Motivation toward physical activity in patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders: a meta-analysis of the efficacy of behavioural interventions.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MDs) represent a global health issue, which can lead to disability. Physical activity (PA) reduces pain and increases physical function among patients with MDs. To promote behavioural changes, it seems important to focus on modifiable factors, such as motivation. Thus, this review aims to assess effects of interventions targeting PA on motivation towards PA. Searches used terms referring to "physical activity", "motivation" and "chronic musculoskeletal disorders" on the databases PubMed, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro and Web of Science. All types of intervention-including but not limited to RCTs-were eligible for inclusion. Risk of bias was assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD). Among 6 489 abstracts identified, there were 387 eligible studies and 19 were included, reporting in total 34 effect sizes. The meta-analysis concerned 1 869 patients and indicated a small effect of interventions on change in motivation towards PA (d = 0.34; 95% CI [0.15; 0.54]; p < .01; k = 33). Behavioural interventions positively impact PA motivation in patients with MDs. In the literature, most studies focused on intervention's effect on fear of movement. Future research should assess other explicit motivational constructs, as well as implicit processes.

Determinants of physical activity in newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea patients: testing the health action process approach.

This study aims to identify the determinants associated with physical activity (PA) behavior in newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients by applying the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) with a longitudinal design. Anthropometric and clinical (OSA severity, subjective somnolence, use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)) variables, the determinants of physical activity specified in the HAPA (motivational self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, risk perception, intention, maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, coping planning, social support), as well as physical activity behavior were assessed using a longitudinal (T1 and T2) design in a sample of 57 OSA patients in routine care. Applying regression analyses, regarding the motivation phase, the amount of explained variance in intention was 77% and 39% of the variance in physical activity. In the motivational phase, motivational self-efficacy, risk perception and outcome expectancies were associated with intention. In the volitional phase, physical activity at T1 and social support (family) were related with physical activity at T2. In conclusion, the assumptions of HAPA were partially found in the context of newly diagnosed OSA patients. This study provided additional evidence regarding the role of motivational self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and risk perception during motivational phase, and highlighted the important role of social support from the family in the PA in this population.

An individualized mobile health intervention to promote physical activity in adults with obstructive sleep apnea: An intervention mapping approach.

Objective: Combining continuous positive airway pressure with physical activity (PA) might be a promising strategy to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This article describes how intervention mapping (IM) can guide the development, content, and mechanisms of action of a mobile application to promote PA in adults with OSA. Methods: To develop the program, the IM approach was followed. This article presents the first three steps of IM to develop a mixed intervention (with interventionists and a digital application) aiming to: (1) assess patients' health problems and needs in a literature review to determine their expectations and perceived facilitators and barriers to PA behavior change and thus select the determinants of behavior; (2) formulate the expected intervention outcomes and objectives to be met to achieve the overall program goals; and (3) select and implement the behavior change techniques (BCTs) to achieve the change objectives. Results: The literature review identified the relevant determinants (e.g., self-efficacy, coping, planning, and habit) of PA behavior using the health action process approach and multiprocess action control. These results were used to specify the program outcomes for PA adapted to physical, psychological, and social parameters. Overall, 11 performance objectives and 30 change objectives were defined. Lastly, BCTs and practical applications were identified. Conclusions: The study provides a theoretical and methodological basis for researchers and practitioners given the current paucity of evidence-based PA interventions for adults with OSA. It addresses the lack of BCTs (framing and prompts/cue techniques) and meaningful behavioral determinants (identity and habit) in most interventions.

Students physical activity assessed by accelerometers and motivation for physical education during class: Should we consider lessons as a whole or only active periods?

BACKGROUND: This study explores the links between measures of motivation based on Self-Determination Theory, and physical activity (PA) indicators assessed with accelerometers during physical education lessons. METHODS: Questionnaires about motivation and psychological needs on the context of physical education were completed by 319 middle high school students, up to 5 times within a 2-year period; they were equipped with an accelerometer and videotaped during a physical education lesson. PA-related indicators were computed considering the entire duration of the lessons (strategy 1), but also retaining only active times during the lesson (strategy 2). RESULTS: When the first strategy was used very few correlations emerged between motivation constructs and PA-related indicators. On the other hand, the second strategy was more effective to detect the link between motivation and students activity during class-time, in particular with sedentary time, moderate and vigorous PA. CONCLUSIONS: This study shed light on the importance of considering how the sequences of PA sessions should be coded, in order to link psychological phenomena with PA levels, as well as to provide a meaningful support for motivational hypotheses.

