Use of Liposomal Gentamicin for Treatment of 5 Foals with Experimentally Induced Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Adverse effects of, and bacterial resistance to, macrolides used to treat Rhodococcus equi infections have prompted search for clinically effective alternative antimicrobials. Liposomal gentamicin (LG) is effective against R. equi in vitro and decreases tissue concentrations of R. equi in experimentally infected mice. Effectiveness of LG treatment of foals with R. equi pneumonia, however, has not been described. HYPOTHESIS: Liposomal gentamicin is safe and effective for treating foals with R. equi pneumonia. ANIMALS: Ten foals with experimentally induced R. equi pneumonia. METHODS: Pilot treatment trial. Foals with pneumonia induced by intrabronchial instillation of R. equi were randomly allocated to receive either clarithromycin combined with rifampin (CLR + RIF) PO or LG IV, and followed by daily physical examinations and weekly thoracic ultrasonography and serum creatinine concentration determinations until the resolution of clinical signs. Treatment success was defined as the resolution of clinical signs and ultrasonographically identified pulmonary abscesses. RESULTS: All 10 foals were successfully treated. Two of 5 foals treated with LG developed azotemia within 1 week; LG was discontinued and treatment switched to CLR + RIF for these foals. None of the CLR + RIF treated foals developed azotemia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Liposomal gentamicin IV can be effective for treatment of R. equi pneumonia, but nephrotoxicity indicates that an alternative dosing interval or route (such as nebulization) will be needed before LG is adequately safe for clinical use. Larger comparative trials will be needed to evaluate the relative efficacy of a safer LG dosage regimen.

[Features of occupational asthma in migrant workers living in northern Italy: observational study from 1987 to 2011]. / Caratteristiche dell'asma professionale nei lavoratori migranti nell'Italia settentrionale: studio osservazionale nel periodo 1987-2011.

In the period 1987-2011, 387 cases of occupational asthma (OA) in local workers (LL) and 32 in migrants (LM) were diagnosed in the 36 level Center of Occupational Medicine at University of Padova. Total number of OA decreased from early nineties to 2011. However the proportion of OA in migrants increased from 0.7% to 36.4% along the study period. Severity and causing agents were similar in the two groups. The most frequent cause were isocyanates (68.7% LM vs 52.7% LL). Most of OA in migrants was observed in painters (46.9%), whereas the jobs in asthmatic LL were more widely distributed.

Efeitos da solução salina hipertônica a 7,5 por cento em glicose a 5 por cento nas concentrações séricas de sódio, cloreto e potássio de eqüinos com hipovolemia induzida / Effects of 7,5 percent hypertonic saline in 5 percent glucose on serum levels of sodium, chloride and potassium in induced hypovolemic horses

Estudaram-se os efeitos de soluções salinas isotônica e hipertônica em eqüinos hipovolêmicos sobre as concentrações séricas de sódio, cloreto e potássio e freqüências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR). Quinze eqüinos machos com peso entre 390 e 475kg e idades entre quatro e 18 anos foram submetidos à retirada de sangue correspondente a 2 por cento do peso corporal e distribuídos em três grupos de igual número: o grupo GSH recebeu solução hipertônica de NaCl a 7,5 por cento em glicose a 5 por cento; o GSI, solução isotônica de NaCl a 0,9 por cento; e o GC não foi tratado. Os eletrólitos séricos foram avaliados antes (T0), após a retirada de sangue (T1) e após a infusão das soluções, entre 20 e 30 minutos (T2), entre 60 e 70 minutos (T3) e entre 120 e 130 minutos (T4). Após T0, houve elevação da FC e da FR, e as concentrações séricas de Na, Cl, K permaneceram inalteradas. Após a infusão, houve melhora das variáveis clínicas em GSI e GSH, em relação ao GC. Quanto a T3 e T4, os valores de Na em T2 do GSH foram maiores, e os de Cl e de K não se alteraram. As soluções hipertônica e isotônica são seguras na correção da hipovolemia induzida e não produzem alteração eletrolítica significativa.

