Correction: Is a higher frequency of esophageal dilations more effective in treating benign esophageal strictures? Retrospective, multicenter study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1055/a-2117-8197.].

Is a higher frequency of esophageal dilations more effective in treating benign esophageal strictures? Retrospective, multicenter study.

Background and study aims There is still a lack of evidence-based recommendations concerning endoscopic bougienage in benign esophageal strictures. Our study aimed to assess the relevance of the time interval between endoscopic dilation (ED) sessions with regard to endoscopic and clinical response. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective study including patients treated with endoscopic bougienage for a benign esophageal stricture in two German centers. Primary endpoint was the number of ED until freedom from dysphagia was achieved. Secondary endpoints were analyses on reaching a diameter of 15 mm and on achieving clinical freedom from symptoms. Results Between April 2014 and March 2020, bougienage was used as the primary treatment for benign esophageal strictures in 238 patients (194 patients in Center 1; 44 patients in Center 2). Both centers differed in their endoscopic bougienage regime: Center 1 was characterized by a higher frequency of interventions compared to Center 2 (median: 2 days [range 1-28] vs. 10 days [range 1-41]; P <0.001). Clinical response was achieved significantly earlier using the high-frequency regimen in all patients except for those with post-radiogen strictures, who clinically benefited from a low-frequency ED program. Accordingly, patients receiving higher-frequency ED reached a significantly larger post-dilation diameter and considerably larger diameter differences. Conclusions The results of our study demonstrate that a treatment concept consisting of higher-frequency bougienages seems to be more effective in treating most types of esophageal stricture. Radiogenic strictures were the only types of stenoses that benefited from a lower frequency ED program.

[Co-occurrence of Whipple's disease and hyperparathyroidism - coincidence or causal relationship?] / Gemeinsames Auftreten von Morbus Whipple und Hyperparathyreoidismus ­ Zufall oder kausaler Zusammenhang?

Whipple's disease is a rare infectious disease with multiple clinical manifestations. The disease is named after George Hoyt Whipple, who first recorded the illness in 1907 after conducting the autopsy of a 36-year-old man with weight loss, diarrhea, and arthritis. Under the microscope, Whipple discovered a rod-shaped bacterium in the patient's intestinal wall, which was not confirmed as a new bacterial species until 1992, when it was named Tropheryma whipplei.Recurrence of Whipple's disease can occur years after an initial diagnosis and often manifests with extraintestinal symptoms such as arthritides or skin efflorescences, years before a gastrointestinal complaint. However, the simultaneous occurrence of primary hyperparathyroidism in the present case is a hitherto unknown clinical picture and opens up new questions and perspectives in the context of diagnostics and therapy.

Bile acid sequestrants in poor healing after endoscopic therapy of Barrett's esophagus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic therapy for neoplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) has become the standard of care over the past two decades. In clinical practice, we regularly encounter patients who fail to achieve complete squamous epithelialization of the esophagus. Although the therapeutic strategies in the individual stages of BE, dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma are well studied and largely standardized, the problem of inadequate healing after endoscopic therapy is only marginally considered. This study aimed to shed light on the variables influencing inadequate wound healing after endoscopic therapy and the effect of bile acid sequestrants (BAS) on healing. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of endoscopically treated neoplastic BE in a single referral center. RESULTS: In 12.1% out of 627 patients, insufficient healing was present 8 to 12 weeks after previous endoscopic therapy. The average follow-up duration was 38.8±18.4 months. Complete healing was achieved in 13 patients already after intensifying proton pump inhibitor therapy. Out of 48 patients under BAS, 29 patients (60.4%) showed complete healing. An additional eight patients (16.7%) improved, but only partial healing was achieved. Eleven (22.9%) patients showed no response to BAS augmented therapy. CONCLUSION: In cases of insufficient healing even under exhaustion of proton pump inhibitors, treatment with BAS can be an option as an ultimate healing attempt.

