Cox1 barcoding versus multilocus species delimitation: validation of two mite species with contrasting effective population sizes.

BACKGROUND: The cox1-barcoding approach is currently extensively used for high-throughput species delimitation and discovery. However, this method has several limitations, particularly when organisms have large effective population sizes. Paradoxically, most common, abundant, and widely distributed species may be misclassified by this technique. RESULTS: We conducted species delimitation analyses for two host-specific lineages of scab mites of the genus Caparinia, having small population sizes. Cox1 divergence between these lineages was high (7.4-7.8%) while that of nuclear genes was low (0.06-0.53%). This system was contrasted with the medically important American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, a globally distributed species with very large population size. This species has two distinct, sympatric cox1 lineages with 4.2% divergence. We tested several species delimitation algorithms PTP, GMYC, ABGD, BPP, STACEY and PHRAPL, which inferred different species boundaries for these entities. Notably, STACEY recovered the Caparinia lineages as two species and D. farinae as a single species. BPP agreed with these results when the prior on ancestral effective population sizes was set to expected values, although delimitation of Caparinia was still equivocal. No other cox1 species delimitation algorithms inferred D. farinae as a single species, despite the fact that the nuclear CPW2 gene shows some evidence for introgression between the cox1 groups. This indicates that the cox1-barcoding approach may result in excessive species splitting. CONCLUSIONS: Our research highlights the importance of using nuclear genes and demographic characteristics to infer species boundaries rather than relying on a single-gene barcoding approach, particularly for putative species having large effective population sizes.

Validation of the status of a species with high CO1 and low nuclear genetic divergences: the scab mite Caparinia ictonyctis stat. res. (Acariformes: Psoroptidae) parasitizing the African hedgehog Atelerix albiventris.

We report two host-specific lineages of scab mites of the genus Caparinia, parasitizing European and African hedgehogs. Based on morphology, these mite lineages are closely related sister groups. The morphological differences, however, are subtle and do not provide clear-cut evidence for the existence of separate species. CO1 divergence between these lineages was 7.4-7.8%, well above the CO1 barcoding gaps or thresholds commonly used to separate species, whereas divergence of five nuclear genes was very low, 0.06-0.53%, suggesting that these lineages could belong to a single species with gene flow between them. Thus, there is a conflict between the mitochondrial (CO1) gene and nuclear genes (i.e mito-nuclear discordance). We attribute this conflict to the 'gray zone' where species delimitation is ambiguous due to substantial gene flow. We also report another 'gray zone' species, Psoroptes ovis (a species of veterinary importance), whose within-species CO1 distances reached 6.0%. We provide a detailed morphological description and figures of C. ictonyctis stat. res. from the African hedgehog, using light and SEM microscopy and give morphometric data for this species and its sister species, Caparinia tripilis from Europe. For all known species of Caparinia, we document their host associations and give a key to species of the world based on results of our morphological and molecular analyses and a nearly exhaustive study of museum specimens.

A review of fur-mites of the genus Dubininetta Fain & Lukoschus, 1978 (Acariformes: Listrophoridae), ectoparasites of moles (Soricomorpha: Talpidae).

The fur mite genus Dubininetta Fain & Lukoschus, 1978 (Acariformes: Listrophoridae) represented by ectoparasites of moles (Soricomorpha: Talpidae) is revised. An amended diagnosis of this genus is provided. Two new species are described from moles in Vietnam: Dubininetta euroscaptor n. sp. from Euroscaptor parvidens (Miller) and Dubininetta abramovi n. sp. from Euroscaptor subanura Kawada, Son & Can. The insufficiently described D. taiwanensis (Fain & Lukoschus, 1978) from Mogera insularis (Swinhoe) (type-host) is redescribed based on the type-specimens and numerous newly collected in the Russian Far East specimens from Mogera robusta Nehring. The host ranges are considered for all species of Dubininetta. A key to the five species presently known in this genus is provided.

New Species and New Records of Mites of the Family Myocoptidae (Acariformes: Sarcoptoidea) From African Rodents.

