Momentary Desire for Sexual Intercourse and Momentary Emotional Intimacy Associated With Perceived Relationship Quality and Physical Intimacy in Heterosexual Emerging Adult Couples.

Sexual desire and emotional intimacy are central to relationships, yet little is known about how these feelings vary within and between partners or relate to dyad functioning. We explored magnitude and stability of momentary sexual desire and emotional intimacy in relation to quality and functioning of heterosexual relationships. After reporting perceived relationship quality and physical intimacy enjoyment, members of 18 emerging adult heterosexual couples reported momentary partner-specific sexual desire and emotional intimacy several times a day for two weeks (2,224 reports). Mean and mean squared successive difference (MSSD) characterized magnitude and stability, respectively, of the momentary states. Regression models of relationship outcomes examined influence of the male versus female partner having greater or more stable desire and intimacy. Sexual desire and emotional intimacy magnitude and stability were associated with relationship quality and physical intimacy enjoyment differently for men versus women. Gender-specific differences between partners also predicted relationship outcomes. Men particularly perceived higher relationship quality and enjoyed physical intimacy more when they had higher and more stable sexual desire and their female partners had more stable emotional intimacy. Partner differences in momentary sexual desire and emotional intimacy may contribute to understanding quality and functioning of heterosexual relationships.

Three-Year Improvements in Weight Status and Weight-Related Behaviors in Middle School Students: The Healthy Choices Study.

INTRODUCTION: Few dissemination evaluations exist to document the effectiveness of evidence-based childhood obesity interventions outside the research setting. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate Healthy Choices (HC), a multi-component obesity prevention program, by examining school-level changes in weight-related behaviors and weight status and the association of implementation components with odds of overweight/obesity. METHODS: We compared baseline and Year 3 school-level behavioral and weight status outcomes with paired t-tests adjusted for schools' socio-demographic characteristics. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the odds of overweight/obesity associated with program components. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive sample of 45 of 51 middle schools participating in the HC program with complete baseline and follow-up survey data including a subsample of 35 schools with measured anthropomentry for 5,665 7th grade students. INTERVENTION: Schools developed a multi-disciplinary team and implemented an obesity prevention curriculum, before and after school activities, environmental and policy changes and health promotions targeting a 5-2-1 theme: eat ≥ 5 servings/day of fruits and vegetables (FV), watch ≤ 2 hours of television (TV) and participate in ≥ 1 hours/day of physical activity (PA) on most days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 1) School-level percent of students achieving targeted behaviors and percent overweight/obese; and 2) individual odds of overweight/obesity. RESULTS: The percent achieving behavioral goals over three years increased significantly for FV: 16.4 to 19.4 (p = 0.001), TV: 53.4 to 58.2 (p = 0.003) and PA: 37.1 to 39.9 (p = 0.02), adjusting for school size, baseline mean age and percent female, non-Hispanic White, and eligible for free and reduced price lunch. In 35 schools with anthropometry, the percent of overweight/obese 7th grade students decreased from 42.1 to 38.4 (p = 0.016). Having a team that met the HC definition was associated with lower odds of overweight/obesity (OR = 0.83, CI: 0.71-0.98). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The HC multi-component intervention demonstrated three-year improvements in weight-related behaviors and weight status across diverse middle schools. Team building appears important to the program's effectiveness.

Differences in correlates of condom use between young adults and adults attending sexually transmitted infection clinics.

Despite developmental differences between young adults and adults, studies of condom use have not typically considered young adults as a distinct age group. This study sought to examine how condom use and its correlates differed between high-risk young adults and adults. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic patients (n = 763) reported STI history, contraception, negative condom attitudes, fear of partner reaction to condom use and risky behaviours. Past 3-month condom use was examined as unprotected vaginal sex (UVS) acts, proportional condom use and consistent condom use. Regression models tested associations of age group and potential correlates with each condom use outcome. Interaction models tested whether associations differed by age group. Proportional condom use was greater in young adults than adults (mean 0.55 vs. 0.47); UVS and consistent condom use were similar between age groups. Young adults with a recent STI reported less condom use, whereas for older adults, a distant STI was associated with less condom use, compared to others in their age groups. Negative condom attitudes were more strongly linked to UVS acts for younger versus older adults. STI prevention efforts for younger adults may be improved by intensifying counselling about condom use immediately following STI diagnosis and targeting negative condom attitudes.

