RESUMEN
Background: Mpox is a rare zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus. On May 21, 2022, WHO announced the emergence of confirmed Mpox cases in countries outside the endemic areas in Central and West Africa. Methods: This multicentre study was performed through the Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative network. Nineteen collaborating centres in 16 countries participated in the study. Consecutive cases with positive Mpoxv-DNA results by the polymerase chain reaction test were included in the study. Results: The mean age of 647 patients included in the study was 34.5.98.6% of cases were males, 95.3% were homosexual-bisexual, and 92.2% had a history of sexual contact. History of smallpox vaccination was present in 3.4% of cases. The median incubation period was 7.0 days. The most common symptoms and signs were rashes in 99.5%, lymphadenopathy in 65.1%, and fever in 54.9%. HIV infection was present in 93.8% of cases, and 17.8% were followed up in the hospital for further treatment. In the two weeks before the rash, prodromal symptoms occurred in 52.8% of cases. The incubation period was 3.5 days shorter in HIV-infected Mpox cases with CD4 count <200/µL, we disclosed the presence of lymphadenopathy, a characteristic finding for Mpox, accompanied the disease to a lesser extent in cases with smallpox vaccination. Conclusions: Mpox disseminates globally, not just in the endemic areas. Knowledge of clinical features, disease transmission kinetics, and rapid and effective implementation of public health measures are paramount, as reflected by our findings in this study.
RESUMEN
Vaccinia virus (VV) vaccination is used to immunize against smallpox and historically was considered to have been successful if a skin lesion formed at the vaccination site. While antibody responses have been widely proposed as a correlate of efficacy and protection in humans, the role of cellular and humoral immunity in VV-associated skin lesion formation was unknown. We therefore investigated whether long-term residual humoral and cellular immune memory to VV, persisting 30 years after vaccination, could control VV-induced skin lesion in revaccinated individuals. Here, we have shown that residual VV-specific IFN-gamma+TNF-alpha+ or IFN-gamma+IL-2+ CD4+ lymphocytes but not CD8+ effector/memory lymphocytes expressing a skin-homing marker are inversely associated with the size of the skin lesion formed in response to revaccination. Indeed, high numbers of residual effector T cells were associated with lower VV skin lesion size after revaccination. In contrast, long-term residual VV-specific neutralizing antibody (NAbs) titers did not affect skin lesion formation. However, the size of the skin lesion strongly correlated with high levels of NAbs boosted after revaccination. These findings demonstrate a potential role for VV-specific CD4+ responses at the site of VV-associated skin lesion, thereby providing new insight into immune responses at these sites and potentially contributing to the development of new approaches to measure the efficacy of VV vaccination.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Enfermedades de la Piel/virología , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/virología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Virus Vaccinia/metabolismo , Adulto , Complejo CD3/biosíntesis , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Humanos , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Cinética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Estadísticos , Enfermedades de la Piel/sangre , Viruela/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by sand flies of Phlebotomus species that has been recognized as an agent associated with acute meningitis and encephalitis around the Mediterranean. We report the first imported case of meningoencephalitis due to TOSV in a traveler returning from Central Italy to France.
Asunto(s)
Meningitis Viral/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalitis/diagnóstico , Fiebre por Flebótomos/complicaciones , Fiebre por Flebótomos/diagnóstico , Virus de Nápoles de la Fiebre de la Mosca de los Arenales/aislamiento & purificación , Viaje , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Francia , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Italia , Masculino , Meningitis Viral/virología , Meningoencefalitis/virologíaRESUMEN
METHOD: We reviewed retrospectively the demographic, clinical, biological characteristics and outcomes of 11 patients with HSV meningitis. RESULTS: Among the 11 patients, six were infected with HIV, four had a documented history of genital herpes, and one recurrent meningitis. In all cases, the onset of symptoms was abrupt, with severe headache and fever. On admission, 9/11 patients had severe meningismus; two patients had HSV anogenital ulcerations. CSF analysis showed in every case a significant increased of leukocytes with a lymphocytic pleocytosis, a mild elevated protein level and a normal glucose level. HSV was detected in the CSF in every case by PCR: the typing performed on six patients was positive in every case for HSV-2. Intravenous acyclovir (IV ACV) was started in 10/11 cases (range: 3-10 days), switched to valaciclovir (VACV) (range: 5-7 days); one patient was treated with ACV per os for 10 days. The total resolution of symptoms occurred within 48hours in every case. Two patients presented with recurrent HSV-2 meningitis in the next two months, with favorable outcome under IV ACV: a switch to long term VACV 500mg/day was prescribed without any recurrence. No patient presented with recurrence after a median follow-up of 30 months. CONCLUSION: Early recognition and treatment might improve the outcome of such infections. Adjunctive oral VACV after IV ACV treatment seems to be associated with a good clinical response in patients presenting with HSV meningitis. The duration of such treatments, including prophylactic treatments to prevent recurrent episodes must be better documented.
