Kinetics of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Over the 24-Hour Dosing Interval After Low-Dose Aspirin Administration in Patients at Cardiovascular Risk.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles deriving from all cell types during cell activation, involved in transcellular communication, and regarded as predictors of vascular damage and of cardiovascular events. We tested the hypothesis that, in patients on chronic low-dose aspirin treatment for cardiovascular prevention, aspirin may affect the release of EVs within the 24-hour interval. We enrolled 84 patients, mostly at high or very high cardiovascular risk, on chronic low-dose aspirin treatment. The numbers of circulating EVs (cEVs) and annexinV+ cEVs (total, platelet-derived, endothelial-derived, and leucocyte-derived) were assessed immediately before, and after 10 and 24 hours of a witnessed aspirin administration. Platelet cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) recovery was characterized by measuring serum thromboxane B2 (sTXB2 ) at the same timepoints. Nine healthy participants were also enrolled. In patients, daily aspirin administration acutely inhibited after 10 hours following aspirin administrations the release of cEVs (total and leukocyte-derived) and annexinV+ cEVs (total, platelet-derived, endothelial-derived, and leukocyte-derived), with a rapid recovery at 24 hours. The inhibition after 10 hours suggests a COX-1-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, the slope of platelet-derived and of annexinV+ platelet-derived cEVs were both directly related to sTXB2 slope and COX-1 messenger RNA, raising the hypothesis that vice versa, cEVs may affect the rate of COX-1 recovery and the subsequent duration of aspirin effect. In healthy participants, no circadian difference was observed, except for leukocyte-derived cEVs. Our findings suggest a previously unappreciated effect of aspirin on the kinetics of a subset of cEVs possibly contributing to the cardioprotective effects of this drug.

Reduced platelet glycoprotein Ibα shedding accelerates thrombopoiesis and COX-1 recovery: implications for aspirin dosing regimen.

Cardiovascular (CV) disease prevention with low-dose aspirin can be less effective in patients with a faster recovery of platelet (PLT) cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 activity during the 24-hour dosing interval. We previously showed that incomplete suppression of TXA2 over 24 hours can be rescued by a twice daily aspirin regimen. Here we show that reduced PLT glycoprotein (GP)Ibα shedding characterizes patients with accelerated COX-1 recovery and may contribute to higher thrombopoietin (TPO) production and higher rates of newly formed PLT, escaping aspirin inhibition over 24 hours. Two hundred aspirin-treated patients with high CV risk (100 with type 2 diabetes mellitus) were stratified according to the kinetics of PLT COX-1 activity recovery during the 10- to 24-hour dosing interval. Whole proteome analysis showed that PLT from patients with accelerated COX-1 recovery were enriched in proteins involved in cell survival, inhibition of apoptosis and cellular protrusion formation. In agreement, we documented increased plasma TPO, megakaryocyte maturation and proplatelet formation, and conversely increased PLT galactose and reduced caspase 3, phosphatidylserine exposure and ADAM17 activation, translating into diminished GPIbα cleavage and glycocalicin (GC) release. Treatment of HepG2 cells with recombinant GC led to a dose-dependent reduction of TPO mRNA in the liver, suggesting that reduced GPIbα ectodomain shedding may unleash thrombopoiesis. A cluster of clinical markers, including younger age, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, visceral obesity and higher TPO/GC ratio, predicted with significant accuracy the likelihood of faster COX-1 recovery and suboptimal aspirin response. Circulating TPO/GC ratio, reflecting a dysregulation of PLT lifespan and production, may provide a simple tool to identify patients amenable to more frequent aspirin daily dosing.