Automaticity facets applied to screen-time sedentary behaviours and active commuting measured by accelerometers.

Background: The time adults spend sitting in front of screens is a health risk factor. In contrast, walking and cycling to and from work, also known as active commuting, could promote physical activity and improve population health. Objective: This study investigated automatic properties role in explaining active commuting and screen-based sedentary behaviours. The stable, daily conditions for carrying out active commuting and screen-based sedentary behaviour are most likely to develop automatic properties. These characteristics mean performing behaviours via external cues (i.e. lack of intentionality), with an unpleasant emotional experience of not carrying out a set routine (i.e. lack of controllability), and without paying much attention (i.e. efficiency). Method: This article describes findings of a prospective and correlational study in which 128 people participated. First, participants responded to questions assessed using the Generic Multifaceted Automaticity Scale (GMAS), which measured the automatic properties of screen-based sedentary behaviour and active commuting. The following week, both behaviours were assessed by daily logs to document active commuting and screen-based sedentary behaviour events, and by an accelerometer, worn for seven days, as an objective criterion. Confirmatory factor analyses, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regressions were computed for the associations between the GMAS scores and objective criterion measures of screen-based sedentary behaviours and active commuting. Results: Automaticity facets displayed different relationships with screen-based sedentary behaviours and active commuting - people with higher lack of intentionality and lack of controllability for active commuting present higher levels of moderate physical activity. In contrast, the lack of controllability of screen-based sedentary behaviours was a significant predictor of sedentary screen time. Conclusions: The multidimensional approach to automaticity could be useful in determining more precisely the features that need to be addressed to promote the adoption of active commuting and limit the time spent sitting in front of screens.

Validación en español de las propiedades psicométricas de la Generic Multifaceted Automaticity Scale (GMAS) para actividades físicas / Validation in Spanish of the psychometric properties of the Generic Multifaceted Automaticity Scale (GMAS) for physical activities / Validação em espanhol das propriedades psicométricas da GMAS (Generic Multifaceted Automaticity Scale) para atividades físicas

Esta investigación presenta la validación al español de la Generic Multifaceted Automaticity Scale (GMAS) elaborada y validada en francés por Boiché et al. (2016). Esta escala mide tres propiedades de la automaticidad aplicadas a las actividades físicas: (a) la falta de intencionalidad para activar un comportamiento; (b) la eficiencia en su ejecución; y (c) la dificultad para controlarlo una vez adoptado. Dos estudios evaluaron sus propiedades psicométricas. En el primer estudio (N= 245) se realizaron un análisis factorial, una estimación de la coherencia interna a través del alpha de Cronbach y de validez convergente. Se confirmó un modelo en tres factores: (a) falta de intencionalidad, (b) la eficiencia y (c) el control (χ²/df = 2,24; TLI = .96; CFI = .97; SRMR=.08 RMSEA = .08; 90 [.05 - .10]). La GMAS presentó una consistencia interna satisfactoria (α = .89). Asimismo, los resultados mostraron que cuanto mayor sea la automaticidad, mayores serán los niveles de actividad física. Un segundo estudio (N=151) mostró que la automaticidad predijo significativamente la adopción de los transportes activos (β=.29; p < .05) independientemente de las intenciones. La GMAS es un instrumento válido en español para evaluar las propiedades automáticas de las actividades físicas

This research presents the Spanish validation of the Generic Multifaceted Automaticity Scale (GMAS) developed and validated in French by Boiché et al. (2016). This scale measures three properties of automaticity applied to physical activities: (a) the intentionality to activate a behaviour; (b) the efficiency of its execution; and (c) the difficulty to control it once adopted. Two studies evaluated its psychometric properties. Two studies evaluate the GMAS psychometric properties. In the first study (N= 245), a factorial analysis, reliability estimation by Cronbach's alpha, and convergent validity analysis were performed. A three-factor model was confirmed: (a) lack of intentionality, (b) efficiency and (c) control (χ²/df = 2,24; TLI = .96; CFI = .97; SRMR=.08 RMSEA = .08; 90 [.05 - .10]) with a good internal consistency (α =.89). The results show that high levels of automaticity are related to high levels of physical activity. The second study (N=151) shows that automaticity predicts the adoption of active modes of transportation, over and beyond intentions (β = .29; p < .05). These results suggest that the Spanish version of the GMAS is a valid instrument to evaluate the automatic properties of physical activity behaviours

