Effects of combined training on total ghrelin and tumor necrosis factor-α in obese middle-aged men

Abstract AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of combined training (CT) on total ghrelin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in obese middle-aged individuals. METHODS Twenty two obese middle-aged men (49.32 ± 5.74 years; Body mass index: 30.88 ± 1.64 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to a combined training group (CTG, n = 12) or a control group (CG, n = 10). The CT consisted of aerobic (50-85% of VO2peak) and resistance (6-10 RM) training performed three times per week, 60 min per session for 24 weeks. The anthropometric measurements, cardiorespiratory test (VO2peak), maximal strength assessment (1RM) and plasma concentrations of total ghrelin and TNF-α were determined before (Pre) and after 24 weeks (Post) of the experimental period. RESULTS Decreases were found in body fat percentage (Δ% -19.8) and waist circumference (Δ% -2.8) for CTG at the Post moment as compared to the Pre moment. In addition, the CTG demonstrated increases for VO2peak (Δ% 13.4) and for 1-RM of bench press (Δ% 78.1), leg press (Δ% 22.3) and arm curl (Δ% 19.3) at the Post moment as compared to the Pre moment. However, total ghrelin levels remained unchanged for CTG and CG after the experimental period, while TNF-α levels increased for CG (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION the CT protocol performed was not effective in repairing total ghrelin levels and was not correlated with changes in the TNF-α; however, the exercise training was able to improve body composition and functional capabilities and contained the worsening of systemic inflammation associated to obesity.

Combined training, FNDC5/irisin levels and metabolic markers in obese men: A randomised controlled trial.

The effects of training on FNDC5/irisin and its association with fitness and metabolic marker improvements induced by training have been poorly investigated in humans. Thus, the present study assessed the effects of combined training (CT) on FNDC5/irisin levels, metabolic markers and fitness adaptations in obese men. Middle-age obese men (age 49.13 ± 5.75, body mass index (BMI) 30.86 ± 1.63) were randomly distributed in the CT group (n = 12) and control group (CG n = 10). The CT consisted of strength followed by aerobic training, 3 times/week, for 24 weeks. Body composition, physical fitness, plasma FNDC5/irisin, biochemical markers and metabolic scores/index were evaluated. CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels (µg/mL) (pre: 4.15 ± 0.32, post: 4.21 ± 0.32; p = .96) and improved body composition, metabolic and physical fitness markers. In the CG, decreased FNDC5/irisin (µg/mL) (pre: 4.36 ± 0.23, post: 3.57 ± 0.94; p = .01) and reduced strength (supine exercise/kg) (pre: 71 ± 14.7, post: 60.1 ± 14.05; p < .01) were observed, along with a trend to increase HOMA-IR (pre: 2.63 ± 1.11, post: 3.14 ± 1.27; p = .07) and other indicators of metabolic deterioration. An inverse correlation was found between the change (Δ%) in levels of FNDC5/irisin and Δ% glucose, Δ% total cholesterol, Δ% triglycerides and Δ% waist circumference, in addition to a positive relation with Δ% muscle strength. In conclusion, CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels and provided metabolic and fitness benefits. The correlation between FNDC5/irisin changes and metabolic parameters, as well as the FNDC5/irisin reduction associated with fitness and metabolic worsening in the CG, suggests a relationship between FNDC5/irisin and a healthy metabolic status in humans.

Cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic recovery after a single session of aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction in older adults.

This study investigated the autonomic and haemodynamic responses to different aerobic exercise loads, with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). In a crossover study, 21 older adults (8 males and 13 females) completed different aerobic exercise sessions: low load without BFR (LL) (40% VO2max), low load with BFR (LL-BFR) (40% VO2max + 50% BFR) and high load without BFR (HL) (70% VO2max). Heart rate variability and haemodynamic responses were recorded during rest and throughout 30 min of recovery. HL reduced R-R interval, the root mean square of successive difference of R-R intervals and high frequency during 30 min of recovery at a greater magnitude compared with LL and LL-BFR. Sympathetic-vagal balance increased the values for HL during 30 min of recovery at a greater magnitude when compared with LL and LL-BFR. Post-exercise haemodynamic showed reduced values of double product at 30 min of recovery compared to rest in LL-BFR, while HL showed higher values compared to rest, LL-BFR and LL. Reduced systolic blood pressure was observed for LL-BFR (30 min) compared to rest. Autonomic and haemodynamic responses indicate lower cardiovascular stress after LL-BFR compared to HL, being this method, besides the functional adaptations, a potential choice to attenuate the cardiovascular stress after exercise in older adults.