Extracellular Vesicles in pregnancy: Their potential role as a liquid biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived particles released during different pathophysiological processes, circulating in many body fluids and mediating the inter-cellular crosstalk. We have analyzed, for the first time, different EV phenotypes and concentrations in the peripheral blood of uncomplicated pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective case-control study, uncomplicated singleton pregnant women at term (N = 59) and aged matched non-pregnant women (N = 21) were enrolled. Freshly drowned peripheral blood samples were stained for flow cytometry analyses of EVs. RESULTS: EVs derived from platelets, leukocytes, endothelial and epithelial cells were identified and counted. Platelet-derived EVs were higher in pregnant compared to non-pregnant women, both in terms of absolute counts (2064.4 ± 1156.3 vs 701.1 ± 378.8; p < 0.0001) and percentages (27.6 ± 17.2 vs 10.7 ± 5.9; p < 0.0001). The opposite pattern was observed both for concentrations of endothelial-EV counts (525.8 ± 499.6 vs 844.7 ± 652.9; p = 0.007) and percentages (6.1 ± 5.5 vs 11.8 ± 8.0; p < 0.0001) and leukocyte-derived EV percentages (10.2 ± 7.4 vs 17.9 ± 11.2; p = 0.002) EVs. CONCLUSIONS: Uncomplicated pregnancies are characterized by a specific EV signature. These cell-derived particles may therefore represent promising biomarkers of different pathological conditions complicating pregnancies, such as preeclampsia or preterm birth.

Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line.

This study evaluates the effects of five different peptides, the Epitalon® tetrapeptide, the Vilon® dipeptide, the Thymogen® dipeptide, the Thymalin® peptide complex, and the Chonluten® tripeptide, as regulators of inflammatory and proliferative processes in the human monocytic THP-1, which is a human leukemia monocytic cell line capable of differentiating into macrophages by PMA in vitro. These peptides (Khavinson Peptides®), characterized by Prof. Khavinson from 1973 onwards, were initially isolated from animal tissues and found to be organ specific. We tested the capacity of the five peptides to influence cell cultures in vitro by incubating THP-1 cells with peptides at certain concentrations known for being effective on recipient cells in culture. We found that all five peptides can modulate key proliferative patterns, increasing tyrosine phosphorylation of mitogen-activated cytoplasmic kinases. In addition, the Chonluten tripeptide, derived from bronchial epithelial cells, inhibited in vitro tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production of monocytes exposed to pro-inflammatory bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The low TNF release by monocytes is linked to a documented mechanism of TNF tolerance, promoting attenuation of inflammatory action. Therefore, all peptides inhibited the expression of TNF and pro-inflammatory IL-6 cytokine stimulated by LPS on terminally differentiated THP-1 cells. Lastly, by incubating the THP1 cells, treated with the peptides, on a layer of activated endothelial cells (HUVECs activated by LPS), we observed a reduction in cell adhesion, a typical pro-inflammatory mechanism. Overall, the results suggest that the Khavinson Peptides® cooperate as natural inducers of TNF tolerance in monocyte, and act on macrophages as anti-inflammatory molecules during inflammatory and microbial-mediated activity.

Tear proteomics reveals the molecular basis of the efficacy of human recombinant nerve growth factor treatment for Neurotrophic Keratopathy.

Neurotrophic Keratopathy (NK), classified as an orphan disease (ORPHA137596), is a rare degenerative corneal disease characterized by epithelial instability and decreased corneal sensitivity caused by the damage to the corneal nerves. The administration of human recombinant nerve growth factor (rhNGF) eye drops, as a licensed-in-Europe specific medication for treatment of moderate and severe NK, has added promising perspectives to the management of this disorder by providing a valid alternative to the neurotization surgery. However, few studies have been conducted to the molecular mechanism underlying the response to the treatment. Here, we carried out tears proteomics to highlight the protein expression during pharmacological treatment of NK (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025408).Our data emphasized a proteome modulation during rhNGF treatment related to an increase in DNA synthesis, an activation of both BDNF signal and IL6 receptor. Furthermore, the amount of neuronal Extracellular Vesicles EVs (CD171+) correlated with the EVs carrying IL6R (CD126+) together associated to the inflammatory EVs (CD45+) in tears. Such scenario determined drug response, confirmed by an in vivo confocal microscopy analysis, showing an increase in length, density and number of nerve fiber branches during treatment. In summary, rhNGF treatment seems to determine an inflammatory micro-environment, mediated by functionalized EVs, defining the drug response by stimulating protein synthesis and fiber regeneration.

