Eating disorders risk assessment in men who practice team sports.

Introduction: Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by an overconcern about body weight and shape. Men who practice team sports have been systematically excluded from the high-risk eating disorders groups. This exclusion could be challenged based on misinformation about the prevalence of actual eating disorders within these athletes, with the previous evidence showing significant body image concerns among them and the under-diagnosis risk in populations of men. Objective: To assess eating disorders risk in Spanish adult men who practice team sports. Methodology: An observational study was conducted with 276 athlete men aged between 18 and 55 years: 60.5% were team sports players and 39.5% were athletes of aesthetic, endurance, and weight-category sports. Data were collected via an online form including a general assessment sheet and four validated questionnaires: The Eating Habits Questionnaire for Athletes (CHAD), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), the Inventory of Eating Disorders (EDI-2), and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Data analysis was conducted with the software IBM SPSS 28.0.0. Results: About 20.36% of team sports players presented a clinical profile compatible with an ED diagnosis. There were no significant differences comparing EDs potential cases between team sports players and athletes playing sports categorized as high EDs risk. There were significant differences when analyzing the existence of EDs between the different groups of age, family pressure, and coach pressure. The U-value of the Mann-Whitney test presented significant differences when assessing the influence of BMI over the development of EDs. Conclusion: Men who practice team sports may also be a high-risk group for the development of EDs. Being younger than 21 years, having a BMI larger than 25 kg/m2, and perceiving high-level pressure from the coach and/or family would be risk factors for EDs in men who practice team sports.

Prevalence of eating disorders on male team sports players.

OBJECTIVE: To determinate the prevalence of EDs in national adult male team sports players. METHODOLOGY: An observational study was conducted with 124 football, rugby, volleyball, handball, water polo, baseball and hockey players ranging between 18 and 55 years old. All subjects signed the informed consent before participating in the study. Data were collected via an online form including four validated questionnaires: The Eating Habits Questionnaire for Athletes, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 and the Body Shape Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted with the software IBM SPSS V.23.0.0. RESULTS: 18.5% of the population presented a clinical profile compatible with an ED diagnosis. We cannot confidently say that the prevalence of EDs within our sample is conditioned by the analysed variables. CONCLUSION: Male team sports players may also be a high-risk group in the development of EDs. Risk factors such as young age, semiprofessional sporting status and body fat composition could influence its development.

Evaluación del riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en jugadores semiprofesionales de deportes de equipo / Eating disorders risk assessment on semi-professional male team sports players

Introducción: los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) se caracterizan por una preocupación exagerada por el peso y la imagen corporal. Los deportistas de equipo son excluidos tradicionalmente de los grupos de riesgo de TCA. No obstante, esta exención puede ser cuestionada por la creciente asociación deporte-delgadez y la evidencia de estudios previos sobre una gran preocupación por la imagen corporal en estos jugadores. Objetivos: detectar sintomatología de TCA e identificar factores que elevan el riesgo de padecerlos en hombres de entre 18 y 35 años jugadores de deportes de equipo. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo-analítico con 49 jugadores semiprofesionales de baloncesto, fútbol y rugby. Todos los sujetos firmaron un consentimiento informado previo a su participación en el estudio. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante una hoja de valoración general y cuatro herramientas validadas: Cuestionario de Hábitos Alimentarios del Deportista (CHAD), Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-40), Inventario de Desórdenes Alimentarios (EDI-2) y Cuestionario sobre la Forma Corporal (BSQ). El análisis de datos se llevó a cabo mediante Kolmogorov- Smirnov, t de Student, ANOVA y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: el 14% de los sujetos presentó sintomatología de TCA. Se observó una correlación positiva entre las puntuaciones de los cuestionarios, el IMC y el volumen de entrenamiento semanal. Los jugadores de fútbol y rugby obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones que los jugadores de baloncesto. Conclusión: los jugadores de deportes de equipo podrían constituir un grupo de riesgo de TCA, especialmente los de fútbol y rugby. El riesgo aumenta cuanto mayor es el IMC y/o el volumen de entrenamiento

