Laboratory disruption of scaled astrophysical outflows by a misaligned magnetic field.

The shaping of astrophysical outflows into bright, dense, and collimated jets due to magnetic pressure is here investigated using laboratory experiments. Here we look at the impact on jet collimation of a misalignment between the outflow, as it stems from the source, and the magnetic field. For small misalignments, a magnetic nozzle forms and redirects the outflow in a collimated jet. For growing misalignments, this nozzle becomes increasingly asymmetric, disrupting jet formation. Our results thus suggest outflow/magnetic field misalignment to be a plausible key process regulating jet collimation in a variety of objects from our Sun's outflows to extragalatic jets. Furthermore, they provide a possible interpretation for the observed structuring of astrophysical jets. Jet modulation could be interpreted as the signature of changes over time in the outflow/ambient field angle, and the change in the direction of the jet could be the signature of changes in the direction of the ambient field.

Laboratory formation of a scaled protostellar jet by coaligned poloidal magnetic field.

Although bipolar jets are seen emerging from a wide variety of astrophysical systems, the issue of their formation and morphology beyond their launching is still under study. Our scaled laboratory experiments, representative of young stellar object outflows, reveal that stable and narrow collimation of the entire flow can result from the presence of a poloidal magnetic field whose strength is consistent with observations. The laboratory plasma becomes focused with an interior cavity. This gives rise to a standing conical shock from which the jet emerges. Following simulations of the process at the full astrophysical scale, we conclude that it can also explain recently discovered x-ray emission features observed in low-density regions at the base of protostellar jets, such as the well-studied jet HH 154.

Air pollution impact assessment on agroecosystem and human health characterisation in the area surrounding the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy): a multidisciplinary approach.

In order to evaluate the impact of atmospheric pollutants emitted by the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy) on agriculture, sulphur dioxide and ozone levels in air were monitored and the data were used to estimate yield losses of the most widespread cultures. Trace element concentrations in crops and soils were also detected and metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities were considered. Vibrio fischeri test was used to appraise airborne pollutant ecotoxicity and epidemiological studies on causes of death distribution were carried out to characterize health state of people living in the area. All the sampling points were selected in farms on the basis of a theoretical meteo-diffusive model of industrial air pollutants. Experimental SO2 and O3 values mainly exceeded the threshold established by Italian and EU regulations to protect vegetation and they correspond to estimated significant crop losses. Conversely toxic element residues in soils and in agroalimentary products were generally lower than the fixed values. SO2 and O3 concentrations, toxic element contents and ecotoxicity levels of airborne pollutants were not related only to industrial site emissions, while the fluctuations on metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities seem to agree with the predicted deposition of xenobiotic compounds from the industrial plants. The epidemiological study evidenced a better health state of populations living in the investigated area than in the Messina province and the Sicily region but, inside the area, males living in the municipalities closest to the industrial settlement exhibited a worst health state than those in the very far ones.

Detection of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in roots of different plant species with the PCR.

PCR was used with the primer pair VANS1-NS21 to detect the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (commercial inoculum source) on roots of lettuce, zinnia, leek, pepper, and endive plants. The appropriate amplification product was obtained directly from roots without DNA extraction and purification.

Immunization coverage in a population-based sample of Maryland children.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the vaccination coverage of a population-based sample of Maryland children. DESIGN: Historical cohort study using stratified cluster sampling. Strata were formed from five state regions and public and private schools within each region. SETTING: Random sample of elementary schools in Maryland. SUBJECTS: Immunization records were obtained for a randomly selected cohort of 1938 first-grade children in Maryland. OUTCOME MEASURES: Age of completion of recommended childhood vaccines and proportion of vaccines given simultaneously. RESULTS: By first grade, 95.2% of the sample of Maryland children were documented to have received at least four doses of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP) vaccine, three doses of oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccine, and one dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. However, only 54.8% of children surveyed had achieved this level of immunization by 24 months of age. For children whose immunizations were up to date on their first birthday (78.7% of children surveyed), vaccine providers failed to administer one dose of DTP, OPV, and MMR vaccines to 30% of these children during the second year of life. Only 16.2% (n = 313) of children sampled received an MMR vaccination simultaneously with any dose of DTP or OPV vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that while immunization levels are very high at school entry, there are serious delays in vaccine administration before school entry. These delays are observed regardless of whether children are in public or private schools or attend school in an urban, suburban, or rural area. Physicians and health care providers could play an important role in age-appropriate vaccination by administering vaccines simultaneously.