Combined Training Reduces Subclinical Inflammation in Obese Middle-Age Men.

PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of 24 wk of combined training on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers associated with obesity in obese middle-age men. METHODS: Thirty obese men (48.73 ± 1.04 yr; body mass index, 31.00 ± 0.29 kg·m) underwent 24 wk of combined training [CT (N = 17), aerobic (50%-85% of V˙O2peak) and resistance (6-10 maximum repetition [RM]) training)] three times per week, 60 min per session, or a control group (N = 13). Anthropometric measures, maximal strength for leg press and bench press, peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-15, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined before (M1) and after 8 (M2), 16 (M3), and 24 (M4) wk of the experimental design. RESULTS: Significant increases were observed in the maximal strength for bench press and leg press, V˙O2peak, and serum concentrations of adiponectin and IL-15 for CT. Concomitantly, significant decreases were observed in percentage body fat and serum concentrations of CRP, resistin, and leptin for CT after the experimental period. CONCLUSION: Twenty-four weeks of moderate- to high-intensity CT reduced markers of subclinical inflammation associated with obesity and improved insulin resistance and functional capabilities of obese middle-age men, regardless of dietary intervention and weight loss.

Electromechanical delay of the knee extensor muscles: comparison among young, middle-age and older individuals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the ageing process in the electromechanical delay (EMD), rate of torque development (RTD) and peak torque (PT) of the knee extensor muscles. The volunteers were assigned to three groups: young group (YG - 23·44 ± 4·74 years, 78·14 ± 15·11 kg, 1·72 ± 0·05 m), middle-aged group (MAG - 49·56 ± 6·06 years, 72·01 ± 14·07 kg, 1·67 ± 0·06 m) and elderly group (EG - 68·67 ± 9·06 years, 67·96 ± 7·60 kg, 1·64 ± 0·07 m). The PT and RTD were assessed during maximal voluntary ballistic isometric contractions (MVBIC) in the isokinetic dynamometer. Muscle electrical activity was recorded (EMG) during MVBIC in the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles. The EMD was calculated during the MVBIC, through the time interval between the EMG onset and torque onset. The PT and RTD were higher in the YG than in the MAG (P = 0·02; P = 0·01, respectively) and in the EG (P = 0·002; P = 0·0004, respectively). There were no significant differences in EMD among the three age groups for the VL, VM and RF (P>0·05) muscles. We conclude that age affects the PT and RTD, but not EMD of the VL, VM and RF muscles.

Relação entre nível de atividade física e qualidade de vida no envelhecimento / Relationship between physical activity level and quality of life in aging

Apesar da Atividade Física (AF) influenciar na melhora da Qualidade de Vida (QV) relacionada à saúde de idosos, não existe consenso de como ocorre esta influência e se ela também existe quando a QV é avaliada através de instrumentos mais subjetivos e multidimensionais, como esta avaliação deve ser. Entender a influência dos diferentes tipos de AF na QV de idosos, ou como a AF influencia os diferentes domínios da QV é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de propostas assistenciais, com vista a proporcionar melhor QV e uma velhice bem-sucedida. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar o Nível de AF (NAF) e seus diferentes subtipos (AF) ocupacional, exercícios físicos de lazer e AF de lazer e loco moção) com a QV e seus domínios (relação social, meio ambiente, físico e psicológico) em idosos praticantes de atividade física. Para avaliação do NAF foi utilizado o questionário de Baecke e para avaliar a QV o questionário WHOQOL-bref. A amostra foi composta por 77 idosas, com idade média de 65,1 ± 7,5 anos, participantes de aulas de ginástica oferecidas pelo município de Campinas. Os resultados não mostraram correlação significante entre NAF e QV. Adicionalmente, encontramos diminuição do NAF com o envelhecimento. Na análise por faixa etária, os exercícios físicos de lazer e AF de lazer e locomoção se relacionaram positivamente com a QV e seus domínios, enquanto as AF ocupacionais se correlacionaram negativamente. Concluímos a partir dos resultados deste estudo que o NAF não foi associado à QV em idosos. Esses achados são importantes ferramentas para os profissionais da área da saúde que trabalham com idosos. (AU)