The effect of isotonic and hypertonic solutions on serum levels of sodium, chloride and potassium and cardiac (CR) and respiratory rates (RR) of hypovolemic horses were studied. Fifteen horses weighting from 390 to 475kg, aging from four to 18-years-old were submitted to bleeding of 2 percent of body weight and divided in three groups: 7.5 percent NaCl hypertonic saline in 5 percent glucose (GSH), 0.9 percent NaCl isotonic saline and control group (GC). Serum electrolytes were evaluated before (T0) and after bleeding (T1) and after the administration of the solutions between 20 and 30 minutes (T2), 60 and 70 minutes (T3) and 120 and 130 minutes (T4). After T0, CR and RR increased while serum sodium, chloride, potassium were not affected. After the treatment, the clinical variables improved in GSI and GSH as compared to GC. The Na levels increased in GSH at T2 being higher than T3 and T4 while chloride and potassium concentrations did not change. The hypertonic and isotonic solutions safely corrected the hypovolemia of the horses, without altering significantly the electrolyte balance.

Uretrostomia para colheita seriada de urina em bezerros / Urethrostomy for serial sampling of urine in calves

Urethrostomy for serial sampling of urine was used due to the necessity of one technique that allowed the total urinary collection in definite time periods. Twenty-seven male Holstein calves from 8 to 16-days-age having a mean weight 39.50±4.80kg were used. Urethrostomy was carried out with the use of urethral sounding lead that was made for this purpose. In agreement with the clinical examinations, including seric biochemical, urinalysis and blood test and postmortem examination, the technique achieved 81.5 percent of satisfactory results.

Laparoscopia nas hérnias diafragmáticas: estudo experimental em cães

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

[Follow-up of latex-induced occupational asthma]. / Follow up dell'asma professionale da latice.

We studied 29 subjects with latex-induced occupational asthma in a follow-up of 5 +/- 3 years. Initial and follow-up visits included a questionnaire and measurement of lung volumes, bronchial responsiveness to methacholine (PD20FEV1), and latex-specific serum IgE levels. At follow-up, 17 subjects were no longer exposed to latex, whereas 12 subjects had reduced exposure. Asthma and rhinitis symptoms, use of steroids and bronchial hyperresponsiveness improved significantly at follow-up, whereas mean FEV1% and FVC% decreased (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that the main determinant of FEV1 and PD20FEV1 at follow up were the values of these variables at diagnosis. Complete recovery of occupational asthma was observed in 7 subjects (24%), all in the non-exposed group. Latex-specific IgE did not exhibit significant changes. In conclusion latex-induced occupational asthma improves after a follow-up of 5 +/- 3 years, but a complete recovery occurs in a minority of subjects and is associated with cessation of exposure. Lung function measurements at follow up depend from their impairment at the time of diagnosis.

Implantaçäo de homoenxerto heterotópico na artéria femoral de cäes / Arterial heterotopic homograft in the femoral artery of dogs

A presente pesquisa visou estudar a interposiçäo de um segmento de carótida homógena, preservada em glicerina, na artéria femoral de cäes. Foram utilizados 18 cäes mestiços, adultos, separados em três grupos, e observados por 15 dias (grupo I), 30 dias (grupo II) e 45 dias (grupo III). Três outros cäes foram observados por 75 dias (grupo IV). Os enxertos foram preservados em glicerina 98 por cento, por período de 60-180 dias. As artérias foram implantadas com auxílio de microscópio cirúrgico em magnificaçäo de 6x e foram avaliadas por inspeçäo clínica, arteriográfica e histopatológica. Foi observada invasäo mononuclear da adventícia, ausência de células na média e progressiva diminuiçäo nas células musculares lisas, com deposiçäo de fibras colágenas. Näo foram evidenciados sinais clínicos ou histopatológicos de reaçäo imunológica