Eleven species of myocoptid mites (Acariformes: Myocoptidae) are recorded from African rodents. Among them, three species are described as new for science: Myocoptes lophuromys sp. nov. from Lophuromys woosnami Thomas, 1906 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Uganda, Trichoecius hylomyscus sp. nov. from Hylomyscus anselli Bishop, 1979 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Tanzania (type host and locality) and Hylomyscus stella (Thomas, 1911) from Gabon, and Trichoecius faini sp. nov. from Hylomyscus arcimontanus Carlton and Stanley, 2005 from Tanzania. Gliricoptes graphiuri Fain, 1970 syn. nov. is synonymized with Gliricoptes vulcanorum Fain, 1970, and the female of Trichoecius angolensis Fain, 1972 is described for the first time. New hosts and localities are provided for four species: Myocoptes grammomys Fain, 1970 from Grammomys dryas (L., 1758) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Burundi and Uganda, Myocoptes spinulatus Fain, 1970 from Dendromus mystacalis (Heuglin, 1863) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Tanzania, Crinicastor congolensis Fain, 1970 from Grammomys macmillani (Wroughton, 1907) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Tanzania, and Trichoecius otomys Fain, 1970 from Otomys typus (Heuglin, 1877) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Uganda. Three species are recorded from new localities: Gliricoptes vulcanorum from Tanzania, Trichoecius angolensis from South Africa, and Trichoecius lootensi Fain, 1970 from Tanzania.

A new species of myocoptid mites Myocoptes (Comyocoptes) nesokia sp. nov. (Acariformes: Myocoptidae) parasitizing Nesokia indica (Rodentia: Muridae) in Pakistan.

A new species of parasitic mites, Myocoptes (Comyocoptes) nesokia sp. nov. (Acariformes: Myocoptidae) is described from Nesokia indica (Gray, 1830) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pakistan. Females of this species differ from the morphologically similar species, Myocoptes (Comyocoptes) striatus Fain, 1970, by the presence of a verrucose pattern in the middle part of the hysteronotum, longer setae cp (120-140 µm vs. 55-60 µm), and by the absence of scales on the opisthosomal cuticle posterior to the level of setal bases ps3.

Myocoptid mites (Acariformes: Myocoptidae) of the fauna of the former USSR.

Mites of the family Myocoptidae (Acariformes: Sarcoptoidea) of the former USSR are revised based on the collection of the Zoological Institute RAS (St. Petersburg, Russia). Seventeen described species are recorded. Four species are described as new for science: Trichoecius dubininae sp. nov. from Lasiopodomys gregalis (Pallas) (Rodentia: Cricetidae) from Russia (Chelyabinsk Prov., type locality), Kazakhstan and Kirghizia, T. lemmus sp. nov. from Lemmus sibiricus (Kerr) (Rodentia: Cricetidae) from Russia (Taymyr peninsula), T. meriones sp. nov. from Meriones meridianus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Turkmenia, and Myocoptes meriones sp. nov. from Meriones tamariscinus (type host) from Kirghizia (type locality) and Meriones libycus (Lichtenstein) from Tajikistan. In addition, the presence of 7 more species in the fauna of the former USSR is considered highly probable. Myocoptids of the former USSR represent all 6 genera currently recognized in the family. Keys to species, their hosts and localities are provided and all data are summarized in tabular format. A new name Apocalyptoides nom. nov. is proposed for the preoccupied generic name Apocalypsis Bochkov, 2010 not Butler (1876).

Origin of host-parasite associations of Marsupialges misonnei (Acariformes: Psoroptidae)-a parasitological detective story.

Host associations of permanent ectoparasitic mite Marsupialges misonnei Fain, 1963 (Acariformes: Psoroptidae: Marsupialginae) are analyzed. This species was first recorded from an ethanol-preserved museum specimen of Caluromys philander (Linnaeus, 1758) (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) originating from French Guiana. We discovered specimens of M. misonnei from both species known in the carnivore genus Nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae): N. narica (Linnaeus, 1766) from Panama (collected in the field) and N. nasua (Linnaeus, 1766) from Brazil (collected from dry museum specimen). Two alternative hypotheses about an initial host of this mite (bare-tailed woody opossum or coatis) are discussed. We argue that M. misonnei was originally parasitic on Nasua spp. and occasionally contaminated C. philander from these hosts in the collecting process.

Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae)-symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae).

The fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (3 species) (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) represented by permanent symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) is revised. The external morphology of these species was investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the type specimens and newly obtained samples, 2 recognized species, S. scutisorex Fain, 1970 from Scutisorex somereni Thomas and S. kivuensis Fain, 1981 from Crocidura sp.-both are from DR of Congo-are redescribed. A new species S. sylvisorex sp. nov. found on shrews of the genera Sylvisorex (S. granti Thomas (type host), S. lunaris Thomas, S. vulcanorum Hutterer and Verheyen) and Crocidura (C. denti Dollman, C. cf. niobe, Crocidura sp.), collected in the DR Congo is also described. An amended generic diagnosis, including description of female immature stages, and a key to species are provided.

Crocidurobia faini n. sp. (Acariformes: Myobiidae), a new mite species parasitising shrews of the genus Crocidura Wagler (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) in DR Congo.

A new species Crocidurobia faini n. sp. (Acariformes: Myobiidae) recorded on Crocidura denti Dollman (type-host) (Soricomorpha: Soricidae), Crocidura cf. niobe Thomas, Crocidura cf. littoralis Heller, and Crocidura sp. from DR Congo is described. This new species differs in both sexes from all other species of the subgenus Crocidurobia Jameson, 1970 by short setae c2, more than three times shorter than setae se. Females of the new species differ from those of the close species Crocidurobia toroensis Dusbabek, 1983 by setal bases e2 situated slightly anterior to the level of setal bases e1; males of the new species differ by the genital shield bearing five pairs of setae situated anterior to the level of setal bases d1.

New species and records of mites of the superfamily Sarcoptoidea (Acariformes: Psoroptidia) from mammals in Brazil.

Sixteen species of the superfamily Sarcoptoidea (Acariformes: Psoroptidia) belonging to 10 genera of the families Atopomelidae, Listrophoridae, Chirodiscidae, and Listropsoralgidae are recorded in Brazil. Among them, three species, Prolistrophorus hylaeamys sp. nov. from Hylaeamys laticeps (Lund, 1840) (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from Minas Gerais, Lynxacarus serrafreirei sp. nov. from Galictis cuja (Molina, 1782) (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Rio de Janeiro (Listrophoridae), and Didelphoecius micoureus sp. nov. (Atopomelidae) from Micoureus paraguayanus (Tate, 1931) (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) from Minas Gerais are described as new for science. Three species of the family Listrophoridae, Prolistrophorus bidentatus Fain et Lukoschus, 1984 from Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887) (Rodentia: Cricetidae) (new host), Prolistrophorus ctenomys Fain, 1970 from Ctenomys torquatus Lichtenstein, 1830 (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) (new host), and Leporacarus sylvilagi Fain, Whitaker et Lukoschus, 1981 from Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) (new host) -from Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, and one species of the family Chirodiscidae, Parakosa tadarida McDaniel and Lawrence, 1962 from Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) are recorded for the first time in Brazil. The previously unknown female of Didelphoecius validus Fain, Zanatta-Coutinho et Fonseca, 1996 (Atopomelidae) from Metachirus nudicaudatus (Geoffroy, 1803) (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) from Minas Gerais is described. All data on host-parasite associations of sarcoptoids in Brazil are summarized. Totally, 61 sarcoptoid species of 8 families are recorded in Brazil.

Phylogenetic position of the house dust mite subfamily Guatemalichinae (Acariformes: Pyroglyphidae) based on integrated molecular and morphological analyses and different measures of support.

Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (18S, 28S, EF1-α, SRP54, HSP70, CO1, 10 860 nt aligned), we show that the house dust mite subfamily Guatemalichinae is nested within non-onychalgine pyroglyphid mites and forms the sister group to the genus Sturnophagoides (bootstrap support 100, posterior probability 1.0). Because high bootstrap support values may be misleading in the presence of incongruence, we evaluate robustness of the Guatemalichinae+Sturnophagoides clade using: (1) internode certainty indices to estimate the frequency of conflicting bipartitions in maximum-likelihood bootstrap trees, (ii) consensus networks to investigate conflict among different loci; and (iii) statistical hypothesis testing based on information theory, both multi-scale and regular bootstrap. Results suggest that this grouping is very well supported given the data. The molecular analyses were integrated with detailed morphological study using scanning electron and light microscopy. We suggest that the subfamilial status of Guatemalichinae should be reconsidered, and this lineage should be placed within the subfamily Dermatophagoidinae. The latter subfamily is currently accepted in the literature as a monophyletic group but was here inferred as paraphyletic and was not supported by any morphological synapomorphy. The paraphyly involved the most species-rich and medically important genus, Dermatophagoides. Our findings suggest the need for a comprehensive revision of the higher-level relationships of pyroglyphid house dust mites using both DNA sequences and morphology coupled with a broad taxonomic sampling.