Although the physical activity (PA) improves the health related quality of life (QL) in elderly, there is no consensus about how it does influence happens and if it could happen when QL is measured through more subjective and multidimensional instruments, as this evaluation should be. To understand the influence of many types of PA on QL of elderly, or how the PA change the QL domains, is fundamental for the development of assistance program, aiming to promote better QL and a successful aging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to correlate the PA level (PAL) and its variables (occupational PA, leisuretime physical exercises and leisure and locomotion PA) to QL and its domains (physical, psychological, social relationships and environment) in physically active elderly. For PAL assessment the Baecke questionnaire was applied and for QL assessment the WHOQOLbrief was applied. The sample was composed for 77 elderly women, mean age 65,1 ± 7,5 years, engaged in physical exercises classes promoted by Campinas government. The results did not show correlation between PAL and QL. Furthermore, we found PAL decline with aging. In age group analysis, the leisure-time physical exercises and leisure and locomotion PA were positively correlated with QL and its domains, while the occupational PA was negatively correlated. These study results support the conclusion that PAL isn’t associated with QL in elderly women. These findings are relevant tools for the health professionals who work with the elderly. (AU)

Relação entre nível de atividade física e qualidade de vida no envelhecimento / Relationship between physical activity level and quality of life in aging

Apesar da Atividade Física (AF) influenciar na melhora da Qualidade de Vida (QV) relacionada à saúde de idosos, não existe consenso de como ocorre esta influência e se ela também existe quando a QV é avaliada através de instrumentos mais subjetivos e multidimensionais, como esta avaliação deve ser. Entender a influência dos diferentes tipos de AF na QV de idosos, ou como a AF influencia os diferentes domínios da QV é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de propostas assistenciais, com vista a proporcionar melhor QV e uma velhice bem-sucedida. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar o Nível de AF (NAF) e seus diferentes subtipos (AF) ocupacional, exercícios físicos de lazer e AF de lazer e loco moção) com a QV e seus domínios (relação social, meio ambiente, físico e psicológico) em idosos praticantes de atividade física. Para avaliação do NAF foi utilizado o questionário de Baecke e para avaliar a QV o questionário WHOQOL-bref. A amostra foi composta por 77 idosas, com idade média de 65,1 ± 7,5 anos, participantes de aulas de ginástica oferecidas pelo município de Campinas. Os resultados não mostraram correlação significante entre NAF e QV. Adicionalmente, encontramos diminuição do NAF com o envelhecimento. Na análise por faixa etária, os exercícios físicos de lazer e AF de lazer e locomoção se relacionaram positivamente com a QV e seus domínios, enquanto as AF ocupacionais se correlacionaram negativamente. Concluímos a partir dos resultados deste estudo que o NAF não foi associado à QV em idosos. Esses achados são importantes ferramentas para os profissionais da área da saúde que trabalham com idosos.

Although the physical activity (PA) improves the health related quality of life (QL) in elderly, there is no consensus about how it does influence happens and if it could happen when QL is measured through more subjective and multidimensional instruments, as this evaluation should be. To understand the influence of many types of PA on QL of elderly, or how the PA change the QL domains, is fundamental for the development of assistance program, aiming to promote better QL and a successful aging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to correlate the PA level (PAL) and its variables (occupational PA, leisuretime physical exercises and leisure and locomotion PA) to QL and its domains (physical, psychological, social relationships and environment) in physically active elderly. For PAL assessment the Baecke questionnaire was applied and for QL assessment the WHOQOLbrief was applied. The sample was composed for 77 elderly women, mean age 65,1 ± 7,5 years, engaged in physical exercises classes promoted by Campinas government. The results did not show correlation between PAL and QL. Furthermore, we found PAL decline with aging. In age group analysis, the leisure-time physical exercises and leisure and locomotion PA were positively correlated with QL and its domains, while the occupational PA was negatively correlated. These study results support the conclusion that PAL isn’t associated with QL in elderly women. These findings are relevant tools for the health professionals who work with the elderly.

Monitoring of immunological parameters in adolescent basketball athletes during and after a sports season.

The objective of the present study was to monitor the immunological and hormonal responses and the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms in adolescent basketball athletes during the different stages of a sports season. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses (interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, testosterone and cortisol), neuromuscular evaluations (standing vertical jumping ability, agility and estimated VO2max) and leukocyte counts were performed at four moments: 72 h before the season (-72 h); before the season (Pre-season); after six weeks, at the end of the preparatory period (Preparatory); and after 20 weeks, at the end of the competitive period (Competitive). Also, the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms was collected weekly during all stages of the season. There were significant increases in monocytes, cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein at the Competitive moment as compared to the Pre-season. In addition, interleukin-10 decreased at the Competitive moment as compared to the Pre-season. Occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms demonstrated increases (38%) during the competitive period as compared to the preparatory. These results suggest that periods of training and competition could increase the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms in adolescent athletes and this may be due to the unwanted effects of an inflammatory process in response to the excessive stress of training and competition.