Microaspiración del esperma para estudio seminal en ratas / Microaspiration of sperm for seminal studies in rats

Los intentos de medir la función exócrina testicular en modelos animales de experimentación resultaron en una diversificación de métodos de muy difícil comparación y reproducibilidad.La presente investigación tiene como objetivo verificar el valor de la técnica de muicroaspiración del esperma en la cola del epido de la rata,evaluando sus parámetros seminales.Fueron utilizadas 35 ratas albinas,de la variedad de Wistar de 150 días de edad.Se desarrolló una técnica para la microaspiración del esperma en la cola del epidimo.La motilidad y concentración de los espermatozoides de ambos testículos de cada animal fueron analizados con el test T de Student para las muestras dependientes(p<0.05)según la concentración y motilidad espermática.La técnica de microaspiración de la cola del epídimo permite un adecuado acceso,confiable y de fácil ejecución

Microaspiración del esperma para estudio seminal en ratas / Microaspiration of sperm for seminal studies in rats

Los intentos de medir la función exócrina testicular en modelos animales de experimentación resultaron en una diversificación de métodos de muy difícil comparación y reproducibilidad.La presente investigación tiene como objetivo verificar el valor de la técnica de muicroaspiración del esperma en la cola del epido de la rata,evaluando sus parámetros seminales.Fueron utilizadas 35 ratas albinas,de la variedad de Wistar de 150 días de edad.Se desarrolló una técnica para la microaspiración del esperma en la cola del epidimo.La motilidad y concentración de los espermatozoides de ambos testículos de cada animal fueron analizados con el test T de Student para las muestras dependientes(p<0.05)según la concentración y motilidad espermática.La técnica de microaspiración de la cola del epídimo permite un adecuado acceso,confiable y de fácil ejecución

Influence of metabolic genotype GSTM1 on levels of urinary mutagens in patients treated topically with coal tar.

Fifteen hospitalized, non-smoking, dermatological patients were treated with ointment containing 2% coal tar (CT) in order to assess the influence of metabolic genotype GSTM1 on urinary mutagen levels. Urinary 1-pyrenol, the main metabolite of pyrene, was used to check the high exposure to PAH of this population. The mean levels of urinary 1-pyrenol found in the 24-h urine of our patients were 467. 8+/-211.0 nmoles-24 h (range 94.6-890.1 nmoles-24 h). Mutagenicity was assessed on urine samples collected over a period of 24 h, after three consecutive days of topical application, using the bacterial mutagenesis test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and YG1024 in the presence of microsomal enzymes. The latter strain turned out to be more sensitive than the former in revealing urinary mutagens in these patients (42 693+/-30 867 vs. 6877+/-6040 net revertants-24 h). The mutagenicity on YG1024 strain and 1-pyrenol levels of urine samples were correlated (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient=0. 6678, P<0.01, z=2.795). The influence of genotype GSTM1 on urinary mutagen levels was assessed on strain YG1024. The values of urinary mutagenicity of subjects with genotype GSTM1-null (n=6) were on average higher than those of GSTM1-positive subjects (n=9) (55 498+/-45 957 vs. 34 156+/-11 933 net rev.-24 h), a non-significant statistical difference. The mean total excretion of mutagens corrected for PAH exposure (net rev./nmoles of urinary 1-pyrenol) in GSTM1-null patients was double that of GSTM1-positive ones (136. 8+/-34.7 vs. 70.8+/-23.3 net rev./nmoles of urinary 1-pyrenol; one-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test, U=11.5, P<0.05). These results indicate a greater body burden of promutagens, resulting from skin application of CT, in GSTM1-null subjects.