Esta estudo apresenta a validação em espanhol da Generic Multifaceted Automaticity Scale (GMAS) elaborada e validada em francês por Boiché et al. (2016). Esta escala mede três propriedades de automaticidade aplicadas às atividades físicas: (a) a intencionalidade de ativar um comportamento; (b) a eficiência de sua execução; e (c) a dificuldade de controlá-lo uma vez adotado. Dois estudos avaliaram as propriedades psicométricas do GMAS. No primeiro estudo (N = 245) foi realizado análise fatorial, estimação de fiabilidade pelo alpha de Cronbach e validação de convergência. Um modelo de três fatores foi confirmado: a) falta de intencionalidade, b) eficiência e c) controlo (χ²/df = 2,24; TLI = .96; CFI = .97; SRMR=.08 RMSEA = .08; 90 [.05 - .10]) e uma boa consistência interna (α =.89). Conjuntamente, altos níveis de automaticidade foram correlacionados com altos níveis de atividade física. O segundo estudo (N = 151) revelou que a automaticidade previu a adoção de modos ativos de transporte, para além das intenções (β =.29; p < .05). A versão em espanhol do GMAS é um instrumento válido para avaliar as propriedades automáticas dos comportamentos relacionados a atividade física

[Reducing the amount of time spent sitting in a professional setting: the "Sedentariness at Work" (SAW) survey] / Réduire le temps assis en milieu professionnel : l'étude « Sédentarité au travail ¼ (SAuT).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of an intervention on reducing sitting time in a professional setting. METHODS: The intervention consisted of a group presentation on sedentary behavior at work and active work breaks, followed by an individual planning phase. Participants were then invited to use alert software for four weeks. The intervention lasted six weeks; 38 people aged 29 to 59 years participated (80% women). Before and after the intervention, participants wore accelerometers to assess behaviors (sedentary and physical activity at work) and responded to a questionnaire measuring the degree of automaticity for sitting at work and taking active breaks. RESULTS: After the intervention, the time spent in a sitting position during a working day decreased significantly. Specifically, sitting time decreased more among those aged 29 to 43 years; who had decided to take breaks of at least 5 minutes; and had more extended sitting time before the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that combining an informational strategy with computer- or mobile-generated alerts reduces sitting time spent in the workplace. This intervention was inexpensive for employees and companies. An interesting perspective could be to compare these effects with those of interventions based on a change in the physical work environment (such as the installation of adjustable desks).

Understanding the dynamics of physical activity practice in the health context through Regulatory Focus and Self-Determination theories.

This research aimed to associate for the first time in the literature Regulatory Focus and Self-Determination theories to understand the dynamics of physical activity practice in the health context. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted with 603 (Study 1) and 395 (Study 2) French volunteer participants aged from 18 to 69 and 19 to 71 respectively, who were healthy or concerned by a health condition. The main results of structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that across the two studies, health promotion focus was positively associated with intrinsic motivation (.44 < ß < .74, p < .001), integrated regulation (.47 < ß < .72, p < .001), identified regulation (.40 < ß < .69, p < .001) and introjected regulation (.41 < ß < .53, p < .001), whereas health prevention focus was positively related with external regulation (.31 < ß < .45, p < .001) and amotivation (.32 < ß < .38, p < .001). Bootstrapping analyses main results in Study 2 showed that health promotion focus was indirectly associated with physical activity through intrinsic motivation (95% CI [.02 to .11]), integrated regulation (95% CI [.00 to .08]), identified regulation (95% CI [.00 to .09]) and introjected regulation (95% CI [.04 to .12]), whereas health prevention focus was indirectly associated with physical activity through external regulation (95% CI [.00 to .12]). These studies reveal meaningful associations between Regulatory Focus and Self-Determination theories' variables which support the relevance of associating these two models to understand the processes underlying the physical activity practice.

Disgust assessment: Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the French version of the Disgust Propension and Sensibility Scale Revised-12.