Sixteen weeks of resistance training can decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome in healthy postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: The postmenopausal phase has been considered an aggravating factor for developing metabolic syndrome. Notwithstanding, no studies have as yet investigated the effects of resistance training on metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify whether resistance training could reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Twenty postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a resistance training protocol (n = 10, 53.40 ± 3.95 years, 64.58 ± 9.22 kg) or a control group (n = 10, 53.0 ± 5.7 years, 64.03 ± 5.03 kg). In the resistance training protocol, ten exercises were performed, with 3 × 8-10 maximal repetitions three times per week, and the load was increased every week. Two-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate specific metabolic syndrome Z-score, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, waist circumference, blood pressure, strength, and body composition. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The main results demonstrated a significant decrease of metabolic syndrome Z-score when the postmenopausal women performed resistance training (P = 0.0162). Moreover, we observed decreases in fasting blood glucose for the resistance training group (P = 0.001), and also significant improvements in lean body mass (P = 0.042, 2.46%), reduction of body fat percentage (P = 0.001, -6.75%) and noticeable increases in muscle strength after resistance training to leg press (P = 0.004, 41.29%) and bench press (P = 0.0001, 27.23%). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that resistance training performed three times a week may reduce the metabolic syndrome Z-score with concomitant decreases in fasting blood glucose, improvements in body composition, and muscle strength in postmenopausal women.

Acute hormonal responses following different velocities of eccentric exercise.

The aim of this study was to compare the acute hormonal responses following two different eccentric exercise velocities. Seventeen healthy, untrained, young women were randomly placed into two groups to perform five sets of six maximal isokinetic eccentric actions at slow (30° s(-1) ) and fast (210° s(-1) ) velocities with 60-s rest between sets. Growth hormone, cortisol, free and total testosterone were assessed by blood samples collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, 5, 15 and 30 min following eccentric exercise. Changes in hormonal responses over time were compared between groups, using a mixed model followed by a Tukey's post hoc test. The main findings of the present study were that the slow group showed higher growth hormone values immediately (5·08 ± 2·85 ng ml(-1) , P = 0·011), 5 (5·54 ± 3·01 ng ml(-1) , P = 0·004) and 15 min (4·30 ± 2·87 ng ml(-1) , P = 0·021) posteccentric exercise compared with the fast group (1·39 ± 2·41 ng ml(-1) , 1·34 ± 1·97 ng ml(-1) and 1·24 ± 1·87 ng ml(-1) , respectively), and other hormonal responses were not different between groups (P>0·05). In conclusion, slow eccentric exercise velocity enhances more the growth hormone(GH) response than fast eccentric exercise velocity without cortisol and testosterone increases.

The distances covered by basketball referees in a match increase throughout the competition phases, with no change in physiological demand.

BACKGROUND: It is crucial to know the demands on basketball referees, in different match periods (MPs) and phases of competition, for planning referee training and subsequent successful refereeing. OBJECTIVE: To measure and evaluate the distance covered by referees in a match by measuring the number of interruptions, percentage of heart rate (%HR), and blood lactate concentration ([lac]) in different phases of competition and in different MPs. METHOD: We studied the qualifying (QP), semifinal (SP), and final (FP) phases of a total of 12 matches (four matches in each phase) of the 2009-2010 Brazilian Basketball League. Distance covered, number of match interruptions, and referees' %HR and [lac] were analyzed. We compared the results between competition phases and between MPs (1st MP, 2nd MP, 3rd MP, and 4th MP). RESULTS: Regarding the distances covered, we observed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd MPs between the FP and the other two phases (SP and QP) throughout the match, between each phase; in the 4th MP, a significant difference was found when comparing the QP and the other two phases. Comparing the periods within each phase, we found that a greater distance was covered in the 4th MP in relation to the 3rd MP during the FP. No significant differences were found among the remaining variables. CONCLUSION: The distances covered by referees in a basketball match increase throughout competition phases. This information is essential for planning of training and for the subsequent success of a referee.

