RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: TNF-α-neutralizing antibodies, such as infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA), are effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but they are expensive and become ineffective when patients develop anti-IFX or anti-ADA antibodies (ATI and ATA, respectively). Second-generation anti-TNF-α antibodies, such as Golimumab, Etanercept, Certolizumab-pegol and IFX biosimilars, may solve these issues. AIM: To determine the neutralizing capacity of first- and second generation anti-TNF-α antibodies and to determine whether ATI show cross-reactivity with the IFX biosimilar CT-P13 (Inflectra). METHODS: TNF-α neutralization was measured using a quantitative TNF-α sensor assay consisting of HeLa 8D8 cells that express the Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) under control of a NF-кB response element. All available anti-TNF-α drugs and the IFX biosimilar CT-P13 (Inflectra) were tested for their TNF-α-neutralizing capacity. In addition, patient sera with ATI were tested for their potential to block the activity of IFX, IFX (F)ab2-fragment, biosimilar CT-P13 (Inflectra) and ADA. RESULTS: TNF-α strongly induced GFP expression in Hela 8D8 cells. Higher concentrations of first-generation anti-TNF-α drugs were required to neutralize TNF-α compared to the second-generation anti-TNF-α drugs. Serum of IBD patients with proven ATI blocked TNF-α-neutralizing properties of IFX biosimilar CT-P13 (Inflectra), whereas such sera did not block the effect of ADA. CONCLUSION: The second-generation anti-TNF-α drugs show increased TNF-α-neutralizing potential compared to first-generation variants. ATI show cross-reactivity toward IFX biosimilar CT-P13 (Inflectra), consequently patients with ATI are unlikely to benefit from treatment with this IFX biosimilar.
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Biosimilares Farmacéuticos/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/sangre , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunología , Adalimumab/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antiidiotipos/sangre , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Productos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Biosimilares Farmacéuticos/sangre , Certolizumab Pegol/administración & dosificación , Reacciones Cruzadas/inmunología , Etanercept/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/inmunología , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/patología , Infliximab/administración & dosificación , Infliximab/efectos adversos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangreRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1593/neo.08980.].
RESUMEN
Several miRNAs have been reported to be associated with immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) mutation and ZAP-70 expression status in blood samples of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (B-CLL/SLL). In the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, proliferation centres (PCs) represent an important site of activation and proliferation of the neoplastic cells, suggesting that these tissues better reflect the biology of CLL than circulating blood cells. We collected 33 lymph nodes and 37 blood CLL samples and analysed IgH mutation status and ZAP-70 expression status. Expression of 15 miRNAs was analysed by qRT-PCR and RNA-ISH. Sixty-three per cent of the lymph node cases contained mutated IgH genes and 49% of the lymph node cases were ZAP-70-positive, and a significant correlation was observed between ZAP-70 expression and IgH mutation status. Of the blood CLL samples, 49% contained mutated IgH sequences. The miRNA expression pattern in CLL lymph node and blood samples was very similar. Three of 15 miRNAs (miR-16, miR-21, and miR-150) showed a high expression level in both blood and lymph node samples. No difference was observed between ZAP-70-positive or -negative and between IgH-mutated or unmutated cases. No correlation was found between miR-15a and miR-16 expression levels and 13q14 deletion in the blood CLL samples. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) revealed strong homogeneous staining of miR-150 in the tumour cells outside the PCs. In reverse BIC/pri-miR-155 expression was observed mainly in individual cells including prolymphocytes of the PCs. This reciprocal pattern likely reflects the different functions and targets of miR-150 and miR-155.
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Leucemia de Células B/genética , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Proliferación Celular , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Expresión Génica , Genes de Inmunoglobulinas , Humanos , Cadenas Pesadas de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación in Situ/métodos , Leucemia de Células B/metabolismo , Leucemia de Células B/patología , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/metabolismo , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/química , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , MicroARNs/sangre , Mutación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Proteína Tirosina Quinasa ZAP-70/análisis , Proteína Tirosina Quinasa ZAP-70/sangreRESUMEN
BIC is a primary microRNA (pri-miR-155) that can be processed to mature miR-155. In this study, we show the crucial involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the regulation of BIC expression upon B-cell receptor triggering. Surprisingly, Northern blot analysis did not reveal any miR-155 expression upon induction of BIC expression in the Burkitt lymphoma-derived Ramos cell line, whereas other microRNAs were clearly detectable. Ectopic expression of BIC in Ramos and HEK293 cells resulted in miR-155 expression in HEK293, but not in Ramos cells, suggesting a specific block of BIC to miR-155 processing in Ramos. In line with the results obtained with Ramos, lack of miR-155 expression after induction of BIC expression was also observed in other Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, indicating a generic and specific blockade in the processing of BIC in Burkitt lymphoma. In contrast, induction of BIC expression in normal tonsillar B cells resulted in very high levels of miR-155 expression and induction of BIC expression in Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines. It also resulted in elevated levels of miR-155. Our data provide evidence for two levels of regulation for mature miR-155 expression: one at the transcriptional level involving PKC and NF-kappaB, and one at the processing level. Burkitt lymphoma cells not only express low levels of BIC, but also prevent processing of BIC via an, as yet, unknown mechanism.
