Radioembolisation of liver metastases.

This review aims to present contemporary data for SIRT in the treatment of secondary hepatic malignancies including colorectal, neuroendocrine, breast and uveal melanoma.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in Australia and New Zealand: An analysis of the PHSANZ registry.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a serious condition occurring in 2%-4% of patients after acute pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is a potential cure for technically operable disease. The epidemiology and long-term outcomes of CTEPH have not been previously described in Australia and New Zealand. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Pulmonary Hypertension Society of Australia and New Zealand (PHSANZ) registry for patients diagnosed with CTEPH between January 2004 and March 2020. Baseline characteristics, treatment strategies, outcome data and long-term survival are reported. RESULTS: A total of 386 patients were included with 146 (37.8%) undergoing PEA and 240 (62.2%) in the non-PEA group. PEA patients were younger (55 ± 16 vs. 62 ± 16 years, p < 0.001) with higher baseline 6-min walk distance (6MWD; 405 ± 122 vs. 323 ± 146 m, p = 0.021), whilst both groups had similar baseline pulmonary haemodynamics. Pulmonary hypertension-specific therapy was used in 54% of patients post-PEA and 88% in the non-PEA group. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 93%, 87% and 84% for the PEA group compared to 86%, 73% and 62%, respectively, for the non-PEA group (p < 0.001). Multivariate survival analysis showed baseline 6MWD was an independent predictor of survival in both operated and medically managed patients. CONCLUSION: In this first multicentre report of CTEPH in Australia and New Zealand, long-term survival is comparable to that in other contemporary CTEPH registries. However, PEA was only performed in a minority of CTEPH patients (37.8%) and significantly less than overseas reports. Greater awareness of PEA and improved patient access to experienced CTEPH centres are important priorities.

Left ventricular access point determination for a coaxial approach to the mitral annular landing zone in transcatheter mitral valve replacement.

INTRODUCTION: To facilitate coaxial device deployment in transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR), a coaxial approach to the mitral annular plane is needed. We sought to establish a method to determine an 'orthogonal' left ventricular (LV) access point for transapical TMVR and to quantitatively characterize its location in patients with severe mitral regurgitation using cardiac computed tomography. METHODS: Cardiac CT data sets of 54 patients with moderate-severe mitral regurgitation evaluated for potential TMVR were analyzed. The D-shaped mitral annular contour was segmented and a 2-dimensional annular plane was derived, allowing for subsequent definition of the perpendicularly oriented mitral annular trajectory. The 'orthogonal' LV access point was defined as the transection point of mitral trajectory with the LV epicardial surface. The location of the access point was quantified by its epicardial distance from the true apex and by the rotational offset from a 3-chamber view. RESULTS: LV access points orthogonal to the mitral annular plane were most frequently located in the anterolateral (n = 22, 40.7%) and anterior (n = 16, 29.6%), less frequently anteroseptal (n = 6, 11.1%) and inferolateral (n = 5, 9.3%) ventricular segment; none inferior or inferoseptal. The mean distance to the LV apex was 17.6 ± 7.7 mm. The mean forward rotational offset from the 3-chamber view was 96.4 ± 43.4°, relating to a mean forward rotational offset of 6.4 ± 43.4° in regard to a hypothetical, secondary 90° x-plane view. No significant difference between patients with degenerative mitral valve disease or functional mitral regurgitation was observed. CONCLUSION: The location of the LV access point that provides an orthogonal trajectory to the mitral annular plane exhibits relevant inter-individual variability. It is commonly not identical with the true apex, and frequently localized in the anterolateral or anterior ventricular segments.

Transarterial chemoembolisation and radioembolisation for the treatment of primary liver cancer and secondary liver cancer: a review of the literature.

Liver-directed therapies are continuing to evolve in the field of interventional oncology and are gaining increasing use in the treatment of unresectable primary and secondary liver cancers. In this article, we review two liver-directed therapies that are currently used for the palliative treatment of primary and secondary hepatic tumours: transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE), including a new type of TACE with drug-eluting beads (DEB-TACE), and radioembolisation. The concept of these transcatheter intraarterial therapies is to selectively deliver high doses of anticancer treatment to the tumour. While TACE delivers one or more chemotherapeutic drugs into the hepatic arteries supplying the tumour, radioembolisation uses non-embolic microspheres incorporating the radioactive isotope (90) Y. In this article, we discuss some technical aspects, patient selection, current clinical evidence, and future directions of TACE, TACE with drug-eluting beads (DEB-TACE) and radioembolisation for primary and secondary liver cancer.

Current role of transarterial chemoembolization and radioembolization in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

In this article, we review two liver-directed therapies that are currently used for the palliative treatment of primary and secondary hepatic malignancies, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), including a new type of TACE with drug-eluting beads, and radioembolization. Important developments and administration techniques for all therapies are discussed, as well as their integration into the current routine clinical care for management of metastatic colorectal cancer. According to published data from clinical trials, as presented in this review, both radioembolization and TACE/TACE with drug-eluting beads have been proven to be safe and effective in selected patients with chemorefractory liver metastases from colorectal cancer. For patients with unresectable liver-only or liver-dominant disease who have failed standard chemotherapy options or for whom chemotherapy is contraindicated, new modalities, such as those discussed, are particularly valid and promising if clinical guidelines for patient selection and treatment administration are followed.

Inducible myocardial ischaemia diagnosed using computed tomography dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion technique.

Improved multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) temporal and spatial resolution allows for the assessment of coronary artery disease, left ventricular systolic function and resting myocardial perfusion defects with high sensitivity and specificity. Here we present a case using a novel combination technique of cardiac computed tomography scanning with dipyridamole stress for the detection of functionally significant coronary disease, and demonstrate that dipyridamole-induced myocardial ischaemia is both detectable and quantifiable by cardiac MDCT.

A method for coronary artery calcium scoring using contrast-enhanced computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Limitations to the coronary calcium score include its requirement for noncontrast imaging and radiation exposure that approaches current methods for contrast-enhanced CT angiography. OBJECTIVES: We sought to derive and validate a method of measuring the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) from standard contrast-enhanced CT, obviating the need for a second non-contrast calcium scan. METHODS: The volume of intramural calcium of >320 HU in major coronary vessels was measured in 90 contrast-enhanced and traditional non-contrast calcium scan pairs. An empiric conversion factor was derived to convert the small voxel contrast-enhanced calcium volume to an Agatston calcium score. The accuracy of this technique was then prospectively validated in 120 consecutive patients undergoing clinical calcium scans and contrasted-enhanced coronary CT. Eleven patients were excluded from analysis because of the prespecified criteria of excessive noise in the contrast-enhanced CT or total coronary artery occlusion. RESULTS: The Pearson correlation of the contrast scan-derived calcium score with the measured CACS was r2 = 0.99. With standard CACS risk bands, agreement of the contrast-enhanced calcium score estimate with the measured CAC by quadratic weighted κ was 0.96. The 95% limits of agreement (Agatston units) were given by ±(3.2 + 0.14 × CACS + 4.44 mean square root of CACS). Inter-observer and intra-observer reliability with the intraclass correlation was 0.99. CONCLUSION: The calcium score can be accurately measured from contrast-enhanced cardiac CT scans with the use of a Hounsfield unit threshold of 320.