Asunto(s)
Encefalitis por Herpes Simple/epidemiología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/epidemiología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/virología , Aciclovir/análogos & derivados , Aciclovir/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Comorbilidad , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Hospitales Urbanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paris/epidemiología , Recurrencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Valaciclovir , Valina/análogos & derivados , Valina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: In March 2003, the French Ministry of Health implemented a program on preparedness and response to a biological attack using smallpox as weapon. This program included the establishment of a preoutbreak national team that could be revaccinated against smallpox. OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic and clinical factors associated with vaccination success defined as the presence of a pustule at the inoculation site at day 8 (days 7-9), with an undiluted vaccinia virus derived from a Lister strain among preimmunized volunteers. VOLUNTEERS AND METHODS: From March 2003 to November 2006, we have studied prospectively 226 eligible volunteers. Demographic data were recorded for each volunteer (age, sex, number of previously smallpox vaccinations and date of the last vaccination). Smallpox vaccine adverse reactions were diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination performed at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after revaccination. RESULTS: A total of 226 volunteers (sex ratio H/F = 2.7) were revaccinated. Median age was 45 years (range: 27-63 yrs). All volunteers completed follow-up. Median number of vaccinations before revaccination was 2 (range: 1-8). The median delay between time of the study and the last vaccination was 29 years (range; 18-60 yrs). Sixty-one volunteers (27%) experienced one (n = 40) or more (n = 21) minor side effects during the 2-14 days after revaccination. Successful vaccination was noted in 216/226 volunteers (95.6%) at day 8 and the median of the pustule diameter was 5 mm (range: 1-20 mm). Size of the pustule at day 8 was correlated with age (p = 0.03) and with the presence of axillary adenopathy after revaccination (p = 0.007). Sex, number of prior vaccinations, delay between the last vaccination and revaccination, and local or systemic side effects with the exception of axillary adenopathy, were not correlated with the size of the pustule at day 8. CONCLUSIONS: Previously vaccinated volunteers can be successfully revaccinated with the Lister strain.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra Viruela/inmunología , Viruela/prevención & control , Virus de la Viruela/inmunología , Adulto , Demografía , Femenino , Experimentación Humana , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Medición de Riesgo , Viruela/patología , Viruela/transmisión , Vacuna contra Viruela/efectos adversos , Vacunación/efectos adversosRESUMEN
We analysed the evolution of different cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF) involved in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma in two patients in whom HIV infection presented with disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. They simultaneously developed tuberculosis-associated immune restoration disease and Kaposi's sarcoma shortly after the initiation of HAART. Analysis of VEGF and pro-inflammatory cytokines led us to hypothesize that Kaposi's sarcoma could be promoted by the tuberculosis immune response.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Sarcoma de Kaposi/inmunología , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Femenino , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/sangre , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/complicaciones , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Humanos , Interleucina-4/sangre , Interleucina-6/sangre , Neoplasias del Sistema Respiratorio/sangre , Neoplasias del Sistema Respiratorio/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Sistema Respiratorio/inmunología , Sarcoma de Kaposi/sangre , Sarcoma de Kaposi/complicaciones , Neoplasias Cutáneas/sangre , Neoplasias Cutáneas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Cutáneas/inmunología , Tuberculosis/sangre , Tuberculosis/complicaciones , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/sangreRESUMEN