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Linfoma de Burkitt/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , MicroARNs/genética , Procesamiento Postranscripcional del ARN , Northern Blotting , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a neoplastic disorder that results in clonal proliferation of cells with a Langerhans cell (LC) phenotype. The pathogenesis of LCH is still poorly understood. In the present study, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was applied to LCs generated from umbilical cord blood CD34+ progenitor cells to identify LC-specific genes and the expression of these genes in LCH was investigated. Besides the expression of several genes known to be highly expressed in LCs and LCH such as CD1a, LYZ, and CD207, high expression of genes not previously reported to be expressed in LCs, such as GSN, MMP12, CCL17, and CCL22, was also identified. Further analysis of these genes by quantitative RT-PCR revealed high expression of FSCN1 and GSN in all 12 LCH cases analysed; of CD207, MMP12, CCL22, and CD1a in the majority of these cases; and CCL17 in three of the 12 cases. Immunohistochemistry confirmed protein expression in the majority of cases. The expression of MMP12 was most abundant in multi-system LCH, which is the LCH type with the worst prognosis. This suggests that expression of MMP12 may play a role in the progression of LCH. These data reveal new insight into the pathology of LCH and provide new starting points for further investigation of this clonal proliferative disorder.
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Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Histiocitosis de Células de Langerhans/metabolismo , Células de Langerhans/química , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Antígenos CD/análisis , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD1/análisis , Antígenos CD1/genética , Biomarcadores/análisis , Proteínas Portadoras/análisis , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Quimiocina CCL17 , Quimiocina CCL22 , Quimiocinas CC/análisis , Quimiocinas CC/genética , Gelsolina/análisis , Gelsolina/genética , Expresión Génica , Biblioteca de Genes , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Inmunofenotipificación , Lectinas Tipo C/análisis , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Lectinas de Unión a Manosa/análisis , Lectinas de Unión a Manosa/genética , Metaloproteinasa 12 de la Matriz , Metaloendopeptidasas/análisis , Metaloendopeptidasas/genética , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/análisis , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Muramidasa/análisis , Muramidasa/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
AIM: To gain more insight into the genes involved in the aetiology and pathogenesis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). METHODS: Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was undertaken on the CD4+ALK+ (anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive) ALCL derived cell line Karpas299 and as comparison on CD4+ T cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed on five ALCL derived cell lines and 32 tissue samples to confirm the SAGE data. RESULTS: High expression of Mcl-1 was seen in the Karpas299 cell line, whereas the two other antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), were not detected in the SAGE library. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the high expression of Mcl-1 mRNA and low expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) in Karpas299 and in four other ALCL cell lines. To expand on these initial observations, primary tissue samples were analysed for Mcl-1, Bcl-X(L), and Bcl-2 by immunohistochemistry. All 23 ALK+ and nine ALK- ALCL cases were positive for Mcl-1. Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) were expressed infrequently in ALK+ ALCL cases, but were present in a higher proportion of ALK- ALCL cases. CONCLUSION: The consistent high expression of Mcl-1 in ALK+ and ALK- ALCL suggests that Mcl-1 is the main antiapoptotic protein in this disease. The high frequency of Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-X(L) positive ALCL cases in the ALK- group compared with the ALK+ group indicates that ALK induced STAT3 activation is not the main regulatory pathway in ALCL.