[The magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebral lesions in a newborn infant with tuberous sclerosis]. / Imagen por resonancia magnética de lesiones cerebrales en un recién nacido con esclerosis tuberosa.

Tuberous sclerosis is a neurocutaneous disease characterized of mental retardation, facial fibroangiomas, hypochromic stain and seizures. Is presented a case of a newborn that in the third day of life presenting seizures and in the physical exam show hypochromic CT scans irregular of 3-10 mm in thorax and limbs. The seizures presented during hospitalization were tonics, it was need treatment with three anticonvulsants for the control; the parents studies were normal. Magnetic resonance showed characteristic images of this pathology like nodular subependymal lesions, hyperintense, in lateral ventricles and a cortical tuberous lesion in the right frontal region. Tuberous sclerosis has a dominant autosomic transmission; the defect is in the chromosome 9, the prenatal diagnosis is not possible and 50-80% the of case are mutations. Affect a different organs as skin, eyes, heart, brain, kidney, bone and lung. The prognostic is variable and death is caused for epileptic state, brain tumor, heart failure, renal or intercurrent infection. The magnetic resonance imaging is the landmark study for diagnosis of this pathology of ample use in the present.

An outbreak of vampire bat bite in a Brazilian village.

An outbreak of 26 cases of vampire bat bite in one month in the rural area of Honorópolis, a Brazilian village, is reported. All patients were bitten during the night, when they were asleep, and most bites were on their toes. No complication attributed to the bite was reported. The patients were given prophylactic antirabies serum and rabies vaccine. Control of the outbreak was achieved by visiting bat roosting sites, smearing captured vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) with a paste of 2% warfarin in vaseline, and releasing them. No case of human or animal rabies was diagnosed in a 5-month follow-up. A possible explanation for the outbreak of bat bite is that, because of man-induced environmental modifications in their habitats, vampire bats in Honorópolis now live in the peridomiciliar area, where people are more exposed to their bites. An alternative explanation is related to the use in cattle of a pyrethroid insecticide to control the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, as both events were temporally related. The insecticide could have had a repellent effect on bats, that then started to seek alternative food sources.

[Comparison of 2 methods of partial exchange transfusion in newborns with polycythemia: peripheral-peripheral and central-peripheral]. / Comparación de dos métodos para realizar exanguinotransfusión parcial en recién nacidos con policitemia: periférica-periférica y central-periférica.

Oneself presents the result of the prospective study from evaluate the morbility of the partial exchange-transfusion (exchange-dilution) to effect in two forms in newborn with polycythemia. The A group was newborn in the which extraction of blood volume was on peripheric vein is oneself administration crystalloid solution for another periphery vein; the B group was utilized umbilical vein to remove blood volume for another periphery vein is administration the crystalloid. To have 20 newborn in each group; to predisponent prenatal factors global were toxemic (12%); the plethora was the more frequent sing (55%) and nausea in (37%). Were not encountered difference in both groups for: gestational age, weight, birth rate, trophism, polycythemia type (asymptomatic vs symptomatic); neither to have difference in the seric electrolytes, protein and vital signs before and after procedure. Were encountered more infections process in the B group (P < 0.05). Were concluded what the exchange-dilution for polycythemia in newborn of term must be for periphery vein exclusive with security of not production metabolic and hemodynamic changes and without risk for sepsis and/or enterocolitis for manipulation of umbilical vessels.