Dano muscular: resposta inflamatória sistêmica após ações excêntricas máximas / Muscle damage: systemic inflammatory response after maximal eccentric actions / Daño muscular: respuesta inflamatoria sistémica después de acciones excéntricas máximas

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a resposta inflamatória induzida por grande número de ações excêntricas (AE) máximas realizadas pelos flexores do cotovelo. Participaram do estudo nove homens jovens, que realizaram 35 séries de seis AE nos flexores de cotovelo, com intervalo de um minuto, utilizando um dinamômetro isocinético em uma velocidade de 210º.s-1. As variáveis mensuradas foram: a contração isométrica voluntaria máxima (CIVM), a amplitude de movimento (AM), a dor muscular de inicio tardio (DMIT), a interleucina-6 (IL-6) e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α). Alterações significantes foram observadas para os marcadores indiretos de dano muscular (CIVM, AM e DMIT), entretanto não houve modificações para os marcadores inflamatórios (IL-6 e TNF-α). Em conclusão, os resultados demonstraram que mesmo com alterações nos marcadores indiretos de dano muscular após a realização de um grande número de AE não foram observadas alterações na resposta inflamatória sistêmica.

The objective of this study was to analyze the magnitude of the inflammatory response induced by a high number of eccentric actions (AE) of the elbow flexors. Participated on this study nine young men who performed 35 sets of six AE of the elbow flexors, with an one minute interval, using an isokinetic dynamometer at 210º.s-1. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), range of motion (ROM), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Significant changes were observed for markers of muscle damage (MVIC, ROM and DOMS), however, there were no changes on inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α. In conclusion, the results show that even with large numbers of AE and changes in indirect markers of muscle damage, no change was observed in the systemic inflammatory response.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la magnitud de la respuesta inflamatoria inducida por un gran número de acciones excéntricas (AE) de los flexores del codo. Han participado del estudio nueve jóvenes que llevaron a cabo 35 series de seis AE de los flexores del codo, con un intervalo de un minuto, utilizando un dinamómetro isocinético a 210º.s-1. Fueran mensurados la máxima contracción voluntaria isométrica (CIVM), la amplitud de movimiento (AM), el dolor muscular de aparición tardía (DMIT), la interleucina 6 (IL-6) y el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α). Se observaron cambios significativos para los marcadores de daño muscular (CIVM, AM y DMIT), sin embargo, no hubo cambios en los marcadores de inflamación IL-6 y TNF-α. En conclusión, los resultados indican que mismo con un gran número de AE y cambios en los marcadores indirectos de daño muscular, no se observaron cambios en la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica.

Efeito do treinamento concorrente sobre a força e hipertrofia muscular de mulheres na pós-menopausa / Effect of concurrent training on muscle hypertrophy and strength of postmenopausal women

A associação do treinamento de força (TF) e aeróbio (TA), conhecido com treinamento concorrente (TC), parece diminuir os ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular quando comparado ao TF isolado. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos de16 semanas de TF e TC sobre os indicadores de hipertrofia e a força muscular em mulheres de meia-idade na pós-menopausa. Participaram 24 mulheres, não ativas fisicamente, subdivididas em três grupos: Grupo TC (n=8), Grupo TF (n=8) e Grupo Controle (n=8). Os treinamentos foram compostos de duas etapas (E1 e E2) com duração de oito semanas cada, e frequência de três sessões/semana (TF: 10 exercícios com 3 x 8-10 RM; TC: 6 exercícios com 3 x 8-10 RM, seguido de 30 min de caminhada ou corrida a 55-85% VO2pico). Foram avaliadas a área muscular de coxa (AMC), força máxima e consumo pico de oxigênio (VO2pico). Os resultados demonstraram aumento na força máxima nos exercícios leg press, supino reto e rosca direta para o TF e TC, sem diferença entre eles. Com relação aos indicadores hipertróficos não houve aumento na AMC para o TF e TC. Houve aumento do VO2pico somente para o TC. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que o TC, realizado com as recomendações mínimas de TA preconizadas pelo American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), não promoveu efeito de interferência na força máxima e hipertrofia muscular de mulheres de meia-idade na pós-menopausa.