A review of the mite subfamily Harpirhynchinae (Acariformes: Harpirhynchidae)--parasites of New World birds (Aves: Neognathae).

Mites of the subfamily Harpirhynchinae (Acariformes: Cheyletoidea: Harpirhynchidae) associated with neognathous birds (Aves: Neognathae) in the New World are revised. In all, 68 species in 8 genera are recorded. Among them, 27 new species and 1 new genus are described as new for science: Harpyrhynchoides gallowayi Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Columba livia (Columbiformes: Columbidae) from Canada (Manitoba), H. zenaida Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Zenaida macroura (Columbiformes: Columbidae) from USA (Michigan), H. calidris Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Calidris minutilla (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) from USA (Kansas), H. actitis Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Actitis macularius (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) from Canada (British Columbia), H. charadrius Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Charadrius vociferus (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) from USA (Texas), H. pluvialis Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Pluvialis dominica (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) from USA (Ohio), H. bubulcus Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Bubulcus ibis (Pelecaniformes: Ardeidae) from USA (Florida), H. ixobrychus Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Ixobrychus exilis (Pelecaniformes: Ardeidae) from USA (Michigan), H. puffinus Mertins sp. nov. from Puffinus gravis (Procellariformes: Procellariidae) from USA (Florida), H. megascops Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Megascops asio (Strigiformes: Strigidae) from USA (Michigan), H. athene Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Athene canicularia (Strigiformes: Strigidae) from USA (Texas), H. coccyzus Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Coccyzus americanus (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) from USA (Michigan), H. crotophaga Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Crotophaga ani (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) from Suriname; Crassacarus Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen, gen. nov.: Crassacarus alexfaini Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. (type of genus) from Cardinalis cardinalis (type host) from USA (Michigan), Passerina ciris (unknown locality in North America) (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), and Setophaga petechia (Passeriformes: Parulidae) from USA (Michigan), C. tinae Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Carduelis tristis (Passeriformes: Fringillidae) from USA (Wyoming), C. fritschi Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Bombycilla cedrorum (Passeriformes: Bombycillidae) from USA (Michigan), C. sialia Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Sialia currucoides (Passeriformes: Turdidae) from USA (Wyoming), C. melanerpes Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Melanerpes formicivorus (Piciformes: Picidae) from USA (Kansas); Neharpyrhynchus turdus Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Turdus migratorius (Passeriformes: Turdidae) from USA (Michigan), N. campylorhynchus Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) from USA (unknown locality), N. spizella Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Spizella passerina (Passeriformes: Emberizidae) from USA (various localities), N. quiscalus Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Quiscalus quiscula (Passeriformes: Icteridae) from USA (Michigan), N. agelaius Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Agelaius phoeniceus (Passeriformes: Icteridae) from USA (Michigan), N. bombycilla Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. Bombycilla cedrorum (Passeriformes: Bombycillidae) from USA (Michigan), N. vireo Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Vireo olivaceus (Passeriformes: Vireonidae) from USA (Florida), N. picidarum Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Colaptes auratus (type host), Melanerpes formicivorus, Melanerpes uropygidialis, and Picoides pubescens (Piciformes: Picidae) from USA (various localities); Perharpyrhynchus charadrius Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen sp. nov. from Charadrius vociferus (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) from USA (Michigan). Harpyrhynchoides oenae lamorali (Fain, 1972) syn. nov. is synonymized with Harpyrhynchoides oenae (Fain, 1972). Harpirhynchoides agapornis (Fain, 1972) comb. nov. and Crassacarus cylindripalpus (Fritsch, 1954) comb. nov. are transferred from the subgenus Pseudoharpirhynchus Fain, Bochkov and Mironov, 1999 (type species Harpirhynchus agapornis Fain, 1972) of the genus Harpirhynchus Megnin 1877. The subgenus Pseudoharpirhynchus syn. nov. is synonymized with the genus Harpyrhynchoides. Diagnoses for the subfamily and all genera recorded in the New Word (Anharpyrhynchus Fain, 1972, Crassacarus gen. nov., Harpirhynchus, Harpyrhynchoides Fain, 1972, Fainharpirhynchus Bochkov and Galloway, 2013, Neharpyrhynchus Fain, 1972, Perharpyrhynchus Fain, 1972, Trichorhynchiella Fain, 1995) are provided. Keys to all harpirhynchine genera and all their species occurring in the New World are also given. A list of all harpirhynchine species and their hosts is compiled.