[Variation in the blood lipids in premature newborns during the use of the "all-in-one" total nutritional mixture]. / Variación de los lípidos sanguíneos en recién nacidos prematuros durante la mezcla nutricional total "todo en uno".

This prospective study was performed for the evaluation of the lipids in serum; the metabolic and other effects related with septicaemia, stability and compatibility of the parenteral nutrition combining in one continent amino acids, carbohydrates and fats; this system is called nutritional total mixture, "all in one" or three in one. Twenty prematures neonates were included in the study. The variables analyzed were: weight, gestational age; the laboratory exams taken before the installation of the system and seven days after were: total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, hepatic enzymes and proteins, cellular blood count and coagulations tests. We obtained the next results: the mean gestational age and weight were 34 +/- 5 weeks and 1327 +/- 172 g, have been observed rise of lipids (P < 0.001), declination of potassium levels (P < 0.001), increment of calcium levels (P < 0.001), increment of albumin (P < 0.001) and platelets (P < 0.01). It is concluded that nutritional total mixture is a sure method in management of premature newborn with good stability, compatibility, with a increment of fats in serum physiological levels, with metabolic tolerance without repercussion renal, hepatic, hematological and without infections.

[Acute gastric distension due to sepsis in a newborn infant]. / Distensión gástrica aguda por sepsis en un recién nacido.

The acute distention of stomach in the newborn is conditional by metabolic alterations like hypocalcemia or by septic states. We present the case of a newborn with antecedents of membrane rupture for 12 hours obtained by cesarean procedure, of 38 weeks by Capurro, score without perinatal asphyxia and 3320 g of birth weight, which evolutioned with respiratory distress and its first exams showed leukopenia, low platelet count and the cerebrospinal fluid showed 390 cells with polymorphonuclear predominium considering the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. At the second day he presented abdominal distention secondary to gastric camera dilatation, were made a laparotomy to descart congenital obstruction and only found gastric distention. In all newborn with acute gastric distention its important for first instance descart congenital intestinal obstruction and is on sidered this entity by exclusion. We recommend in this patients sepsis worshop. The treatment is drainage by orogastric tube and antibiotics. The prognosis is good once upon treating the basic problem.

[Utilization of percutaneous catheters in neonatology: insertion of 105 catheters]. / Utilización de los catéteres percutáneos en neonatología: colocación de 105 catéteres.

We present the results of one prospective study made it to evaluated central percutaneous catheters morbi-mortality in newborns critically sick ingresed in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The total of 105 percutaneous catheter put it on in 97 newborns from one total 1554 catheter-days. We found in 53.3% were premature newborns, 74.2% weighted less than 2500 g, the femoral veins was used in 90%. The predominant morbidity at the moment of the colocations was respiratory problems, sepsis and mayor congenital malformation, the 30% the percutaneous catheter was had bacterial colonization when were retired; the catheter infection was 1.2 x 1000 catheter days. Our conclusion are the percutaneous catheter was the prime election to the vein access in the newborn critically stick, with low mortality rate during colocation and permanency, low sepsis incidence by catheter, and less quantity of venopunture stress and veins mutilation.

[Diaphragmatic hernia, secondary to a phrenic nerve lesion, in a newborn infant]. / Eventración diafragmática en un neonato secundaria a lesión del nervio frénico.

The diaphragmatic eventration will be congenital or acquired; the damage to the phrenic nerve its for elongenest, cruch, gun ball or iatrogenic; this last one could be during cardiac surgery, birth trauma, venodissection and colocation of one thorax drill. We presented the case of one premature newborn of 32 weeks with 1374g of weight, with respiratory distress syndrome which evolutioned to bilateral pneumothorax and posteriorly left diaphragmatic eventration secondary to a phrenic nerve damage by the thorax drill which one reach to mediastinum. The diagnosis of these entity will suspect by abnormal elevation of the affected hemidiaphragm and confirmed by fluoroscopy. The treatment its a early diaphragmatic pleat.