Bayesian mixed-effects location and scale models for multivariate longitudinal outcomes: an application to ecological momentary assessment data.

In the statistical literature, the methods to understand the relationship of explanatory variables on each individual outcome variable are well developed and widely applied. However, in most health-related studies given the technological advancement and sophisticated methods of obtaining and storing data, a need to perform joint analysis of multivariate outcomes while explaining the impact of predictors simultaneously and accounting for all the correlations is in high demand. In this manuscript, we propose a generalized approach within a Bayesian framework that models the changes in the variation in terms of explanatory variables and captures the correlations between the multivariate continuous outcomes by the inclusion of random effects at both the location and scale levels. We describe the use of a spherical transformation for the correlations between the random location and scale effects in order to apply separation strategy for prior elicitation while ensuring positive semi-definiteness of the covariance matrix. We present the details of our approach using an example from an ecological momentary assessment study on adolescents.

Leadership in adolescent health: developing the next generation of maternal child health leaders through mentorship.

Leadership development is a core value of Maternal Child Health Bureau training programs. Mentorship, an MCH Leadership Competency, has been shown to positively affect career advancement and research productivity. Improving mentorship opportunities for junior faculty and trainees may increase pursuit of careers in areas such as adolescent health research and facilitate the development of new leaders in the field. Using a framework of Developmental Networks, a group of MCH Leadership Education in Adolescent Health training program faculty developed a pilot mentoring program offered at the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine Annual Meeting (2011-2013). The program matched ten interdisciplinary adolescent health fellows and junior faculty with senior mentors at other institutions with expertise in the mentee's content area of study in 2011. Participants were surveyed over 2 years. Respondents indicated they were "very satisfied" with their mentor match, and all agreed or strongly agreed that the mentoring process in the session was helpful, and that the mentoring relationships resulted in several ongoing collaborations and expanded their Developmental Networks. These results demonstrate that MCH programs can apply innovative strategies to disseminate the MCH Leadership Competencies to groups beyond MCH-funded training programs through programs at scientific meetings. Such innovations may enhance the structure of mentoring, further the development of new leaders in the field, and expand developmental networks to provide support for MCH professionals transitioning to leadership roles.

Utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of transabdominal pelvic ultrasound in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during adolescence. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Academic tertiary care pediatric hospital. PATIENT(S): A case group of 54 patients (mean age, 15.2 years) with PCOS based on the National Institutes of Health criteria and a comparison group of 98 patients (mean age, 14.6 years) with acute appendicitis. INTERVENTION(S): Transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) images were evaluated in the two groups of adolescents, with data collected on quality of the images, ovarian volume, ovarian follicle count, and endometrial thickness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Sonographic modified Rotterdam criteria (volume>10 mL and/or follicle number per section≥10) for polycystic ovaries (PCO). RESULT(S): Among the 54 patients with PCOS and 98 comparison subjects with usable images, the sonographic modified Rotterdam criteria for PCO morphology (PCOM) were met more frequently in the PCOS group than in the comparison group (65% vs. 11%). The vast majority of images were of adequate quality for diagnosis (PCOS=94% and comparison=91%), even in the presence of obesity. CONCLUSION(S): The prevalence of ovarian morphology meeting the sonographic modified Rotterdam criteria by TAUS in girls with PCOS was markedly higher than in the adolescents serving as a comparison group. PCOM findings by the sonographic modified Rotterdam criteria were uncommon in the nongynecologic comparison group, in contrast to previous reports. TAUS may provide useful information in the evaluation of PCOS during adolescence, even in obese adolescents.

Momentary positive and negative affect preceding marijuana use events in youth.