Introduction: eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by an extreme concern about body weight and body image. Male team sports players are usually excluded from the population at risk of developing EDs. This exemption can be questioned based on previous studies identifying a great body concern in male team athletes along with a increase of the sport-thinness relation. Objective: to detect EDs symptoms and to assess risk factors of its development in male team sports players. Methodology: a descriptive-analytical study was carried out with 49 male adult semiprofessional team sports players (football, basketball and rugby) between 18 and 35 years old. All subjects authorized their participation through informed consent. Data was collected through a general assessment sheet along with four validates tools: the Eating Habits Questionnaire for Athletes (CHAD), the Test of Food Attitudes (EAT-40), the Inventory of Eating (EDI-2), and the Questionnaire on the Body Shape (BSQ). All data were analyzed with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: it was observed that 14% of the subjects presented symptoms of EDs. Positive correlation was observed between score of the questionnaires, weekly training load and body mass index. Also football players score and rugbiers score were higher than basketball players score. Conclusion: male sports team players could also be a group of risk for EDs development. EDs risk greats when BMI and weekly training load high

[Eating disorders risk assessment on semi-professional male team sports players]. / Evaluación del riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en jugadores semiprofesionales de deportes de equipo.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by an extreme concern about body weight and body image. Male team sports players are usually excluded from the population at risk of developing EDs. This exemption can be questioned based on previous studies identifying a great body concern in male team athletes along with a increase of the sport-thinness relation. Objective: to detect EDs symptoms and to assess risk factors of its development in male team sports players. Methodology: a descriptive-analytical study was carried out with 49 male adult semiprofessional team sports players (football, basketball and rugby) between 18 and 35 years old. All subjects authorized their participation through informed consent. Data was collected through a general assessment sheet along with four validates tools: the Eating Habits Questionnaire for Athletes (CHAD), the Test of Food Attitudes (EAT-40), the Inventory of Eating (EDI-2), and the Questionnaire on the Body Shape (BSQ). All data were analyzed with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: it was observed that 14% of the subjects presented symptoms of EDs. Positive correlation was observed between score of the questionnaires, weekly training load and body mass index. Also football players score and rugbiers score were higher than basketball players score. Conclusion: male sports team players could also be a group of risk for EDs development. EDs risk greats when BMI and weekly training load high.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) se caracterizan por una preocupación exagerada por el peso y la imagen corporal. Los deportistas de equipo son excluidos tradicionalmente de los grupos de riesgo de TCA. No obstante, esta exención puede ser cuestionada por la creciente asociación deporte-delgadez y la evidencia de estudios previos sobre una gran preocupación por la imagen corporal en estos jugadores. Objetivos: detectar sintomatología de TCA e identificar factores que elevan el riesgo de padecerlos en hombres de entre 18 y 35 años jugadores de deportes de equipo. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo-analítico con 49 jugadores semiprofesionales de baloncesto, fútbol y rugby. Todos los sujetos firmaron un consentimiento informado previo a su participación en el estudio. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante una hoja de valoración general y cuatro herramientas validadas: Cuestionario de Hábitos Alimentarios del Deportista (CHAD), Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-40), Inventario de Desórdenes Alimentarios (EDI-2) y Cuestionario sobre la Forma Corporal (BSQ). El análisis de datos se llevó a cabo mediante Kolmogorov- Smirnov, t de Student, ANOVA y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: el 14% de los sujetos presentó sintomatología de TCA. Se observó una correlación positiva entre las puntuaciones de los cuestionarios, el IMC y el volumen de entrenamiento semanal. Los jugadores de fútbol y rugby obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones que los jugadores de baloncesto. Conclusión: los jugadores de deportes de equipo podrían constituir un grupo de riesgo de TCA, especialmente los de fútbol y rugby. El riesgo aumenta cuanto mayor es el IMC y/o el volumen de entrenamiento.

Can the rate of perceived exertion and fatigue of one professional basketball player be modified through a long term nutritional intervention? / ¿Puede modificarse la percepción del esfuerzo y la fatiga de un jugador profesional de baloncesto mediante una intervención nutricional a largo plazo?

The rate of perceived exertion of one session (S-RPE) and fatigue of an intermittent exercise can be decreased by carbohydrate ingestion during that specific session. In addition, certain nutritional interventions (NI) improved dietary intake (DI) of athletes, but the effects on long term SRPE and fatigue are unknown. Our aim was to assess whether a long term NI could modify the RPE-S and fatigue of one professional basketball player in training and matches during competitive season. NI (2 months) was carried out with one professional basketball player who recorded daily (1 month pre NI; 2 months during NI) S-RPE and fatigue of training and matches as well as mood state, sleep hours and quality of sleep. Before and after intervention, DI (food diary, 7 days) and body composition (anthropometry) were evaluated. Nonparametric comparison of mean (Wilcoxon) was performed between pre and post/during NI data. Carbohydrate intake increased post NI (3.7 g vs. 5.1 g/Kg weight/day; p < .05). Training S-RPE decreased during the NI (5.3 vs. 5.0 ball; 4.9 vs. 4.4 physical; CR-10 scale) as well as all the variables of fatigue. Matches S-RPE increased during NI (7.5 vs. 8.0; CR-10 scale) as fatigue in the morning and at bedtime but not post-match, which was decreased. The S-RPE and fatigue of training of one professional basketball player could be decreased by a long-term nutritional intervention that leads to the compliance with the recommendations