Tachornithoglyphus gen. nov.--a new genus of nidicolous Pyroglyphidae (Acariformes: Astigmata).

Tachornithoglyphus gen. nov. (Acariformes: Pyroglyphidae) is established for Tachornithoglyphus tachornis (Cruz, Cuervo and Dusbabek, 1984), comb. nov. (transferred from Guatemalichus), collected from nests of the Antillean palm swift, Tachornis phoenicobia (Apodiformes: Apodidae) in Cuba. The new genus differs from the other four genera of the subfamily Guatemalichinae, Guatemalichus Fain and Wharton, 1970, Pottocola Fain, 1971, Fainoglyphus Atyeo and Gaud, 1977, and Capitonocoptes Fain and Gaud, 1984, mainly by having the length of solenidion σ1 of genu I less than one-third that of the segment (vs. solenidion σ1I at least half as long as genu I), by the absence of famulus ε on tarsus I (vs. present), and by coxal apodemes Ia separated from each other and contiguous to the lateral parts of the epigynal arch (vs. posterior tips of apodemes Ia fused to each other and with the median part of the epigynal arch, or separated and contiguous to or fused with the median part of the epigynal arch). A detailed redescription of adults and tritonymphs of T. tachornis is provided.

Two new mite species of the subfamily Harpirhynchinae Dubinin, 1957 (Acariformes: Harpirhynchidae), parasites of the passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes) in Australia and South Asia.

Two new mite species of the subfamily Harpirhynchinae Dubinin, 1957 (Acariformes: Harpirhynchidae) are described from passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes): Harpirhynchoides artamus n. sp. from Artamus fuscus Vieillot (Artamidae) from an unknown locality in South Asia and Neharpyrhynchus domrowi n. sp. from three host species of the family Meliphagidae, Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (Latham) (type-host) from Australia (New South Walles), Ptiloprora perstriata (De Vis) and Myzomela rosenbergii Schlegel from Papua New Guinea.

Carcinopodacarus polymorphus gen. n. et sp. n. from Guira guira (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) in Brazil: a first example of male polymorphism in the family Dermationidae (Acariformes: Analgoidea).

Carcinopodacarus polymorphus gen. n. et sp. n. (Acariformes: Dermationidae: Dermationinae) is described from the guira cuckoo Guira guira (Gmelin) (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) in Brazil. The new genus differs from the closest genus, Psittophagoides Fain, 1964, by the following features: in both sexes, the anterior spines of trochanters I and II are absent (vs present in Psittophagoides), setae d2 are distinctly developed (vs only alveoli), and genual setae mGI are absent (vs present); in males, the hysteronotal shield is split transversally at the level of trochanters III (vs hysteronotal shield entire); in females, the platelets situated posterior to the propodonotal shield are absent (vs present), the metapodosomal sclerites are present (vs absent), and the adanal shields are fused anteriorly to each other (vs separated from each other). In this species, andropolymorphism is detected for the first time for the family. It involves various characters but the most impressive feature is the structure of legs III. In hetero- and mesomorphic males, these legs are strongly hypertrophied and have a distinct ventral spur on femora III; in homeomorphic males, legs III are not modified and subequal to legs IV.

Lemuralges propithecus sp. n. (Acariformes: Psoroptidae), an ectoparasite of the diademed sifaka Propithecus diadema (Primates: Indriidae).