UNLABELLED: ABSTRACT. among young people. This study examined how positive and negative affect differ before marijuana use compared with other times. METHOD: Forty medical outpatients ages 15-24 years who used marijuana recreationally at least twice a week (M = 18.7 years; 58% female) reported momentary positive affect, negative affect, companionship, perceived ease of obtaining marijuana, and marijuana use several times a day for 2 weeks on a handheld computer. Mean momentary positive affect and negative affect scores in the 24 hours leading up to a marijuana use event (n = 294) were compared with affect scores in times further from subsequent use. Generalized estimating equation models considered as potential moderators perceived ease of obtaining marijuana and being with friends. RESULTS: Positive affect did not differ in the 24 hours before marijuana use compared with times further before use. Negative affect was significantly higher before marijuana use compared with other times. Being with friends and perceived easy marijuana availability did not moderate the associations. The association between negative affect and subsequent marijuana use was attenuated when negative affect was examined only for the moment just before use, suggesting that use may follow a period of increased negative affect. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support an affect regulation model for marijuana use among frequently using youth. Specifically, these youth may use marijuana to manage increased negative affect.

Sexual orientation disparities in BMI among U.S. adolescents and young adults in three race/ethnicity groups.

Obesity is a key public health issue for US youth. Previous research with primarily white samples of youth has indicated that sexual minority females have higher body mass index (BMI) and sexual minority males have lower BMI than their same-gender heterosexual counterparts, with sexual orientation differences in males increasing across adolescence. This research explored whether gender and sexual orientation differences in BMI exist in nonwhite racial/ethnic groups. Using data from Waves I-IV (1995-2009) of the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 13,306, ages 11-34 years), we examined associations between sexual orientation and BMI (kg/m2) over time, using longitudinal linear regression models, stratified by gender and race/ethnicity. Data were analyzed in 2013. Among males, heterosexual individuals showed greater one-year BMI gains than gay males across all race/ethnicity groups. Among females, white and Latina bisexual individuals had higher BMI than same-race/ethnicity heterosexual individuals regardless of age; there were no sexual orientation differences in black/African Americans. Sexual orientation disparities in BMI are a public health concern across race/ethnicity groups. Interventions addressing unhealthy weight gain in youth must be relevant for all sexual orientations and race/ethnicities.

Predictors of optional immunization uptake in an urban south Indian population.

BACKGROUND: In Tamil Nadu, India, bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, oral poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, and measles vaccines are part of the routine immunization schedule and are available free from government health centers. All other vaccines are optional and available in the private sector at a cost to families. This study assesses immunization rates of routine and optional vaccines and examines parental attitudes toward vaccines in Pallavapuram, Tamil Nadu. METHODS: The cluster sampling method was used to estimate immunization coverage. Seven children 18 to 36 months old were selected from 30 clusters for a total sample of 210 children. Demographics and vaccination data were collected from interviews and immunization records. Predictors of vaccination status were identified with logistic regression models. In addition, 21 parents participated in semi-structured interviews regarding their attitudes toward vaccination. Interviews were analyzed qualitatively for themes. RESULTS: Eighty one percent of children were fully immunized with routine vaccines. However, only 21% received all "major" optional vaccines, defined as 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, one dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, and one dose of varicella zoster virus vaccine. Birth in a private hospital (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 22.9, P<0.01), higher income (P=0.03), and maternal completion of high school (OR 6.4, 95% CI 1.5 to 27.6, P<0.01) were significant predictors of receiving all major optional vaccines. Elucidated themes from interviews included (1) strong parental support for immunizations, (2) low concern for side effects, and (3) low uptake of optional vaccines due to high cost and lack of awareness. CONCLUSIONS: Coverage of optional vaccines is low despite positive attitudes toward immunizations. Efforts to reduce cost and increase awareness of these vaccines particularly among low-income families or to include these vaccines in the routine schedule may increase uptake and reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Associations between affect, context, and sexual desire in depressed young women.