The combination of strength (TF) and aerobic training (TA), known as concurrent training (TC), seems to diminish the muscle strength and hypertrophy gains when compared with isolated TF. This study aimed to compare the effects of 16 weeks of concurrent training (TC) and resistance training (TF) on hypertrophic indicators and muscle strength of middle-aged postmenopausal women. Participated 24 non-active women randomly assigned in three groups: TC (n=8), TP (n=8) and control group (GC, n=8). Both training protocols were divided in two phases lasting eight weeks with a three weeks sessions frequency (TF: 10 exercises, 3x8-10 RM; TC: 6 exercises, 3x8-10 RM followed by 30 min of walking or running at 55-85% VO2peak). It were assessed thigh muscle area (AMC), muscle strength and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Our data showed that both training protocols (i.e., TF and TC) significantly increased maximal strength in leg press, bench press and arm curl without differences between groups. Regarding the hypertrophic indicators there was no difference in AMC for both training groups. VO2peak significantly increased only for TC. Thus, our data showed that when TC is held closely to the minimum of American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendation for aerobic training, no interference effect is observed in muscle strength and hypertrophic indicators in middle-aged postmenopausal women.

Effects of eccentric exercise on systemic concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin (E2): comparison between young and postmenopausal women.

The present study aimed to analyze the magnitude of muscle damage and inflammatory responses induced by eccentric exercise in young (YW) and postmenopausal women (PMW). Seventeen healthy women (nine YW, 23.89 ± 2.03 years; and eight PMW, 51.13 ± 5.08 years) performed five sets of six maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Changes in isometric strength, range of motion, muscle soreness, and upper-arm circumference were evaluated pre, post, 24, 48, and 72 h following eccentric exercise. Changes in creatine kinase activity, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were measured pre, 24, 48, and 72 h following eccentric exercise. For intra and inter-group analysis, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied followed by a Tukey's post hoc test. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlations between variables. It was observed no differences between groups for the markers of muscle damage, although significant modifications (p < 0.05) occurred within groups throughout time for all variables. Post menopausal women showed significantly higher values for TNF-α (p < 0.05). Also, IL-6 presented superior pre value for PMW. For YW, IL-6 and IL-10 values increased 72 h post-eccentric exercise compared to pre. Further, IL-10 was higher for YW than PMW 72 h post-eccentric exercise. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between age and soreness, and between age and PGE(2). In conclusion, YW do not have attenuated muscle damage compared to PMW who do not make use of hormonal replacement therapy. In addition, YW have a greater anti-inflammatory response after eccentric exercise compared to PMW.

Effects of resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscle strength and quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal life.

The QoL of postmenopausal women may be compromised as a result of climacteric symptoms associated with psychosocial and cultural determinants. Regular physical activity can attenuate the symptoms of postmenopausal women regarding physical and behavioral changes, positively influencing QoL. This study aimed to assess QoL, in addition to morphofunctional variables, body composition and muscle strength, in postmenopausal women before and after 16 weeks of RT. The subjects were 32 healthy, non-active women who were not under hormone replacement therapy (HRT), classified as control group (CG, n=16) and training group (TG, n=16). RT was structured on the frequency of three times per week and intensity prescribed by a target zone of maximum repetition. The assessment of QoL was conducted by WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire (The WHOQOL Group, 1998). The results show that the RT promoted a significant increase in muscle strength indicators for leg press, bench press and curl, not to mention in the facets of energy (p=0.025) in the physical domain and access to health services (p=0.038) in the environmental domain, the pre- and post-intervention moments on the TG. However, QoL values remained the same for all evaluated domains, with higher values for the physical domain of the TG, but still lacking statistical relevance. It was concluded that the 16-week program of RT was not enough to influence the perception of QoL in postmenopausal women, despite significant changes in muscle strength and in the "energy" facet of the physical domain. We suggest further studies with an extended intervention time and an increased number of participants, considering the changes promoted by RT on the analyzed variables.

Immune responses, upper respiratory illness symptoms, and load changes in young athletes during the preparatory period of the training periodization.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the immunological responses and the association between variation in exercise load and self-reported occurrence of upper respiratory illness (URI) symptoms in young basketball athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was composed of twelve young male athletes aged 12.7 ± 0.6 years, with a height of 170 ± 10 cm, body mass of 57.6 ± 12.6 kg, and fat-free mass of 18.7 ± 5.9%. Daily training and occurrences of URI symptoms were recorded. Blood samples were collected at baseline (M1) and after 8 weeks (M2) of the preparatory period of periodization training to measure total and differential leukocyte counts, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in monocytes at M2 compared to M1 (P = 0.004). There were no significant alterations in total leukocytes (P = 0.07), neutrophils (P = 0.07), or lymphocytes (P = 0.09). No significant changes in plasma concentrations of TNF-α (P = 0.30) or IL-6 (P = 0.90) were found. The weekly load from week 6 was higher when compared with weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 (P < 0.05), and week 8 was the lowest when compared with week 5 (P < 0.05). Self-reported URI incidences were highest at weeks 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: Variations in weekly training load during the preparatory period were not correlated with changes in self-reported occurrence of URI incidences, suggesting that young athletes may have an attenuated response to exercise-induced perturbations to the immune system.