La percepción del esfuerzo de una sesión (RPE-S) y la fatiga de un ejercicio intermitente pueden ser disminuidas con la ingesta de carbohidratos durante dicha sesión. Además, ciertas intervenciones nutricionales (IN) mejoraron la ingesta alimentaria (IA) de los deportistas, aunque se desconocen los efectos sobre la RPE-S y la fatiga en el largo plazo. Nuestro objetivo fue valorar si una IN a largo plazo podía modificar la RPE-S y la fatiga de un jugador de baloncesto profesional en entrenamientos/partidos durante la temporada. Se intervino nutricionalmente (2 meses) a un baloncestista profesional, quién registró diariamente (1 mes pre IN; 2 meses durante IN) la RPE-S y la fatiga de entrenamientos/ partidos, las horas y la calidad de sueño y el ánimo. Antes y después de la IN se valoró IA (diario de alimentos, 7 días) y composición corporal (antropometría). Se realizó comparación de medias no paramétricas (Wilcoxon) para los datos pre y post/durante IN. La ingesta de carbohidratos aumentó post IN (3,7 g vs 5.1 g/Kg peso/día; p< ,05). La RPE-S de entrenamientos disminuyó durante la IN (5,3 vs 5.0 balón; 4,9 vs. 4,4 físicos; escala CR-10) al igual que las variables de fatiga. La RPE-S de partidos aumentó (7,5 vs. 8,0; escala CR-10) al igual que la fatiga al levantarse y al acostarse, pero disminuyó postpartido. El sueño y el ánimo no variaron significativamente. La RPE-S y la fatiga de entrenamientos de un jugador de baloncesto profesional podrían disminuirse a largo plazo con una intervención nutricional que adecúe su ingesta a las recomendaciones

[Effect of two hypocaloric diets and their combination with physical exercise on basal metabolic rate and body composition]. / Efecto de dos dietas hipocalóricas y su combinación con ejercicio físico sobre la tasa metabólica basal y la composición corporal.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is diagnosed by the detection of at least three criteria (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, hypertension, obesity and altered fasting glucose). Visceral fat excess would be the starting point for its development. Scientific evidence supports hypocaloric diets -mediterranean or low fat diet and rich in complex carbohydrates diet included- as the best treatment to reduce fat mass (FM), maximizing its impact by combining them with physical exercise (PE). However, the effects of these treatments on basal metabolic rate (BMR) of patients with MetS, are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the hypocaloric diet - mediterranean or low fat diet- with or without PE on the BMR and body composition (BC) of adults with MetS. METHODS: 36 volunteers, MetS, both sexes, > 50 years, meeting the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to a group of intervention (3 months) of hypocaloric diet: mediterranean diet (MED), low fat and rich in complex carbohydrates diet (CHO) and both combined with PE (MEDE and CHOE respectively). Anthropometric data was taken (weight, muscle mass (MM) and FM) and BMR was determined by indirect calorimetry, before and after intervention. RESULTS: The addition of PE to both hypocaloric treatments produced greater FM loss and weight loss than dieting alone, being this loss in CHOE > MEDE (p < 0.05). These groups decreased the BMR after treatment being MEDE > CHOE (p < 0.05). Mediterranean diet with or without PE lost MM (p < 0.05) being MEDE > MED CONCLUSIONS: CHOE induces less reduction of BMR while supporting a better profile of BC than MEDE.