The present study examined the internal and external validity of the French version of the 12-item Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-Revised (DPSS-12) in a nonclinical sample from the general population. Two hundred and eighty-two participants completed the DPSSf-12 questionnaire as well as the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), Anxiety Trait (STAI B), Obsessional Belief Questionnaire 44 items (OBQ 44), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a 2-factor structure after two sensitivity items were removed. The 10-item scale showed good internal consistency, construct validity and test-retest reliability. These adequate psychometric properties make the DPSSf-10 appropriate for use by researchers and practitioners.

Development and validation of the 'Echelle de Motivation envers l'Activité Physique en contexte de Santé': A motivation scale towards health-oriented physical activity in French.

This article presents the validation of the 'Echelle de Motivation envers l'Activité Physique en contexte de Santé' including the six forms of motivation underlined by self-determination theory. Study 1 underlines the content validity of a pool of 30 items ( N = 20). Study 2 supports the six-factor structure validity of the 18-item Echelle de Motivation envers l'Activité Physique en contexte de Santé ( N = 309). Study 3 ( N = 191) confirms structure validity, as well as concurrent validity and 2-week temporal reliability. The Echelle de Motivation envers l'Activité Physique en contexte de Santé can be considered as a valid and reliable tool to use in prevention or rehabilitation contexts.

Intention and automaticity toward physical and sedentary screen-based leisure activities in adolescents: A profile perspective.

PURPOSE: Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are increasingly considered independent health behaviors. Additionally, current research suggests that both controlled and automatic determinants account for their adoption. The purpose of this article was to identify intention-automaticity profiles toward PA and screen-based SB and to examine how those profiles are associated with different behavioral patterns. METHOD: Two cross-sectional studies based on self-report questionnaires were conducted with French high school students (Study 1: n = 198; Study 2: n = 185). RESULTS: In all, 4 distinct motivational profiles appeared. The first 3 clusters emerged in both studies: "PA" (high levels of automaticity and intention for PA, low levels of automaticity and intention for screen-based SB); "screen" (high levels of automaticity and intention for screen-based SB, low levels of automaticity and intention for PA), and "mixed" (high levels of all variables), whereas the fourth cluster was observed only in Study 2: "high control" (below-mean levels of automaticity, high levels of intention toward both PA and screen-based SB). Adolescents with a screen profile displayed the least healthy behavioral pattern, whereas those in the PA profile demonstrated the most favorable behaviors. CONCLUSION: Future research is needed to extend these results to other populations using complementary assessment methods of automatic psychological processes and PA and SB behaviors.

Predicting Physical Activity Among Children: Investigating Interaction Effects in the Theory of Planned Behavior.

PURPOSE: The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been criticized for not including interactions between the variables assumed to predict behavior. This study sought to test how TPB variables interact to predict physical activity (PA) in children. METHOD: Four hundred thirty-eight children (Mage = 8.6 years, SD = 1.6 years) completed a TPB questionnaire and a PA questionnaire at Time 1. The PA measure was repeated 2 months later. Path analyses were performed to test the hypothesized model including interaction terms between TPB variables. Simple slopes analyses were also carried out to examine the statistically significant interaction terms. RESULTS: Path analyses confirmed the classical hypotheses of TPB (R2 for intentions = .39, R2 for PA = .12) and also demonstrated only statistically significant Attitudes × Perceived Behavioral Control and Subjective Norms × Attitudes interactions (R2 change for intentions = .01, p = .009). Simple slopes analyses revealed that the strength of the association between perceived behavioral control and intentions was only statistically significantly higher (t = 2.18, p = .05, d = 0.34, 95% CI  [0.03, 0.65]) when attitudes were high compared with when attitudes were low. The link between attitudes and intentions was only statistically significant at a low level of subjective norms but not at a high level. CONCLUSION: The integration of interaction effects between TPB variables did not increase for the variance of PA explained by the model. More research appears to be necessary to explore how the TPB could be augmented to better predict PA in children.