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Are Increased in Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease Patients.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of circulating entities that are involved in intercellular crosstalk mechanisms, participating in homeostasis maintenance, and diseases. Celiac disease is a gluten-triggered immune-mediated disorder, characterized by the inflammatory insult of the enteric mucosa following local lymphocytic infiltration, resulting in villous atrophy. The goal of this research was the assessment and characterization of circulating EVs in celiac disease patients, as well as in patients already on an adequate gluten-free regimen (GFD). For this purpose, a novel and validated technique based on polychromatic flow cytometry that allowed the identification and enumeration of different EV sub-phenotypes was applied. The analysis evidenced that the total, annexin V+, leukocyte (CD45+), and platelet (CD41a+) EV counts were significantly higher in both newly diagnosed celiac disease patients and patients under GFD compared with the healthy controls. Endothelial-derived (CD31+) and epithelial-derived (EpCAM+) EV counts were significantly lower in subjects under gluten exclusion than in celiac disease patients, although EpCAM+ EVs maintained higher counts than healthy subjects. The numbers of EpCAM+ EVs were a statistically significant predictor of intraepithelial leukocytes (IEL). These data demonstrate that EVs could represent novel and potentially powerful disease-specific biomarkers in the context of celiac disease.

Oxidative Distress Induces Wnt/ß-Catenin Pathway Modulation in Colorectal Cancer Cells: Perspectives on APC Retained Functions.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multistep process that arises in the colic tissue microenvironment. Oxidative stress plays a role in mediating CRC cell survival and progression, as well as promoting resistance to therapies. CRC progression is associated with Wnt/ß-Catenin signaling dysregulation and loss of proper APC functions. Cancer recurrence/relapse has been attributed to altered ROS levels, produced in a cancerous microenvironment. The effect of oxidative distress on Wnt/ß-Catenin signaling in the light of APC functions is unclear. This study evaluated the effect of H2O2-induced short-term oxidative stress in HCT116, SW480 and SW620 cells with different phenotypes of APC and ß-Catenin. The modulation and relationship of APC with characteristic molecules of Wnt/ß-Catenin were assessed in gene and protein expression. Results indicated that CRC cells, even when deprived of growth factors, under acute oxidative distress conditions by H2O2 promote ß-Catenin expression and modulate cytoplasmic APC protein. Furthermore, H2O2 induces differential gene expression depending on the cellular phenotype and leading to favor both Wnt/Catenin-dependent and -independent signaling. The exact mechanism by which oxidative distress can affect Wnt signaling functions will require further investigation to reveal new scenarios for the development of therapeutic approaches for CRC, in the light of the conserved functions of APC.

Diagnostic Impact of Radiological Findings and Extracellular Vesicles: Are We Close to Radiovesicolomics?

Currently, several pathologies have corresponding and specific diagnostic and therapeutic branches of interest focused on early and correct detection, as well as the best therapeutic approach. Radiology never ceases to develop newer technologies in order to give patients a clear, safe, early, and precise diagnosis; furthermore, in the last few years diagnostic imaging panoramas have been extended to the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. On the other hand, clinical and laboratory tests, like flow cytometry and the techniques found in the "omics" sciences, aim to detect microscopic elements, like extracellular vesicles, with the highest specificity and sensibility for disease detection. If these scientific branches started to cooperate, playing a conjugated role in pathology diagnosis, what could be the results? Our review seeks to give a quick overview of recent state of the art research which investigates correlations between extracellular vesicles and the known radiological features useful for diagnosis.

Selective Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori Carbonic Anhydrases by Carvacrol and Thymol Could Impair Biofilm Production and the Release of Outer Membrane Vesicles.

Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative neutrophilic pathogen, is the cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer in humans. Current therapeutic regimens suffer from an emerging bacterial resistance rate and poor patience compliance. To improve the discovery of compounds targeting bacterial alternative enzymes or essential pathways such as carbonic anhydrases (CAs), we assessed the anti-H. pylori activity of thymol and carvacrol in terms of CA inhibition, isoform selectivity, growth impairment, biofilm production, and release of associated outer membrane vesicles-eDNA. The microbiological results were correlated by the evaluation in vitro of H. pylori CA inhibition, in silico analysis of the structural requirements to display such isoform selectivity, and the assessment of their limited toxicity against three probiotic species with respect to amoxicillin. Carvacrol and thymol could thus be considered as new lead compounds as alternative H. pylori CA inhibitors or to be used in association with current drugs for the management of H. pylori infection and limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance.

BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Leads to Long-Term Protection from COVID-19 Disease.