Resposta da taxa metabólica de repouso após 16 semanas de treinamento com pesos em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Response of the resting metabolic rate after 16 weeks of resistance training in postmenopausal women

INTRODUÇÃO: As alterações corporais provenientes da menopausa como a diminuição da massa magra (MM), aumento e redistribuição da gordura corporal e diminuição do gasto energético de repouso, colaboram para o aumento nas dimensões corporais e subsequente aumento da massa corporal total. Nesse sentido, os benefícios reconhecidos do treinamento com pesos (TP) não estão atrelados apenas ao aumento da força e hipertrofia muscular, mas também à composição corporal e, consequentemente, na taxa metabólica de repouso (RMR). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta da RMR após 16 semanas de TP em mulheres na pós-menopausa. MÉTODOS: Participaram 28 voluntárias, subdivididas em dois grupos: treinamento (GT n = 17) e controle (GC n = 11). O programa de TP foi realizado em três sessões semanais, em dias alternados e com duração de aproximadamente 60 min/sessão, por 16 semanas. A intensidade da carga foi determinada por meio de zona alvo de repetições máximas (RM), com reajuste semanal de carga. O consumo de oxigênio (O2) e da produção de gás carbônico (CO2), por meio de calorimetria indireta de circuito aberto, foi utilizado para cálculo da RMR segundo equação de Weir (1949). ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA: Foi utilizado pacote estatístico Bioestat na versão 5.0, com nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significante dos valores de MM e força muscular, somente no GT. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes para os valores da RMR após a intervenção para ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O programa de TP de 16 semanas foi eficiente para promover alterações na composição corporal e força muscular de mulheres na pós-menopausa; entretanto, não houve alteração da RMR após a intervenção.

INTRODUCTION: The physical changes from menopause such as decrease in lean mass (LM), growth and redistribution of body fat and decrease in resting energy expenditure, contribute to the increase in body size and subsequent increase in total body mass. Accordingly, the recognized benefits of resistance training (RT) are not only linked to increased strength and muscle hypertrophy, but also to body composition and consequently to the resting metabolic rate (RMR). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the RMR response after 16 weeks of RT in postmenopausal women. METHODS: 28 female volunteers subdivided into two groups participated in the study: training (TG n = 17) and control (CG n = 11). The RT program was conducted in three weekly sessions, on alternate days and lasted approximately 60 min/session during 16 weeks. Load intensity was determined by means of target area of maximum repetitions, with weekly load readjustment. The oxygen consumption (O2) and carbon dioxide production (CO2), using open circuit indirect calorimetry was used to calculate the RMR according to Weir equation (1949). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: statistical package Bioestat, version 5.0, with a significance level of p <0.05 was used. RESULTS: There was significant increase of the LM values and muscle strength in TG only. No significant differences were found for the RMR values after intervention for both groups. CONCLUSION: The RT program of 16 weeks was effective in promoting changes in body composition and muscle strength in postmenopausal women; nevertheless, there was not change in RMR after intervention.

Efeito benéfico do exercício físico recreacional na susceptibilidade de infecções do trato respiratório superior / Beneficial effect of recreational exercise on the upper respiratory tract infection susceptibility