Comparación entre los parámetros seminales de la rata y la fertilidad / Comparative study between seminal parameters in the rat and fertility

La fertilidad en el hombre es evaluada pór las características seminales.Experimentalmente el test de fertilidad se acepta como el máas confiable pero imposible de reproducir en humanos porque implica la capacidad de gestación.La técnica simplificada de microaspiración del esperma,resultó muy práctica pero había que verificar si los parámetros seminales así obtenidos tenían correlación con el test de apareamientoSe utilizaron 20 ratas y 20 ratas albinas del linaje Wistar,con edades durante el test de apareamiento de 70 días y peso medio de 260 g.Para el procedimiento de microaspiración del esperma del epidídimo,fueron utilizados las 40 ratas Wistar(20+20)con edad de 70 días y un peso medio de 200 g para el test de apareamiento.Para la microaspiración,las mismas ratas tenían 160 días,con un peso medio de 368,4 g.En el test de apareamiento se utilizó el método Poiley,se observaron el número de embarazos y de crías.Se utilizó la técnica de microaspiración de esperma de la cola del epidídimo para evaluar la motilida y concentración espermática.El test T de Student fue utilizado en la evaluación de los parámetros seminales.Se correlacionó el número de crías con la motilidad y la concentración espermática obteniéndose un nivel de significancia de 0,5(p<0,05)No hubo diferencias estadísticas en el número de embarazos,número de hijos,motilidad y concentración espermática

Comparación entre los parámetros seminales de la rata y la fertilidad / Comparative study between seminal parameters in the rat and fertility

La fertilidad en el hombre es evaluada pór las características seminales.Experimentalmente el test de fertilidad se acepta como el máas confiable pero imposible de reproducir en humanos porque implica la capacidad de gestación.La técnica simplificada de microaspiración del esperma,resultó muy práctica pero había que verificar si los parámetros seminales así obtenidos tenían correlación con el test de apareamientoSe utilizaron 20 ratas y 20 ratas albinas del linaje Wistar,con edades durante el test de apareamiento de 70 días y peso medio de 260 g.Para el procedimiento de microaspiración del esperma del epidídimo,fueron utilizados las 40 ratas Wistar(20+20)con edad de 70 días y un peso medio de 200 g para el test de apareamiento.Para la microaspiración,las mismas ratas tenían 160 días,con un peso medio de 368,4 g.En el test de apareamiento se utilizó el método Poiley,se observaron el número de embarazos y de crías.Se utilizó la técnica de microaspiración de esperma de la cola del epidídimo para evaluar la motilida y concentración espermática.El test T de Student fue utilizado en la evaluación de los parámetros seminales.Se correlacionó el número de crías con la motilidad y la concentración espermática obteniéndose un nivel de significancia de 0,5(p<0,05)No hubo diferencias estadísticas en el número de embarazos,número de hijos,motilidad y concentración espermática

Urinary mutagenicity on TA98 and YG1024 Salmonella typhimurium strains after a hamburger meal: influence of GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes.

Mutagenicity on TA98 and YG1024 Salmonella typhimurium strains of pan-fried hamburger extracts and of 24 h post-meal urine from 32 non-smoking volunteers was evaluated. Each participant in the study was GSTM1 and NAT2 genotyped. After cooking the meat showed mutagenic activity (mean +/- SD) on strains TA98 and YG1024 of 114 +/- 129 and 1437 +/- 1536 net revertants/g respectively. Twenty three of 32 urine samples showed clear mutagenic activity (i.e. caused at least a doubling of the number of spontaneous revertants) on the O-acetyltransferase over-producing strain YG1024, while none of the post-meal 24 h urine samples was clearly mutagenic on strain TA98. Total 24 h post-meal YG1024-active urinary mutagens were well correlated with the levels of mutagen intake with the meal (r2 = 0.5977, F = 44.58, P < 0.01). In the group under study GSTM1 genotypes did not influence urinary mutagenicity. Highly exposed subjects (n = 15) with the NAT2-ss genotype showed significantly increased levels of urinary mutagenicity on strain YG1024 in comparison with NAT2-R subjects (mutagen intake-adjusted total 24 h mutagen excretion = 1.00 +/- 0.29 versus 0.66 +/- 0.32, Mann-Whitney U test, U = 12.5, P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the levels of urinary mutagens derived from diets rich in heterocyclic aromatic amines, which are specifically detected by the YG1024 Salmonella strain, are modulated by NAT2-dependent enzyme activity, slow acetylators having higher levels of mutagens in their urine. Subjects with the rapid acetylator genotype, who are known to be at risk for colon cancer, seem to be partially protected with respect to the risk of bladder cancer.