The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines in preventing COVID-19 disease has been extensively demonstrated; however, it is of uttermost importance to acquire knowledge on the persistence of immune-protection both in terms of levels of neutralizing antibodies and specialized memory cells. This can provide important scientific basis for decisions on the need of additional vaccine doses and on when these should be administered thus resulting in an improvement in vaccination schedules. Here, we briefly report the changes in antibody levels and cellular immunity following BNT162b2 administration. We show an important fall in anti S1-Spike antibodies in BNT162b2 vaccinated subjects overtime, paralleled by a contextual consolidation of specific spike (S) T-cells, mainly of the CD8+ compartment. Contrariwise, CD4+ S-specific response shows a considerable interindividual variability. These data suggest that the well-known antibody drop in vaccinated subjects is replaced by memory cell consolidation that can protect from severe adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Picture of the Favourable Immune Profile Induced by Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.

COVID-19 pandemic has hit people's health, economy, and society worldwide. Great confidence in returning to normality has been placed in the vaccination campaign. The knowledge of individual immune profiles and the time required to achieve immunological protection is crucial to choose the best vaccination strategy. We compared anti-S1 antibody levels produced over time by BNT162b2 and AZD1222 vaccines and evaluated the induction of antigen-specific T-cells. A total of 2569 anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG determination on dried blood spot samples were carried out, firstly in a cohort of 1181 individuals at random time-points, and subsequently, in an independent cohort of 88 vaccinated subjects, up to the seventeenth week from the first dose administration. Spike-specific T-cells were analysed in seronegative subjects between the two doses. AZD1222 induced lower anti-S1 IgG levels as compared to BNT162b2. Moreover, 40% of AZD1222 vaccinated subjects and 3% of BNT162b2 individuals resulted in seronegative during all the time-points, between the two doses. All these subjects developed antigen-specific T cells, already after the first dose. These results suggest that this test represents an excellent tool for a wide sero-surveillance. Both vaccines induce a favourable immune profile guaranteeing efficacy against severe adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, already after the first dose administration.

Endogenous PCSK9 may influence circulating CD45neg/CD34bright and CD45neg/CD34bright/CD146neg cells in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Protease proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a regulator of LDL cholesterol clearance and has been associated with cardiovascular risk. PCSK9 inhibitors increase in vivo circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a subtype of immature cells involved in ongoing endothelial repair. We hypothesized that the effect of PCSK9 on vascular homeostasis may be mediated by EPCs in patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Eighty-two patients (45 with, 37 without T2DM) at high cardiovascular risk were enrolled in this observational study. Statin treatment was associated with higher circulating levels of PCSK9 in patients with and without T2DM (p < 0.001 and p = 0.036) and with reduced CD45neg/CD34bright (total EPC compartment) (p = 0.016) and CD45neg/CD34bright/CD146neg (early EPC) (p = 0.040) only among patients with T2DM. In the whole group of patients, statin treatment was the only independent predictor of low number of CD45neg/CD34bright (ß = - 0.230; p = 0.038, adjusted R2 = 0.041). Among T2DM patients, PCSK9 circulating levels were inversely related and predicted both the number of CD45neg/CD34bright (ß = - 0.438; p = 0.003, adjusted R2 = 0.173), and CD45neg/CD34bright/CD146neg (ß = - 0.458; p = 0.002, adjusted R2 = 0.191) independently of age, gender, BMI and statin treatment. In high-risk T2DM patients, high endogenous levels of PCSK9 may have a detrimental effect on EPCs by reducing the endothelial repair and worsening the progression of atherothrombosis.

Predialysis and Dialysis Therapies Differently Affect Nitric Oxide Synthetic Pathway in Red Blood Cells from Uremic Patients: Focus on Peritoneal Dialysis.

Red blood cells (RBCs) have been found to synthesize and release both nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), contributing to systemic NO bioavailability. These RBC functions resulted impaired in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to evaluate whether predialysis (conservative therapy, CT) and dialysis (peritoneal dialysis, PD; hemodialysis, HD) therapies used during CKD progression may differently affect NO-synthetic pathway in RBCs. Our data demonstrated that compared to PD, although endothelial-NO-synthase activation was similarly increased, HD and CT were associated to cGMP RBCs accumulation, caused by reduced activity of cGMP membrane transporter (MRP4). In parallel, plasma cGMP levels were increased by both CT and HD and they significantly decreased after hemodialysis, suggesting that this might be caused by reduced cGMP renal clearance. As conceivable, compared to healthy subjects, plasma nitrite levels were significantly reduced by HD and CT but not in patients on PD. Additionally, the increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) values did not reach the significance exclusively in patients on PD. Therefore, our results show that PD might better preserve the synthetic NO-pathway in CKD-erythrocytes. Whether this translates into a reduced development of uremic vascular complications requires further investigation.

