehensive strategies tailored to the sociocultural context of the communities are needed to implement clean energy programs that achieve adoption and sustained use of ICS or LPG.

Lanthanoid geochemistry of urban atmospheric particulate matter.

Relatively little is known about the lanthanoid element (La to Lu) chemistry of inhalable urban atmospheric particulate matter (PM). PM samples collected during an air sampling campaign in the Mexico City area contain lanthanoid concentrations of mostly 1-10 ng m(-3), increasing with mass where resuspension of crustal PM is important (low PM2.5/PM10), but not where fine emissions from traffic and industry dominate (high PM2.5/ PM10). Samples show anthropogenic enrichment of lighter over heavier lanthanoids, and Ce enrichment relative to La and Sm occurs in the city center (especially PM10) possibly due to PM from road vehicle catalytic converters. La is especially enriched, although many samples show low La/V values (< 0.11), suggesting the dominating influence of fuel oil combustion sources rather than refinery emissions. We use La/Sm v La/ Ce, LaCeSm, and LaCeV plots to compare Mexico City aerosols with PM from other cities. Lanthanoid aerosol geochemistry can be used not only to identify refinery pollution events, but also as a marker for different hydrocarbon combustion emissions (e.g., oil or coal power stations) on urban background atmospheric PM.

The impact of improved wood-burning stoves on fine particulate matter concentrations in rural Mexican homes.

To evaluate the impact of improved wood burning stoves on indoor air pollution, 53 homes in a rural town in Michoacán, Mexico, were selected from a health intervention study and monitored before and after receiving improved wood-burning stoves. Fine particulate matter--particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5))--concentrations were measured in the central plaza of the community and in three microenvironments in the home (next to the stove, in the kitchen away from the stove, and outdoor patio). Forty-eight hour mean PM(2.5) concentrations in homes that burned wood in open fires were 693 microg/m(3) (95% CI: 246-1338) near the stove, 658 microg/m(3) (95% CI: 67-1448) in the kitchen away from the stove, and 94 microg/m(3) (95% CI: 36-236) on the patio. Mean ambient 24-h concentrations in the main plaza of the community were 59 microg/m(3) (95% CI: 29-92). Paired measurements before and after the installation of the Patsari improved wood-burning stove indicate a median 71% reduction in PM(2.5) concentrations near the stove and 58% reductions in kitchen concentrations, whereas patio and main plaza concentrations remain unaffected. Only 44% of participants reported to use their Patsari stoves exclusively during the transition period. Even with the predominant mixed use of the Patsari stove with open fires, estimated daily average personal exposures to PM(2.5) were reduced by 50%.