We investigated associations of sexual desire with time of day, physical and social context, and positive and negative affect using momentary sampling in 44 depressed young women (mean age = 18). Analyses revealed that depressed young women experienced sexual desire when with their boyfriends and later in the evening. Sexual desire was also positively associated with positive affect. Sexual desire was not associated with negative affect or physical context. This research suggests that sexual desire is experienced by depressed young women in normative developmental social contexts. Our findings may help clinicians and sexual health educators in correcting the myth that depressed women do not have sexual desire.

Real-time, contextual intervention using mobile technology to reduce marijuana use among youth: a pilot study.

We evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of MOMENT, an intervention to reduce youth marijuana use that combines brief motivational enhancement therapy with mobile self-monitoring and responsive messaging. At baseline, primary care patients ages 15-24 who used marijuana frequently (at least 3 times per week) completed a recall assessment, then 1 week of mobile momentary and daily reports on use-related factors. For the intervention, youth participated in two motivational enhancement therapy sessions, during which they identified their top-3 social and emotional triggers for use and discussed healthy ways to manage them. They then completed two weeks of mobile reports. Upon reporting a top-3 trigger for use, desire to use, or recent use, they received a message supporting self-efficacy and prompting consideration of coping strategies. Generalized estimating equations examined changes in momentary-, daily-, and individual-level measures on 3-month recall and mobile assessments. Twenty-seven youth (M=19.2 years, 70% female) enrolled; there were 377-677 momentary and 50-106 daily reports per study phase. Participants reported reading the messages and finding them motivating, being comfortable with participation, and not experiencing the study as burdensome. Although proportion of momentary reports of being in a top-3 trigger context did not change (36%-43%), marijuana desire in a top-3 trigger context and marijuana use after top-3 trigger exposure decreased over the study (p<.0001 and p=.03, respectively). Daily- and individual-level measures showed similar, non-significant, improvements. The MOMENT intervention appears feasible, well-accepted, and potentially efficacious for youth who use marijuana frequently.

Physical activity disparities in heterosexual and sexual minority youth ages 12-22 years old: roles of childhood gender nonconformity and athletic self-esteem.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is an important health determinant. Little is known about sexual orientation differences in physical activity and their psychosocial determinants. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to examine adolescent and young adult hours/week of moderate/vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and team sports participation by sexual orientation and investigate contributions of gender nonconformity and low athletic self-esteem to possible sexual orientation differences. METHODS: Analysis of data from 5,272 males and 7,507 females from 1999 to 2005 waves of the US Growing Up Today Study (ages 12-22 years). RESULTS: Sexual minorities (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, mostly heterosexual) reported 1.21-2.62 h/week less MVPA (p < 0.01) and were 46-76 % less likely to participate in team sports than same-gender heterosexuals. Gender nonconformity and athletic self-esteem accounted for 46-100 % of sexual orientation MVPA differences. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity contexts should be modified to welcome sexual minority males and females. Targeting intolerance of gender nonconformity and fostering athletic self-esteem may mitigate sexual orientation MVPA disparities.

Spatial distribution of cosmetic-procedure businesses in two U.S. cities: a pilot mapping and validation study.

Cosmetic procedures have proliferated rapidly over the past few decades, with over $11 billion spent on cosmetic surgeries and other minimally invasive procedures and another $2.9 billion spent on U.V. indoor tanning in 2012 in the United States alone. While research interest is increasing in tandem with the growth of the industry, methods have yet to be developed to identify and geographically locate the myriad types of businesses purveying cosmetic procedures. Geographic location of cosmetic-procedure businesses is a critical element in understanding the public health impact of this industry; however no studies we are aware of have developed valid and feasible methods for spatial analyses of these types of businesses. The aim of this pilot validation study was to establish the feasibility of identifying businesses offering surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures and to characterize the spatial distribution of these businesses. We developed and tested three methods for creating a geocoded list of cosmetic-procedure businesses in Boston (MA) and Seattle (WA), USA, comparing each method on sensitivity and staff time required per confirmed cosmetic-procedure business. Methods varied substantially. Our findings represent an important step toward enabling rigorous health-linked spatial analyses of the health implications of this little-understood industry.