Matched or nonmatched interventions based on the transtheoretical model to promote physical activity. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine whether the efficacy of transtheoretical model (TTM)-based interventions on physical activity (PA) varied according to the following criteria: (1) interventions targeted the actual stages of change (SOCs) or did not; (2) participants were selected according to their SOC or were not; and (3) its theoretical constructs (decisional balance, temptation, self-efficacy, processes of change). METHODS: Thirty-three randomized controlled trials assessing TTM-based interventions promoting PA in adults were systematically identified. RESULTS: The between-group heterogeneity statistic (Qb) did not reveal any differential efficacy either in interventions targeting the actual SOC compared with those that did not (Qb = 1.48, p = 0.22) or in interventions selecting participants according to their SOC compared with those that did not (Qb = 0.01, p = 0.91). TTM-based interventions enhanced PA behavior whether they targeted the actual SOC (Cohen's d = 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22-0.49) or not (d = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.09-0.38) and whether they selected their participants according to their SOC (d = 0.33; 95%CI: 0.13-0.53) or not (d = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.19-0.44). The moderators of the efficacy of TTM-based interventions were the number of theoretical constructs used to tailor the intervention (Qb = 8.82, p = 0.003), the use of self-efficacy (Qb = 6.09, p = 0.01), and the processes of change (Qb = 3.51, p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: TTM-based interventions significantly improved PA behavior, and their efficacy was not moderated by SOC but by the TTM theoretical constructs.

Interaction between self-regulation, intentions and implicit attitudes in the prediction of physical activity among persons with obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Both explicit and implicit motivational processes predict physical activity (PA); however, their respective contributions may depend on interindividual differences. This study examined the moderating role of trait impulsivity and executive functions in the associations between PA intentions, implicit attitudes toward sedentary behavior, and PA measured with accelerometers in persons with obesity. METHODS: Participants (N = 76; Mage = 56 years, SD = 11.9; MBody Mass Index = 39.1, SD = 6.5) completed baseline questionnaires measuring their PA intentions and trait impulsivity. They also performed 2 computerized tests measuring implicit attitudes toward sedentary behavior and executive functions. PA was assessed 4 months later with an accelerometer. RESULTS: Implicit attitudes toward sedentary behavior and executive functions interacted to predict PA. Higher implicit attitudes were associated with significantly lower PA in participants with low and moderate executive functions but not high executive functions. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the role of implicit processes and cognitive factors in health-related behavior adoption through time. Practically, these variables may be useful to identify individuals at risk of abandoning PA after programs who thus may benefit from complementary interventions (e.g., provide feedback on implicit attitudes and develop self-regulatory skills). (PsycINFO Database Record

Implicit attitudes and the improvement of exercise capacity during pulmonary rehabilitation.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of explicit and implicit attitudes in the improvement of exercise capacity during a 5-week pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). A total of 105 patients performed walking tests at baseline and at the end of PR. Change between performances was computed at the end of PR, and Minimal-Clinically-Important-Difference (MCID) were used to categorize patients as responders (i.e. change above MCID, N = 54) or non-responders (i.e. change below MCID, N = 51). At baseline, implicit attitudes were measured through a physical activity versus sedentary behavior Implicit Association Test; explicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured by questionnaires. Only implicit attitudes significantly differed between the two groups (p = .015), responders displaying implicit attitudes significantly more in favor of physical activity (M = .91, SD = .54) than non-responders (M = .60, SD = .71) at baseline. Measuring implicit attitudes in PR could help to accurately estimate patients' motivation, and design more individualized rehabilitation programs.

Do implicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behavior prospectively predict objective physical activity among persons with obesity?

This study conducted among adults with obesity examined the associations between implicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behavior, and physical activity behavior measured 4 months later. At baseline, 76 participants (M AGE = 56; M BMI = 39.1) completed a questionnaire assessing intentions toward physical activity and sedentary behavior and two computerized Single-Category Implicit Association Tests assessing implicit attitudes toward these two behaviors. At follow-up, physical activity was measured with accelerometers. Multiple regression analysis showed that implicit attitudes toward physical activity were positively and significantly associated with physical activity when participants' age, BMI, past physical activity and intentions were controlled for. Implicit attitudes toward sedentary behavior were not associated with physical activity. Adults with obesity who implicitly reported more favorable attitudes toward physical activity at baseline were more likely to present higher physical activity levels at follow-up. Implicit attitudes could be targeted in future research to enhance physical activity.