A regularidade do exercício físico de carga moderada pode diminuir a susceptibilidade as infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS), modulando a resposta do sistema imunológico nos praticantes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, durante 28 semanas, as respostas imunológicas crônicas com relação à contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos circulantes, incidências de ITRS e cargas de treinamento em mulheres adultas recreacionalmente ativas. Participaram deste estudo 12 mulheres (23,4 ± 2,7 anos) praticantes de um programa recreacional de treinamento em voleibol (GVR); e 12 mulheres não ativas fisicamente (23,4 ± 2,7 anos) (GC). A percepção subjetiva de esforço e o volume do treino em minutos foram coletados ao final de cada sessão, obtendo assim as cargas internas de treinamento do GVR durante o período avaliado. Coletas sanguíneas para obtenção dos resultados referentes ao hemograma foram realizadas ao inicio do estudo (M1), após 14 semanas (M2) e após 28 semanas (M3). Um recordatório infeccioso foi aplicado semanalmente para obtenção dos índices de ITRS. Foram observados diminuições em monócitos e eosinófilos no GVR e nos neutrófilos do GC no M2; aumentos nos linfócitos no GVR e nos neutrófilos, monócitos e linfócitos do GC no M3; GVR apresentou aproximadamente 427% menos incidências de ITRS em comparação ao GC no período M2-M3 (0,12 ± 0,06 contra 0,58 ± 0,09 respectivamente). Conclui-se assim que o esporte coletivo recreacional, especificamente o voleibol praticado nessas condições, modulou positivamente o sistema imunológico promovendo consequente diminuição nos episódios de ITRS.

Regular moderate exercise can decrease susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), modulating the immune response in participants. The objective of this study was to assess over a period of 28 weeks the chronic immunological response in relation to total and differential leukocytes counts, incidence of URTI and training loads in recreationally active adult women. Twelve women (23.4 ± 2.7 years) who are engaged in a recreational volleyball program training (GVR) and twelve non-physically-active women (23.4 ± 2.7 years) (GC) participated in this study. The level of perceived exertion and training volume in minutes was collected at the end of each session to assess internal training load of GVR during the study. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study (M1), after 14 weeks (M2) and after 28 weeks (M3). An illness report was completed every week regarding incidence of URTI symptoms. The results shows decreases on monocytes and eosinophils in the GVR and on neutrophils in the GC in M2; increases on lymphocytes in the GVR and on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in the GC in M3; the GVR presented 427% less URTI symptoms during M2-M3 period in relation to GC in the same period (0.12 ± 0.06 to GVR and 0.58 ± 0.09 to GC). We conclude that physically active individuals engaged in regular and moderate exercise programs are less susceptible to URTI than physically non-active individuals. Therefore, collective recreational sports, specifically volleyball practice under these conditions, can improve the defense capabilities of the immunological system to guard against incidences of URTI.

[Resting metabolic rate and body composition in postmenopausal women]. / Taxa metabólica de repouso e composição corporal em mulheres na pós-menopausa.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the relationship between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition of postmenopausal women. METHODS: Thirty physically inactive women participated in the study, and their age average was 54,33 +/- 5,20 years old. Oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry after 12 hours of fasting and the values were calculated according to the equation of Weir. Body composition was obtained by the method of skinfolds and the measurement of waist circumference (WC) was used to assess abdominal fat. The linear correlation of Pearson was used to establish correlations between the variables. RESULTS: We found significant correlations of TMR with the CC (0.42) and the lean mass (LM) (r = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: The variables of body composition that can be involved in the determination of the RMR are LM and WC.

Taxa metabólica de repouso e composição corporal em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Resting metabolic rate and body composition in postmenopausal women

OBJETIVO: A presente pesquisa avaliou a relação entre a taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR) e a composição corporal de mulheres na pós-menopausa. MÉTODOS: Participaram 30 mulheres inativas fisicamente, com média de idade 54,33 ± 5,20 anos. O consumo de oxigênio foi avaliado por meio de calorimetria indireta após 12 horas em jejum e os valores obtidos foram calculados segundo a equação de Weir. A composição corporal foi obtida pelo método de dobras cutâneas e a medida da circunferência de cintura (CC) foi utilizada para avaliar a gordura abdominal. Utilizou-se a correlação linear de Pearson para estabelecer as correlações entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas correlações significantes da TMR com a CC (r = 0,42) e com a massa magra (MM) (r = 0,48). CONCLUSÕES: As variáveis da composição corporal que podem estar envolvidas na determinação da TMR são a MM e a CC.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the relationship between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition of postmenopausal women. METHODS: Thirty physically inactive women participated in the study, and their age average was 54,33 ± 5,20 years old. Oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry after 12 hours of fasting and the values were calculated according to the equation of Weir. Body composition was obtained by the method of skinfolds and the measurement of waist circumference (WC) was used to assess abdominal fat. The linear correlation of Pearson was used to establish correlations between the variables. RESULTS: We found significant correlations of TMR with the CC (0.42) and the lean mass (LM) (r = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: The variables of body composition that can be involved in the determination of the RMR are LM and WC.