Youths' health-related social problems: concerns often overlooked during the medical visit.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to (1) measure the prevalence of health-related social problems among adolescent and young adult primary care patients; (2) estimate previous screening and referral experiences; and (3) examine participant attitudes toward screening and referral. METHODS: Data were collected as part of a cross-sectional study conducted in an urban young adult clinic. Patients aged 15 to 25 years completed a computerized questionnaire screening for health-related social problems in nine social domains. In addition, participants answered questions about their previous screening experiences, need for referrals, and their experience using the system. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent (304/401) of youth screened positive for at least one major problem, including healthcare access (37%), housing (34%), and food security (29%). Forty-seven percent (190/401) experienced major problems in two or more social domains. The prevalence of screening in the past year for each domain averaged 26%; 3% were screened in all nine domains in the previous 12 months and 33% were not screened in any domain. Overall, 75% needed a referral within the previous year, and 42% identified at least one unmet referral need. The majority (84%) of participants reported that it was acceptable to screen for these problems. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of health-related social problems among youth is high. The majority needed at least one referral for a social need in the previous year. Primary care physicians would benefit from improved systems for screening and referral of health-related social problems in order to create a comprehensive medical home for their patients.

Predictors of screening and injury in contacts of physically abused children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of screening in contacts of children evaluated for physical abuse, and the relationship of clinical characteristics to screening recommendation and completion and injury identification. STUDY DESIGN: This is a planned secondary analysis of a prospective study of 1918 contacts of 1196 children referred for subspecialty abuse consultation in 20 US centers. We used multivariable logistic models to determine the relationship of index child characteristics, contact child characteristics, and shared characteristics to screening and injury identification. RESULTS: We identified injuries or disclosures of abuse in 180 (9.4%) contacts. Recommended screening was omitted in >20% of subjects for each screening modality. At least 1 screening test was more likely to be completed in contacts of index children of non-White race or Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.13-1.87), with abuse-specific injuries (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.63-2.83), with a confession (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.17-4.07), when the history changed (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.05-2.61), when an occult injury was found by imaging in the index child (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.39-2.43), and when families lacked private insurance (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.15-2.31). CONCLUSION: Completion of screening recommended for contacts of potentially abused children is relatively poor, despite high risk of injury. Several clinical and demographic factors were associated with increased contact screening.

Characteristics of screen media use associated with higher BMI in young adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates how characteristics of young adolescents' screen media use are associated with their BMI. By examining relationships between BMI and both time spent using each of 3 screen media and level of attention allocated to use, we sought to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms linking media use and obesity. METHODS: We measured heights and weights of 91 13- to 15-year-olds and calculated their BMIs. Over 1 week, participants completed a weekday and a Saturday 24-hour time-use diary in which they reported the amount of time they spent using TV, computers, and video games. Participants carried handheld computers and responded to 4 to 7 random signals per day by completing onscreen questionnaires reporting activities to which they were paying primary, secondary, and tertiary attention. RESULTS: Higher proportions of primary attention to TV were positively associated with higher BMI. The difference between 25th and 75th percentiles of attention to TV corresponded to an estimated +2.4 BMI points. Time spent watching television was unrelated to BMI. Neither duration of use nor extent of attention paid to video games or computers was associated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the notion that attention to TV is a key element of the increased obesity risk associated with TV viewing. Mechanisms may include the influence of TV commercials on preferences for energy-dense, nutritionally questionable foods and/or eating while distracted by TV. Interventions that interrupt these processes may be effective in decreasing obesity among screen media users.

The contribution of school environmental factors to individual and school variation in disordered weight control behaviors in a statewide sample of middle schools.

We investigated the contribution of school environmental factors to individual and school variation in disordered weight control behaviors (DWCB). Analyses were based on self-report data gathered from 18,567 middle-school students in 2005 and publicly available data on school characteristics. We observed large differences across schools in percent of students engaging in DWCB in the past month, ranging from less than 1% of the student body to 12%. School-neighborhood poverty was associated with higher odds of DWCB in boys. Preventive strategies need to account for wide variability across schools and environmental factors that may contribute to DWCB in early adolescence.

The temporal relationship between momentary affective states and condom use in depressed adolescents.