Mutagenicity and contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in used and recycled motor oils.

Thirteen samples of used motor oil and 33 recycled fractions, obtained in the laboratory by means of a recovery process similar to that currently used in Italy (vacuum distillation followed by thermal clay treatment) were examined. The Ames test (standard and modified version according to Blackburn) was used to determine the mutagenicity of the extracts and their contents of polyaromatic fraction (PAF) (IP346/80 method) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (Grimmer's method). Used motor oils are mutagenic, both directly and indirectly. The highest values have been found in used oils from motor vehicles using leaded petrol (up to 118.8 revertants/mg). Samples from vehicles using unleaded petrol or diesel fuel are less mutagenic (up to 31.1 and 16.4 rev/mg, respectively). The enrichment in mutagens due to the use of oil in the three types of engine ranges from mean values of 6.2, 1.1 and 0.4 rev/mg per 1000 km, respectively. Recycled oils are almost completely devoid of direct mutagenic activity (33 samples: mean +/- SD = 1.6 +/- 1.5 rev/mg). Most recycled distillates show considerable mutagenic activity in the presence of microsomial enzymes (up to 82.5 rev/mg), although this is reduced with respect to the original oils (recycled, mean +/- SD = 13.8 +/- 15.5 rev/mg; original oils, mean +/- SD = 30.7 +/- 35.2, Mann-Whitney U-test, z = 1.793, p < 0.05). Both PAF and PAH contents are high in used oils from the two types of petrol engine but not in those from diesel engines. Recycling reduces PAF contents only in used oils from petrol engines, from a mean value of 13.91 +/- 7.32 to 4.23 +/- 2.90% (comparison with original used oils, Mann-Whitney U-test, U = 8, p < 0.01). The light distilled fractions have greater concentrations of indirect mutagens, PAF and PAH than the others. The increase in PAH in light recycled products with respect to the original used oils is significant (Wilcoxon's t-test, z = 2.306, p < 0.05). Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is found in appreciable quantities (> 10 ppm) in all used oils from petrol engines and in most of their recycled products. Recycling generally recovers 50% of mutagens and PAF and about 80% of PAH. Considered together, recycled products have in any case contents of mutagens and PAF which are significantly lower than those in the parent oils, but not of PAH (Wilcoxon's t-test; mutagens, z = 2.935, p < 0.01; PAF, z = 3.145, p < 0.01; PAH, z = 1.397, not significant). Lastly, many recycled oils have PAH concentrations which are equal to or higher than those of the original used oils. The health risks linked to professional exposure to these types of oils and the inadequate recycling process currently used (redistillation and thermal clay treatment) in reducing mutagenic and cancerogenic substances from used motor oils are stressed.

beta-endorphin in plasma and monocytes in juvenile headache.