[Hepatic hemangioma in a premature newborn. The magnetic resonance images]. / Hemangioma hepático en un recién nacido prematuro. Imágenes por resonancia magnética.

Hepatic hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors that represent 5-15% of all liver tumors. They occur more often in females than in males (relation 2:1). They may produce cardiac failure, because of high output; less frequently hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia or bleeding are observed. We present a case of a newborn premature child with a gestation age of 34 weeks and weight of 1359 g who presents a palpable abdominal tumor in the right hypochondrium without additional symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound with Doppler system any by means of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) both methods were able localize the hemangioma in the posterior segment of the right hepatic lobulus. MRI is a diagnostic tool which can provide finer anatomic details than ultrasound or axial computed tomography in hepatic hemangiomas. MRI has a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 92%; the treatment depends of the complications which the patient presents.

[A giant follicular cyst of the ovary in a newborn infant]. / Quiste folicular gigante de ovario en una recién nacida.

The tumoral lesions proceeding of ovary in the newborns are the 3-6% of all abdominal tumors. The most frequent tumor is ovarian follicular cyst which will be diagnosed prenatally. As a result of ovarian stimulation by fetal gonadotrophins, maternal estrogen and placenta + gonadotrophins. Maternal antecedents reported diabetes, toxemia and isoimmunization. The most frequent complication is torsion. We present the case of one female newborn, with abdominal mass present by abdominal palpation referred of the first gestation of mother with 27 years of age, with primary sterility of 11 years without treatment, with toxemia during the pregnancy. The abdominal x-film show a intraperitoneal mass the ultrasound show cystic and solid mass, without determined origin, and the scan magnetic resonance (MR) a tumoral mass with origin in the pelvic hole with extension to the infrahepatic zone. The surgical finding was left ovarian cyst with left oophorectomy and salpingectomy.

[Right pulmonary hyperplasia with bronchoesophageal fistula]. / Hipoplasia pulmonar derecha con fístula bronquioesofágica.

The pulmonary hypoplasia with bronchoesophageal fistula is a rarely-seen disease which can be confused with total pulmonary agenesis. This case study concerns to one day old male newborn which was hospitalized in our hospital with respiratory difficulties, accompanied by pulmonary opacity of the right side. After having carried out diagnosis studies, including bronchography, we concluded that it was a case of pulmonary agenesis. The patient died from persistent pulmonary hypertension. The anatomopathologic diagnosis, was right pulmonary hypoplasia with bronchoesophageal fistula. This pathology originated during early embryonic stage when the bronchoplastic and esophagoplastic tissue are incompletely separated an thus a fistula between the esophagus and the principal bronchus is formed. The presence of a fistula could not be proven by bronchography. However, esophagography or esophagoscopy would have proven the presence of the fistula.

[Congenital malformations in live-born neonates]. / Malformaciones congénitas en recién nacidos vivos.

A retrospective study on the incidence and prevalence of congenital malformations in living newborns registered during a period of two years (1987-1988) at the University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González" in Monterrey, Nuevo León was conducted. The data was tabulated based on the classification codes established by the World Health Organization (WHO), grouped according to organs and systems and by sex. Of a total of 9,675 living newborns registered, 224 (2.31%) had a congenital malformation: 102 males, 121 females and one of undetermined sex. The greatest incidence corresponded to the central nervous system, following in descending order the cardiovascular and muscular-skeletal systems, cleft lip and palate, digestive system, genitalia, chromosomic anomalies, respiratory and urinary systems and congenital cataracts. The prevalence of congenital malformations in our population is similar to that reported in other countries with respect to neural tube defects. Muscular-skeletal and multiple malformations were less frequent than seen in other hospitals.