Depressed adolescents are more likely to engage in sexual risk behaviors than their non-depressed peers. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine whether affective states predicted subsequent condom use, directly or indirectly through contextual factors and (2) to compare results obtained from structural equation models versus non-linear mixed effects models. This study used ecological momentary assessment to collect data on in-the-moment affective states and sexual behavior from 51 depressed adolescents (7 male, 44 female) aged 15-22 years. The association between positive and negative affect and condom use during a subsequent sex event was explored using several structural equation models and non-linear mixed effects models. Potential mediation by substance use before sex, partner type, reason for sex, and who wanted sex was examined. Neither positive nor negative affect was directly associated with condom use in any models; however, negative affect was associated with increased likelihood of sex with a non-main partner, which, in turn, was associated with increased condom use. Both structural equation models and non-linear mixed effects models successfully modeled the relationship between affect and condom use in momentary data while correctly accounting for the correlation of multiple observations from the same individual. The benefit of structural equation modeling was the ability to directly model the mediation of this effect by contextual factors. In this sample of depressed adolescents, negative and positive affect did not appear to be directly predictive of condom use during a subsequent sex event, although may indirectly affect condom use through sex with a non-main partner.

Utility of hepatic transaminases in children with concern for abuse.

OBJECTIVE: Routine testing of hepatic transaminases, amylase, and lipase has been recommended for all children evaluated for physical abuse, but rates of screening are widely variable, even among abuse specialists, and data for amylase and lipase testing are lacking. A previous study of screening in centers that endorsed routine transaminase screening suggested that using a transaminase threshold of 80 IU/L could improve injury detection. Our objectives were to prospectively validate the test characteristics of the 80-IU/L threshold and to determine the utility of amylase and lipase to detect occult abdominal injury. METHODS: This was a retrospective secondary analysis of the Examining Siblings To Recognize Abuse research network, a multicenter study in children younger than 10 years old who underwent subspecialty evaluation for physical abuse. We determined rates of identified abdominal injuries and results of transaminase, amylase, and lipase testing. Screening studies were compared by using basic test characteristics (sensitivity, specificity) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: Abdominal injuries were identified in 82 of 2890 subjects (2.8%; 95% confidence interval: 2.3%-3.5%). Hepatic transaminases were obtained in 1538 (53%) subjects. Hepatic transaminases had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. A threshold of 80 IU/L yielded sensitivity of 83.8% and specificity of 83.1%. The areas under the curve for amylase and lipase were 0.67 and 0.72, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Children evaluated for physical abuse with transaminase levels >80 IU/L should undergo definitive testing for abdominal injury.

Development of muscularity and weight concerns in heterosexual and sexual minority males.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the development of muscularity and weight concerns among heterosexual and sexual minority males in adolescence. METHOD: Participants were 5,868 males from the Growing Up Today Study, a U.S. prospective cohort spanning ages 9-25 years. Generalized estimating equations were used to test sexual orientation differences in the development of muscularity concerns, weight gain attempts, and weight and shape concern. RESULTS: Desire for bigger muscles increased slightly each year across adolescence (ß = .10, 95% C.I. = .09, .11) regardless of sexual orientation, but gay and bisexual participants reported greater desire for toned muscles than completely and mostly heterosexual males (ß = .39, 95% C.I. = .21, .57). Desire for toned muscles did not change with age. Attempts to gain weight increased threefold across adolescence, with up to 30% reporting weight gain attempts by age 16. Although underweight males (the smallest weight status class) were most likely to attempt to gain weight, most of the observed weight gain attempts were by healthy (69%) and overweight/obese (27%) males, suggesting that most attempts were medically unnecessary and could lead to overweight. Sexual minority participants were 20% less likely to report weight gain attempts than completely heterosexual participants. Weight and shape concern increased with age, with gay and bisexual participants experiencing a significantly greater increase than heterosexual males. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual orientation modifies the development and expression of male weight and muscularity concerns. The findings have implications for early interventions for the prevention of obesity and eating disorder risk in heterosexual and sexual minority males.