Phenotypic and Proteomic Analysis Identifies Hallmarks of Blood Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in NSCLC Responders to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induce durable clinical responses only in a subset of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. There is a need to identify mechanisms of ICI resistance and immunotherapy biomarkers to improve clinical benefit. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic and predictive value of circulating endothelial and leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. In addition, the relationship between total blood circulating EV proteome and response to ICIs was investigated. An optimized flow cytometry method was employed for the identification and subtyping of blood circulating EVs in 59 patients with advanced NSCLC. Blood samples were collected from patients receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (n = 31) or chemotherapy (n = 28). An exploratory proteomic analysis of sorted blood EVs was conducted in a subset of patients. Our results show that a low blood concentration of circulating endothelial-derived EVs before treatment was strongly associated to longer overall survival (p = 0.0004) and higher disease control rate (p = 0.045) in patients treated with ICIs. Interestingly, shotgun proteomics revealed that EVs of responders to anti-PD-1 therapy had a specific protein cargo before treatment. In addition, EV protein cargo was specifically modulated during immunotherapy. We identified a previously unknown association between circulating endothelial-derived extracellular vesicle concentration and immunotherapy-related clinical outcomes. We also observed differences in circulating extracellular vesicle proteome according to anti-PD-1-based treatment response in NSCLC patients. Overall, these results may contribute to the identification of novel circulating biomarkers for rational immunotherapy approaches in patients affected by NSCLC.

Plasma from obese children increases monocyte-endothelial adhesion and affects intracellular insulin signaling in cultured endothelial cells: Potential role of mTORC1-S6K1.

Childhood obesity is characterized by the loss of vascular insulin sensitivity along with altered oxidant-antioxidant state and chronic inflammation, which play a key role in the onset of endothelial dysfunction. We previously demonstrated a reduced insulin-stimulated Nitric Oxide (NO) bioavailability in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured with plasma from obese pre-pubertal children (OB) compared to those cultured with plasma of normal-weight children (CTRL). However, mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in childhood obesity remains poorly understood. Hence, the present study aimed to better investigate these mechanisms, also considering a potential involvement of mammalian Target Of Rapamycin Complex1 (mTORC1)-ribosomal protein S6 Kinase beta1 (S6K1) pathway. OB-children (N = 32, age: 9.2 ± 1.7; BMI z-score: 2.72 ± 0.31) had higher fasting insulin levels and increased HOMA-IR than CTRL-children (N = 32, age: 8.8 ± 1.2; BMI z-score: 0.33 ± 0.75). In vitro, HUVECs exposed to OB-plasma exhibited significant increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, higher vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules exposure, together with increased monocytes-endothelial interaction. This was associated with unbalanced pro- and anti-atherogenic endothelial insulin stimulated signaling pathways, as measured by increased Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and decreased Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1)/protein kinase B (Akt)/ endothelial NO Synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation levels, together with augmented S6K1 activation. Interestingly, inhibition of mTORC1-S6K1 pathway using rapamycin significantly restored the IRS-1/Akt/eNOS activation, suggesting a feedback regulation of IRS-1/Akt signal through S6K1. Overall, our in vitro data shed light on new mechanisms underlying the onset of endothelial dysfunction in childhood obesity.

Circulating extracellular vesicles as new inflammation marker in HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles, released by cell pullulation, are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and carry proteins as well and genetic material. It has been shown that extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication in several conditions, such as inflammation, immunodeficiency, tumor growth, and viral infections. Here, we analyzed circulating levels of extracellular vesicles in order to clarify their role in chronic inflammation mechanisms characterizing HIV patients. METHODS: We analyzed and subtyped circulating levels of extracellular vesicles, through a recently developed flow cytometry method. In detail, endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles (CD31+/CD41a-/CD45-, EMVs), extracellular vesicles stemming from leukocytes (CD45+, LMVs) and platelets (CD41a+/CD31+) were identified and enumerated. Moreover, we analyzed the extracellular vesicle protein cargo with proteomic analysis. RESULTS: Circulating levels of total extracellular vesicles, EMVs and LMVs were significantly lower in the HIV+ patients than in healthy subjects, whereas platelet-derived extracellular vesicles resulted higher in patients than in the healthy population. Proteomic analysis showed the upregulation of gammaIFN and IL1α, and down-regulation of OSM, NF-kB, LIF, and RXRA signaling resulted activated in this patients. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate, for the first time that HIV infection induces the production of extracellular vesicles containing mediators that possibly feed the chronic inflammation and the viral replication. These two effects are connected as the inflammation itself induces the viral replication. We, therefore, hypothesize that HIV infection inhibits the production of extracellular vesicles that carry anti-inflammatory molecules.