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Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genética , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Apoptosis/genética , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/fisiología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Genes bcl-2/genética , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Proteína 1 de la Secuencia de Leucemia de Células Mieloides , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Neoplásico/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Proteína bcl-XRESUMEN
Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins, such as BMI-1 and EZH2, form multimeric gene-repressing complexes involved in axial patterning, hematopoiesis, and cell cycle regulation. In addition, BMI-1 is involved in experimental lymphomagenesis. Little is known about its role in human lymphomagenesis. Here, BMI-1 and EZH2 expression patterns are analyzed in a variety of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs), including small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma, mantle-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. In contrast to the mutually exclusive pattern of BMI-1 and EZH2 in reactive follicles, the neoplastic cells in B-NHLs of intermediate- and high-grade malignancy showed strong coexpression of BMI-1 and EZH2. This pattern overlapped with the expression of Mib-1/Ki-67, a marker for proliferation. Neoplastic cells in B-NHL of low-grade malignancy were either BMI-1(low)/EZH2(+) (neoplastic centroblasts) or BMI-1(low)EZH2(-) (neoplastic centrocytes). These observations show that low-, intermediate-, and high grade B-NHLs are associated with increased coexpression of the BMI-1 and EZH2 PcG proteins, whose normal expression pattern is mutually exclusive. This expression pattern is probably caused by a failure to down-regulate BMI-1 in dividing neoplastic cells, because BMI-1 expression is absent from normal dividing B cells. These observations are in agreement with findings in studies of Bmi-1 transgenic mice. The extent of BMI-1/EZH2 coexpression correlated with clinical grade and the presence of Mib-1/Ki-67 expression, suggesting that the irregular expression of BMI-1 and EZH2 is an early event in the formation of B-NHL. This points to a role for abnormal PcG expression in human lymphomagenesis. (Blood. 2001;97:3896-3901)
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Proteínas de Drosophila , Linfoma de Células B/química , Linfoma de Células B/etiología , Proteínas Nucleares/biosíntesis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Represoras/biosíntesis , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antígenos Nucleares , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Niño , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Secciones por Congelación , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Linfoma de Células B/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 1 , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2RESUMEN
BMI-1 and EZH2 Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins belong to two distinct protein complexes involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Using unique PcG-specific antisera and triple immunofluorescence, we found that mature resting peripheral T cells expressed BMI-1, whereas dividing blasts were EZH2(+). By contrast, subcapsular immature double-negative (DN) (CD4(-)/CD8(-)) T cells in the thymus coexpressed BMI-1 and EZH2 or were BMI-1 single positive. Their descendants, double-positive (DP; CD4(+)/CD8(+)) cortical thymocytes, expressed EZH2 without BMI-1. Most EZH2(+) DN and DP thymocytes were dividing, while DN BMI-1(+)/EZH2(-) thymocytes were resting and proliferation was occasionally noted in DN BMI-1(+)/EZH2(+) cells. Maturation of DP cortical thymocytes to single-positive (CD4(+)/CD8(-) or CD8(+)/CD4(-)) medullar thymocytes correlated with decreased detectability of EZH2 and continued relative absence of BMI-1. Our data show that BMI-1 and EZH2 expression in mature peripheral T cells is mutually exclusive and linked to proliferation status, and that this pattern is not yet established in thymocytes of the cortex and medulla. T cell stage-specific PcG expression profiles suggest that PcG genes contribute to regulation of T cell differentiation. They probably reflect stabilization of cell type-specific gene expression and irreversibility of lineage choice. The difference in PcG expression between medullar thymocytes and mature interfollicular T cells indicates that additional maturation processes occur after thymocyte transportation from the thymus.
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Proteínas de Drosophila , Proteínas Nucleares/biosíntesis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Represoras/biosíntesis , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/citología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Timo/citología , Timo/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/química , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/química , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Linaje de la Célula/genética , Linaje de la Célula/inmunología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Ganglios Linfáticos/citología , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Especificidad de Órganos/genética , Especificidad de Órganos/inmunología , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 1 , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2 , Proteínas del Grupo Polycomb , Proteínas Represoras/fisiología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/química , Timo/químicaRESUMEN
The human BMI-1 and EZH2 polycomb group (PcG) proteins are constituents of two distinct complexes of PcG proteins with gene regulatory activity. PcG proteins ensure correct embryonic development by suppressing homeobox genes, and they also contribute to regulation of lymphopoiesis. The two PcG complexes are thought to regulate different target genes and probably have different tissue distributions. Altered expression of PcG genes is linked to transformation in cell lines and induction of tumors in mutant mice, but the role of PcG genes in human cancers is relatively unexplored. Using antisera specific for human PcG proteins, we used immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to detect BMI-1 and EZH2 PcG proteins in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease (HRS). The expression patterns were compared to those in follicular lymphocytes of the lymph node, the normal counterparts of HRS cells. In the germinal center, expression of BMI-1 is restricted to resting Mib-1/Ki-67(-) centrocytes, whereas EZH2 expression is associated with dividing Mib-1/Ki-67(+) centroblasts. By contrast, HRS cells coexpress BMI-1, EZH2, and Mib-1/Ki-67. Because HRS cells are thought to originate from germinal center lymphocytes, these observations suggests that Hodgkin's disease is associated with coexpression of BMI-1 and EZH2 in HRS cells.