El Síndrome Metabólico (SMet) se diagnostica por el cumplimiento de al menos tres criterios: hipertrigliceridemia, HDL-C disminuido, hipertensión arterial, glucemia alterada en ayunas y obesidad. Dicha obesidad constituiría el punto inicial para el desarrollo del SMet. Según la evidencia científica, las dietas hipocalóricas, incluyendo la mediterránea y la reducida en grasa con alto contenido en carbohidratos, reducen la masa grasa (MG) de estos pacientes y su efecto se potencia al combinarse con ejercicio físico (EF), pero se desconoce aún su influencia sobre la tasa metabólica basal (TMB). Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de dos dietas hipocalóricas: mediterránea y baja en grasas, combinadas o no con EF, sobre la TMB y la composición corporal (CC) de adultos con SMet. Métodos: 36 voluntarios, > 50 años, ambos sexos, con diagnóstico de SMet. Se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de los cuatro grupos de intervención: Dieta hipocalórica mediterránea (MED), Dieta hipocalórica baja en grasa (CHO) ó ambas asociadas a EF (MEDE y CHOE respectivamente). Se evaluó CC (antropometría) y TMB (calorimetría indirecta) antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La adición de EF a los dos tratamientos hipocalóricos produjo mayor pérdida de peso y MG que las dietas por sí solas, siendo esta pérdida en CHOE > MEDE (p < 0,05). Dichos grupos descendieron la TMB siendo MEDE > CHOE (p < 0,05). La Dieta Mediterránea, combinada o no con EF, disminuyó la MM siendo MEDE > MED (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: CHOE fue el tratamiento que mayor pérdida de peso y MG produjo, induciendo menor reducción de TMB y manteniendo un mejor perfil de CC que MEDE.

Efecto de dos dietas hipocalóricas y su combinación con ejercicio físico sobre la tasa metabólica basal y la composición corporal / Effect of two hypocaloric diets and their combination with physical exercise on basal metabolic rate and body composition

El Síndrome Metabólico (SMet) se diagnostica por el cumplimiento de al menos tres criterios: hipertrigliceridemia, HDL-C disminuido, hipertensión arterial, glucemia alterada en ayunas y obesidad. Dicha obesidad constituiría el punto inicial para el desarrollo del SMet. Según la evidencia científica, las dietas hipocalóricas, incluyendo la mediterránea y la reducida en grasa con alto contenido en carbohidratos, reducen la masa grasa (MG) de estos pacientes y su efecto se potencia al combinarse con ejercicio físico (EF), pero se desconoce aún su influencia sobre la tasa metabólica basal (TMB).Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de dos dietas hipocalóricas: mediterránea y baja en grasas, combinadas o no con EF, sobre la TMB y la composición corporal (CC) de adultos con SMet. Métodos: 36 voluntarios, > 50 años, ambos sexos, con diagnóstico de SMet. Se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de los cuatro grupos de intervención: Dieta hipocalórica mediterránea (MED), Dieta hipocalórica baja en grasa(CHO) ó ambas asociadas a EF (MEDE y CHOE respectivamente).Se evaluó CC (antropometría) y TMB (calorimetría indirecta) antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La adición de EF a los dos tratamientos hipocalóricos produjo mayor pérdida de peso y MG que las dietas por sí solas, siendo esta pérdida en CHOE > MEDE(p < 0,05). Dichos grupos descendieron la TMB siendo MEDE > CHOE (p < 0,05). La Dieta Mediterránea, combinada o no con EF, disminuyó la MM siendo MEDE >MED (p < 0,05).Conclusiones: CHOE fue el tratamiento que mayor pérdida de peso y MG produjo, induciendo menor reducción de TMB y manteniendo un mejor perfil de CC que MEDE (AU)

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is diagnosed by the detection of at least three criteria (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, hypertension, obesity and altered fasting glucose). Visceral fat excess would be the starting point for its development. Scientific evidence supportshypocaloric diets -Mediterranean or low fat diet and rich in complex carbohydrates diet included- as the best treatment to reduce fat mass (FM), maximizing its impact by combining them with physical exercise (PE). However, the effects of these treatments on basal metabolic rate(BMR) of patients with MetS, are unknown. Objective: To study the effect of the hypocaloric diet -Mediterranean or low fat diet- with or without PE on the BMR and body composition (BC) of adults with MetS. Methods: 36 volunteers, MetS, both sexes, > 50 years, meeting the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to a group of intervention (3 months) of hypocaloric diet: Mediterranean diet (MED), low fat and rich in complex carbohydrates diet (CHO) and both combined with PE (MEDE and CHOE respectively).Anthropometric data was taken (weight, muscle mass(MM) and FM) and BMR was determined by indirect calorimetry, before and after intervention. Results: The addition of PE to both hypocaloric treatments produced greater FM loss and weight loss than dieting alone, being this loss in CHOE > MEDE (p <0.05). These groups decreased the BMR after treatment being MEDE > CHOE (p < 0.05). Mediterranean diet with or without PE lost MM (p < 0.05) being MEDE >MED Conclusions: CHOE induces less reduction of BMR while supporting a better profile of BC than MEDE (AU)