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Circulating Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes from Fresh Peripheral Blood Samples.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by shedding during different physiological processes and are increasingly thought to be new potential biomarkers. However, the impact of pre-analytical processing phases on the final measurement is not predictable and for this reason, the translation of basic research into clinical practice has been precluded. Here we have optimized a simple procedure in combination with polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC), to identify, classify, enumerate, and separate circulating EVs from different cell origins. This protocol takes advantage of a lipophilic cationic dye (LCD) able to probe EVs. Moreover, the application of the newly optimized PFC protocol here described allowed the obtainment of repeatable EVs counts. The translation of this PFC protocol to fluorescence-activated cell sorting allowed us to separate EVs from fresh peripheral blood samples. Sorted EVs preparations resulted particularly suitable for proteomic analyses, which we applied to study their protein cargo. Here we show that LCD staining allowed PFC detection and sorting of EVs from fresh body fluids, avoiding pre-analytical steps of enrichment that could impact final results. Therefore, LCD staining is an essential step towards the assessment of EVs clinical significance.

Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived submicron vesicles released under physiological or pathological conditions. EVs mediate the cellular crosstalk, thus contributing to defining the tumor microenvironment, including in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The available literature investigating the role of EVs in EOC has been reviewed following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on the role of EVs in early disease diagnosis, metastatic spread, and the development of chemoresistance in EOC. Data were identified from searches of Medline, Current Contents, PubMed, and from references in relevant articles from 2010 to 1 April 2020. The research yielded 194 results. Of these, a total of 36 papers, 9 reviews, and 27 original types of research were retained and analyzed. The literature findings demonstrate that a panel of EV-derived circulating miRNAs may be useful for early diagnosis of EOC. Furthermore, it appears clear that EVs are involved in mediating two crucial processes for metastatic and chemoresistance development: the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and tumor escape from the immune system response. Further studies, more focused on in vivo evidence, are urgently needed to clarify the role of EV assessment in the clinical management of EOC patients.

Diameters and Fluorescence Calibration for Extracellular Vesicle Analyses by Flow Cytometry.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the intercellular crosstalk. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs), displaying promising therapeutic roles, contribute to the strong rationale for developing EVs as an alternative therapeutic option. EV analysis still represents one of the major issues to be solved in order to translate the use of MSC-EV detection in clinical settings. Even if flow cytometry (FC) has been largely applied for EV studies, the lack of consensus on protocols for FC detection of EVs generated controversy. Standard FC procedures, based on scatter measurements, only allows the detection of the "tip of the iceberg" of all EVs. We applied an alternative FC approach based on the use of a trigger threshold on a fluorescence channel. The EV numbers obtained by the application of the fluorescence triggering resulted significantly higher in respect to them obtained from the same samples acquired by placing the threshold on the side scatter (SSC) channel. The analysis of EV concentrations carried out by three different standardized flow cytometers allowed us to achieve a high level of reproducibility (CV < 20%). By applying the here-reported method highly reproducible results in terms of EV analysis and concentration measurements were obtained.

Extracellular Vesicles as Signaling Mediators and Disease Biomarkers across Biological Barriers.

Extracellular vesicles act as shuttle vectors or signal transducers that can deliver specific biological information and have progressively emerged as key regulators of organized communities of cells within multicellular organisms in health and disease. Here, we survey the evolutionary origin, general characteristics, and biological significance of extracellular vesicles as mediators of intercellular signaling, discuss the various subtypes of extracellular vesicles thus far described and the principal methodological approaches to their study, and review the role of extracellular vesicles in tumorigenesis, immunity, non-synaptic neural communication, vascular-neural communication through the blood-brain barrier, renal pathophysiology, and embryo-fetal/maternal communication through the placenta.