Change in explicit and implicit motivation toward physical activity and sedentary behavior in pulmonary rehabilitation and associations with postrehabilitation behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to determine whether Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables and implicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behavior would change during a 5-week pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) program, and (b) to investigate the relationships between behavioral intentions, implicit attitudes, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in postrehabilitation. DESIGN: Out of 142 patients with respiratory disease included in this study, 119 completed 2 questionnaires measuring TPB variables with regard to physical activity and sedentary behavior, and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring implicit attitudes toward physical activity in contrast to sedentary behavior. The TPB questionnaires and the IAT were administered at the beginning (Time 1) and the end of the program (Time 2). Six months after the program (Time 3), 62 patients provided self-reported measures of their recreational physical activity and screen-based, leisure-time sedentary behavior. RESULTS: Over the course of pulmonary rehabilitation, perceived behavioral control and intentions toward physical activity increased, as did social norms and perceived behavioral control toward sedentary behavior; implicit attitudes were also more positive toward physical activity. Implicit attitudes at the end of PR (Time 2) were significantly associated with postrehabilitation physical activity (Time 3). CONCLUSIONS: TPB variables toward physical activity and sedentary behavior as well as implicit attitudes were enhanced during PR. At 6 months, implicit attitudes were significantly associated with physical activity. These results suggest that motivation, particularly implicit attitudes, should be targeted in future behavioral interventions in order to optimize the effects of rehabilitation on physical activity maintenance. (PsycINFO Database Record

Moderators of Theory-Based Interventions to Promote Physical Activity in 77 Randomized Controlled Trials.

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has recently showed that theory-based interventions designed to promote physical activity (PA) significantly increased PA behavior. The objective of the present study was to investigate the moderators of the efficacy of these theory-based interventions. Seventy-seven RCTs evaluating theory-based interventions were systematically identified. Sample, intervention, methodology, and theory implementation characteristics were extracted, coded by three duos of independent investigators, and tested as moderators of interventions effect in a multiple-meta-regression model. Three moderators were negatively associated with the efficacy of theory-based interventions on PA behavior: intervention length (≥14 weeks; ß = -.22, p = .004), number of experimental patients (ß = -.10, p = .002), and global methodological quality score (ß = -.08, p = .04). Our findings suggest that the efficacy of theory-based interventions to promote PA could be overestimated consequently due to methodological weaknesses of RCTs and that interventions shorter than 14 weeks could maximize the increase of PA behavior.

The adoption of physical activity and eating behaviors among persons with obesity and in the general population: the role of implicit attitudes within the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Obesity can be prevented by the combined adoption of a regular physical activity (PA) and healthy eating behaviors (EB). Researchers mainly focused on socio-cognitive models, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), to identify the psychological antecedents of these behaviors. However, few studies were interested in testing the potential contribution of automatic processes in the prediction of PA and EB. Thus, the main objective of this study was to explore the specific role of implicit attitudes in the pattern of prediction of self-reported PA and EB in the TPB framework, among persons with obesity and in adults from the general population. One hundred and fifty-three adults participated to this cross-sectional study among which 59 obese persons (74% women, age: 50.6 ± 12.3 years, BMI: 36.8 ± 4.03 kg m-²) and 94 people from the general population (51% women; age: 34.7 ± 8.9 years). Implicit attitudes toward PA and EB were estimated through two Implicit Association Tests. TPB variables, PA and EB were assessed by questionnaire. Regarding to the prediction of PA, a significant contribution of implicit attitudes emerged in obese people, ß = .25; 95%[CI: .01, .50]; P = .044, beyond the TPB variables, contrary to participants from the general population. The present study suggests that implicit attitudes play a specific role among persons with obesity regarding PA. Other studies are needed to examine which kind of psychological processes are specifically associated with PA and EB among obese people.

Motivational Profiles for Physical Activity Practice in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective.

Drawing on Self-Determination Theory, this study explored the motivational profiles toward Physical Activity (PA) among adults with type 2 diabetes and the relationships between motivational profile, perceived competence and PA. Participants were 350 men and women (Mean age 62.77 years) who were interviewed on their motivations toward PA, perceived level of competence to practice, and PA practice. Cluster analyses reveal the existence of three distinct profiles: "High Combined" (ie, high scores on motivations ranging from intrinsic to external regulation, moderate level on amotivation), "Self-Determined" (ie, high scores on intrinsic, integrated, and identified regulations; low scores on other regulations), and "Moderate" (ie, moderate scores on all regulations). Participants with "High Combined" and "Self-Determined" profiles reported higher perceived competence and longer leisure-time PA practice in comparison to those with a "Moderate" profile. This study highlights the necessity of adopting a person-centered approach to better understand motivation toward PA among type 2 diabetics.