Comparison between traumatic and atraumatic over-the-scope clips in patients with duodenal ulcer bleeding: a retrospective analysis with propensity score-based matching.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Over-the-scope clips (OTSCs) substantially improved the endoscopic armamentarium for the treatment of severe GI bleeding and can potentially overcome limitations of standard clips. Data indicate a superiority of OTSCs in hemostasis as first- and second-line therapy. However, the impact of the OTSC designs, in particular the traumatic (-t) or atraumatic (-a) type, in duodenal ulcer bleeding has not been analyzed so far. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of a prospective collected database from 2009 to 2020 of 6 German endoscopic centers. All patients who underwent emergency endoscopy and were treated using an OTSC for duodenal ulcer bleeding were included. OTSC-t and OTSC-a patients were compared by the Fisher exact test, χ2 test, or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. A propensity score-based 1:1 matching was performed to obtain equal distribution of baseline characteristics in both groups. RESULTS: The entire cohort comprised 173 patients (93 OTSC-a, 80 OTSC-t). Age, gender, anticoagulant therapy, Rockall score, and treatment regimen had similar distributions in the 2 groups. However, the OTSC-t group showed significantly more active bleeding ulcers (Forrest Ia/b). Matching identified 132 patients (66 in both groups) with comparable baseline characteristics. Initial bleeding hemostasis (OTSC-a, 90.9%; OTSC-t, 87.9%; P = .82) and 72-hour mortality (OTSC-a, 4.5%; OTSC-t, 6.0%; P > .99) were not significantly different, but the OTSC-t group revealed a clearly higher rate of recurrent bleeding (34.9% vs 7.6%, P < .001) and necessity of red blood cell transfusions (5.1 ± 3.4 vs 2.5 ± 2.4 concentrates, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: For OTSC use, the OTSC-a should be the preferred option for duodenal ulcer bleeding.

Artificial intelligence-assisted staging in Barrett's carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used to detect neoplasia and interpret endoscopic images. The T stage of Barrett's carcinoma is a major criterion for subsequent treatment decisions. Although endoscopic ultrasound is still the standard for preoperative staging, its value is debatable. Novel tools are required to assist with staging, to optimize results. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of T stage of Barrett's carcinoma by an AI system based on endoscopic images. METHODS: 1020 images (minimum one per patient, maximum three) from 577 patients with Barrett's adenocarcinoma were used for training and internal validation of a convolutional neural network. In all, 821 images were selected to train the model and 199 images were used for validation. RESULTS: AI recognized Barrett's mucosa without neoplasia with an accuracy of 85 % (95 %CI 82.7-87.1). Mucosal cancer was identified with a sensitivity of 72 % (95 %CI 67.5-76.4), specificity of 64 % (95 %CI 60.0-68.4), and accuracy of 68 % (95 %CI 64.6-70.7). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for early Barrett's neoplasia < T1b sm2 were 57 % (95 %CI 51.8-61.0), 77 % (95 %CI 72.3-80.2), and 67 % (95 %CI 63.4-69.5), respectively. More advanced stages (T3/T4) were diagnosed correctly with a sensitivity of 71 % (95 %CI 65.1-76.7) and specificity of 73 % (95 %CI 69.7-76.5). The overall accuracy was 73 % (95 %CI 69.6-75.5). CONCLUSIONS: The AI system identified esophageal cancer with high accuracy, suggesting its potential to assist endoscopists in clinical decision making.

Isolated transient vertigo: posterior circulation ischemia or benign origin?

BACKGROUND: Isolated transient vertigo can be the only symptom of posterior circulation ischemia. Thus, it is important to differentiate isolated vertigo of a cerebrovascular origin from that of more benign origins, as patients with cerebral ischemia have a much higher risk for future stroke than do those with 'peripheral' vertigo. The current study aims to identify risk factors for cerebrovascular origin of isolated transient vertigo, and for future cerebrovascular events. METHODS: From the files of 339 outpatients with isolated transient vertigo we extracted history, clinical and technical findings, diagnosis, and follow-up information on subsequent stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Risk factors were analyzed using multivariate regression models (logistic or Cox) and reconfirmed in univariate analyses. RESULTS: On first presentation, 48 (14.2%) patients received the diagnosis 'probable or definite cerebrovascular vertigo'. During follow-up, 41 patients suffered stroke or TIA (event rate 7.9 per 100 person years, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5-10.4), 26 in the posterior circulation (event rate 4.8 per 100 person years, 95% CI 3.0-6.7). The diagnosis was not associated with follow-up cerebrovascular events. In multivariate models testing multiple potential determinants, only the presentation mode was consistently associated with the diagnosis and stroke risk: patients who presented because of vertigo (rather than reporting vertigo when they presented for other reasons) had a significantly higher risk for future stroke or TIA (p = 0.028, event rate 13.4 vs. 5.4 per 100 person years) and for future posterior circulation stroke or TIA (p = 0.044, event rate 7.8 vs. 3.5 per 100 person years). CONCLUSIONS: We here report for the first time follow-up stroke rates in patients with transient isolated vertigo. In such patients, the identification of those with cerebrovascular origin remains difficult, and presentation mode was found to be the only consistent risk factor. Confirmation in an independent prospective sample is needed.