Interictal serum levels of serotonin and plasma and mononuclear cell concentrations of beta-endorphin were measured in 20 juvenile patients (13 suffering from migraine without aura and 7 from episodic tension-type headache) before and after 3 months of L-5-hydroxytryptophan treatment (5 mg/kg/day) and compared with a control group of 17 headache-free healthy subjects. While no significant differences in serum serotonin levels emerged between the three groups (migraine 104.6 +/- 26 micrograms/L, tension-type headache 90.7 +/- 26.2 micrograms/L, controls 96 +/- 32.9 micrograms/L), significantly lower plasma and mononuclear cell concentrations of beta-endorphin were found in both patient groups by comparison with the healthy controls (beta-endorphin in plasma: migraine sufferers 16.2 +/- 4.2 pmol/L [P < 0.05], tension-type headache subjects 14.5 +/- 1.7 pmol/L [P < 0.001] vs controls 21.3 +/- 4.6 pmol/L and respectively, beta-endorphin in mononuclear cells: migraine sufferers 110.5 +/- 16.4 pmol/10(6) GB/L [P < 0.001], tension-type headache subjects 142.3 +/- 22.7 pmol/10(6) GB/L [P < 0.001] vs controls 359.3 +/- 31.6 pmol/10(6) GB/L). No differences emerged between the two clinical forms of headache for the plasma and mononuclear cell concentrations of beta-endorphin. After L-5-hydroxytryptophan treatment, serum serotonin and both plasma and mononuclear cell beta-endorphin levels tended to be higher, though not significantly so, than prior to treatment, and the clinical score (frequency x intensity of headache attacks) was significantly lower in both headache groups than at the baseline. This study supports the theory that opiate analgesic system function is abnormally low in juvenile primary headache as in adults, and confirms that administering serotoninergic precursor drugs increases beta-endorphin, even in the peripheral blood, and may favorably affect clinical symptoms.

Posatirelin for the treatment of late-onset Alzheimer's disease: a double-blind multicentre study vs citicoline and ascorbic acid.

INTRODUCTION: Posatirelin (L-pyro-2-aminoadipyl-L-leucil-L-prolinamide) a new synthetic tripeptide with cholinergic, catecholaminergic and neurotrophic properties, was investigated in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicentre, double-blind study vs citicoline (reference drug) and ascorbic acid (inactive drug) was carried out in elderly patients suffering from late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The once daily intramuscular treatment lasted for three months followed by one-month oral treatment with a placebo. Subscales and factors of GBS (Gottfries-Bråne-Steen) Rating Scale were identified as primary measures for efficacy assessment. RESULTS: At the end of the treatment, GBS subscale and factor scores assessing intellectual and emotional impairments, orientation and memory, ability to perform activities of daily living, depression-anxiety, attention and motivation were improved in the postatirelin group, showing significant differences with respect to the citicoline and/or ascorbic acid groups. Tolerability was good in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in the GBS Rating Scale score observed in the posatirelin group is clinically relevant. It is worth verifying the drug-induced functional improvements, in further studies with large samples.

[Alopecia areata: appropriateness of various laboratory parameters]. / Alopecia areata: opportunità di alcuni parametri di laboratorio.

Over the past four years 190 patients with alopecia areata have been examined: hematochemical parameters have been assessed in each patient and the possible presence of organ-and non-organ-specific circulating antibodies has been assayed. No significant alterations were found with regard to the different hematochemical parameters examined. On the other hand, a highly significant increase of anti-gastric parietal cell autoantibodies was observed in patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis in comparison to normal control subjects; in addition, patients with alopecia universalis showed a significant increase of anti-thyroid antibodies.

Estudo analitico de um novo fio sintetico em sutura gastrintestinal. / Analytic study of a new sinthetic kind in gastrointestinal suture

Com o intuito de observar um novo fio sintetico de sutura, considerado de absorcao lenta, os AA realizaram cirurgias gastrintestinais em 20 caes, divididos em lotes iguais de cinco animais cada um. Os animais de cada lote respectivamente, foram sacrificados 48 horas, cinco dias, 10 dias e 15 dias apos a cirurgia. As zonas de anastomoses foram estudadas do ponto de vista macro e microscopico, observando-se fundamentalmente a coaptacao das bordas anastomosadas, a espessura das paredes na zona de anastomose, a cicatrizacao na linha de sutura e as alteracoes histopatologicas atribuidas ao fio de sutura. A analise dos resultados obtidos permite concluir que o fio desperta minima reacao granulomatosa tipo corpo estranho, nao interferindo no processo de cicatrizacao nem produzindo reacao alergica local. Em animal algum houve ruptura das bordas anastomosadas ou ulceracao de mucosa provocada pelo fio