A new species of the genus Lemuralges Fain, 1963 (Acariformes: Psoroptidae: Makialginae) is described from the Malagasy lemur Propithecus diadema (Bennett) (Primates: Indriidae) based on all postembryonic instars. This new species differs from the only known species in this genus, Lemuralges intermedius Fain, 1963, by the following features: both sexes of L. propithecus sp. n. show a pair of medioventral projections of the subcapitulum (vs without projections in L. intermedius) and the propodonotal shield is slightly ornamented (vs unornamented); in males the hysteronotal shield is completely covered by longitudinal striae (vs median part without striae), setae c2 are 120-140 µm long (vs 200-210 µm long), and femur III has a short transverse furrow dorsally (vs a longitudinal furrow); in females, setae h2 are, at least, 2 times shorter than h3 (vs slightly longer, or subequal to, h3), tibia IV has a ventro-apical projection (vs without projection). Larvae and protonymphs of the new species show some unique developmental delays. Female and male tritonymphs differ by their external morphology.

A review of the zumpti species group of the genus Harpyrhynchoides (Acariformes: Harpirhynchidae)--ectoparasites of passerines.

The zumpti species group of the genus Harpyrhynchoides (Harpirhynchidae), parasites of passerines, is revised. A key to the species of this group is provided and data on host associations and geographic distribution of its constituent species are summarized. This group includes six previously recognized species: Harpyrhynchoides alaudinus Bochkov, 2000, H. brevis (Ewing, 1911) comb. nov., H. heatherae Bochkov and Galloway, 2013, H. rubeculinus (Cherny and Sixl, 1971), H. vulgaris Bochkov and Galloway, 2004, and H. zumpti (Fain, 1972). Three species from North American passerines are described as new: H. setophaga sp. nov. from Setophaga ruticilla (Parulidae), H. xanthocephalus sp. nov. from Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Icteridae), and H. spizella sp. nov. from Spizella passerina (Emberizidae). Additionally, H. brevis is redescribed based on samples from Coccothraustes vespertinus (type host) and Loxia curvirostra (Passeriformes: Fringillidae) from North America. Harpyrhynchoides kirgizorum Fain et al. 1999 syn. nov. is synonymized with H. zumpti. 

Mites of the genus Paracoroptes Lavoipierre, 1955 (Acariformes: Psoroptidae)--skin parasites of the African monkeys of the family Cercopithecidae (Primates).

Two new species of Paracoroptes Lavoipierre, 1955 (Acariformes: Psoroptidae: Paracoroptinae) are described: Paracoroptes miopithecus sp. n. from Miopithecus talapoin (Schreber) and Paracoroptes piliocolobus sp. n. from Piliocolobus badius (Kerr) (Primates: Cercopithecidae)--both are from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A key to all 6 species of the genus is provided and host-parasite relationships of its representatives are discussed.

A review of the subfamily Harpypalpinae Fain, 1972 (Acariformes: Harpirhynchidae)--parasites of passerine birds.

The subfamily Harpypalpinae Fain, 1972 (Acariformes: Cheyletoidea: Harpirhynchidae) is revised. Diagnoses of the subfamily and its two constituent genera, Harpypalpus Dubinin, 1957 and Harpypalpoides Lombert and Moss, 1979, and keys to females of all known species are provided. Data on harpypalpine hosts and distribution are summarized, and nine new species are described: Harpypalpus lonchura sp. nov. from Lonchura castaneothorax (Gould) (Estrildidae) in Australia, Harpypalpus pyrrhula sp. nov. from Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus) (Fringillidae) in the Netherlands, Harpypalpus sturnus sp. nov. from Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus (Sturnidae) in the Netherlands, Harpypalpus taeniopygia sp. nov. from Taeniopygia guttata (Vieillot) (Estrildidae) in Australia, Harpypalpoides hirundinoides sp. nov. from Hirundo rustica Linnaeus (Hirundinidae) in the Netherlands, Harpypalpoides johnstoni sp. nov. from Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus (Fringillidae) (type host) in the Netherlands and Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus in Kazakhstan, Harpypalpoides regulus sp. nov. from Regulus regulus (Linnaeus) (Regulidae) in the Netherlands, Harpypalpoides sitta sp. nov. from Sitta pygmaea Vigors (Sittidae) in the USA (Arizona, California), and Harpypalpoides sylvia sp. nov. from Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus) (Sylviidae) in the Netherlands.