Multicentric HIV-related Castleman disease (MCD) is a rare and severe disorder of lymphoid tissue inducing high-grade fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and diffuse peripheral lymphadenopathy. During clinical exacerbations, bilateral interstitial pneumonia may occur. In this pictorial essay, we describe different thoracic imaging of MCD, with particular emphasis on computed tomography findings, in 13 HIV-infected patients with histologically proved MCD.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Castleman/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Castleman/diagnóstico , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía Torácica/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades RarasRESUMEN
The largest described outbreak of chikungunya virus has been occurring on the islands of the southwest Indian Ocean since March 2005. We describe the manifestations of chikungunya virus infection in travelers returning from these islands, with focus on skin manifestations.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Virus Chikungunya/aislamiento & purificación , Viaje , Adulto , Aedes/virología , Anciano , Infecciones por Alphavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/patología , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Islas del Oceano Índico/epidemiología , Insectos Vectores/virología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have again entered the public arena in recent years. This is due to factors such as evolving lifestyles, ecological and socio-political upheavals, and recent diagnostic advances. Numerous pathogens, including viruses like West Nile, Chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis on the one hand, and hemorrhagic fever viruses like Ebola and Maburg, are particular concerns. Recently, the Corona virus responsible for SARS, which caused an epidemic sufficiently worrisome to challenge crisis management concepts, was successfully isolated. It is in this context that so-called "bird flu'", may be on the verge of causing a human pandemic. Pox and Monkeypox are "virtually emerging" viruses that have potential for use in bioterrorism. The management and treatment of these emerging infectious diseases calls for new approaches, organizations and infrastructures.
Asunto(s)
Bioterrorismo , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Encefalitis Viral/epidemiología , Fiebres Hemorrágicas Virales/epidemiología , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Infecciones por Poxviridae/epidemiología , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/epidemiología , Virosis/epidemiología , Animales , Aves , Encefalitis Japonesa/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/epidemiología , Humanos , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/epidemiología , Mpox/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Viruela/epidemiología , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/epidemiología , Virus del Nilo Occidental , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of foscarnet on HIV infection in patients with late-stage HIV disease and multiple drug resistance. METHODS: Three drugs experienced patients with plasma viral load (pVL) > 50,000 copies/ml and CD4+ T-cell counts < 100/mm3 were eligible for this open-label, single-arm, add-on pilot study. Foscarnet induction therapy consisted of 5 g intravenously twice daily for 6 weeks, in addition to a stable antiretroviral regimen. Patients with at least 1 log10 decrease in pVL at week 6 (W6), were given foscarnet 5 g intravenously twice daily on two consecutive days each week. Primary endpoint was the virological response rate at W6. RESULTS: Eleven patients were enrolled with a median baseline pVL at 5.16 log10 copies/ml, median CD4+ T-cell count at 10/mm3 and median number of mutations of 9, 2 and 12 associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-NRTIs and protease inhibitors, respectively. One patient discontinued foscarnet at W2 because of renal toxicity. In an intent-to-treat analysis, the median change in pVL from baseline was -1.99 log10 copies/ml at W2 and -1.79 log10 copies/ml at W6. Eight out of eleven patients had a fall in pVL of at least 1 log10 at W6, and six started maintenance therapy. The median fall in pVL after 12 weeks of maintenance therapy was -0.85 log10 copies/ml in the four patients who reached W12, and the median increase of CD4+ T-cell count was 60/mm3. CONCLUSION: In patients with HIV mutations conferring resistance to all antiretroviral drug classes, foscarnet markedly reduced plasma HIV load and improved immunological status.
Asunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Viral Múltiple/genética , Foscarnet/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , VIH/genética , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/uso terapéutico , Terapia Recuperativa , Adulto , Anciano , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Foscarnet/efectos adversos , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Proyectos Piloto , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/efectos adversos , Carga ViralRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients and is strongly associated with infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; also known as "KS-associated herpesvirus"). We hypothesized that KS is linked to deficiencies in specific anti-HHV-8 T cell immunity. METHODS: We studied asymptomatic HHV-8 carriers coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; n = 23) and patients with HIV-related or classic KS (n = 29). We used an interferon- gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay with 56 specific peptides distributed on 6 HHV-8 proteins (glycoprotein [gp] B, gpH, gp35/37, latent nuclear antigen 1 [LANA-1], K12, and K15) to detect HHV-8-specific T cell responses. RESULTS: We found that patients with KS responded to these peptides less often and had much lower HHV-8-specific T cells counts than did asymptomatic HHV-8 carriers (P = .001 and P = .0004, respectively), regardless of CD4 T cell count or HHV-8 load. The frequency of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cells was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that HIV-related and classic KS are associated with a lack of HHV-8-specific T cells. Also, we have described 8 new HHV-8 T cell epitopes in LANA-1, K12, and K15, including 2 CD4 T cell epitopes. These data provide new insight into HHV-8 cellular immunity.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 8/inmunología , Sarcoma de Kaposi/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/virología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sarcoma de Kaposi/virología , Carga ViralRESUMEN
We report an unusual case of a multifocal tuberculous spondylitis that has been diagnosed after several percutaneous vertebroplasty. This event supports the theory that surgical or radiological intervention such as a percutaneous vertebroplasty should be considered as an intentional traumatism that can lead to the initiation of a locus minoris resistentiae, probably by reactivating an inactive tuberculous lesion.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas por Compresión/terapia , Metilmetacrilatos/uso terapéutico , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/terapia , Tuberculosis de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Anciano , Fracturas por Compresión/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas por Compresión/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Radiografía , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/patología , Tuberculosis de la Columna Vertebral/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
We describe the case of a patient infected with HIV and a concomitant HHV-6 encephalitis. The patient experienced virological failure following cidofovir treatment. RT-PCR was used both for early diagnosis and follow-up.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Citosina/análogos & derivados , Encefalitis Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Herpesvirus Humano 6/aislamiento & purificación , Organofosfonatos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Biopsia , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/virología , Cidofovir , Citosina/efectos adversos , Citosina/uso terapéutico , Encefalitis Viral/complicaciones , Encefalitis Viral/diagnóstico , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , VIH-1 , Herpesvirus Humano 6/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 6/patogenicidad , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Organofosfonatos/efectos adversos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/diagnóstico , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Although the risk of smallpox virus being used as a terrorist weapon is very low, it is mandatory to examine potential vaccination strategies, and also the residual immunization rate in the general population. During revaccination of a national intervention team, the residual immunity of 184 volunteers was determined by assaying T memory cells in the gamma interferon ELISpot test, and central T memory cell responses in a proliferation assay. Three-quarters of the subjects had a proliferative response. This response was lower after the age of 55 years but could be reactivated by revaccination.
Asunto(s)
Bioterrorismo , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Memoria Inmunológica , Vacuna contra Viruela/inmunología , Viruela/prevención & control , Vaccinia/inmunología , Virus de la Viruela/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunización Secundaria , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Linfocitos T/inmunología , VacunaciónRESUMEN
We report an atypical presentation of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis in a patient who received large doses of ibuprofen. Anti-inflammatory therapy such as NSAIDs could reduce CSF inflammation and modify the clinical outcome in patients with bacterial meningitis. However, the use of NSAIDs is not recommended in bacterial meningitis due to a lack of studies.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/efectos adversos , Ibuprofeno/efectos adversos , Meningitis Meningocócica/inducido químicamente , Adolescente , Amoxicilina/uso terapéutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Contraindicaciones , Humanos , Linfocitosis/etiología , Masculino , Meningitis Meningocócica/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Meningitis Meningocócica/tratamiento farmacológico , Meningitis Meningocócica/microbiología , Neisseria meningitidis/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) in serum with the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is useful for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. From May 2003 to November 2004, 65 patients who did not develop aspergillosis had at least two positive sera while receiving a beta-lactam treatment (GM index [GMI], >or=0.5). Of the 69 treatment episodes scored, 41 consisted of a beta-lactam other than piperacillin-tazobactam (n=29), namely, amoxicillin-clavulanate (n=25), amoxicillin (n=10), ampicillin (n=3), or phenoxymethylpenicillin (n=2). In all cases, antigenemia became negative 24 h to 120 h upon stopping the antibiotic. Monitoring of 35 patients, including 26 with hematological malignancies, revealed three antigenemia kinetic patterns: each was observed with any drug regimen and consisted of a persistent GMI of >2.0 (65.7%), >0.5, and Asunto(s)
Antígenos Fúngicos/sangre
, Aspergillus/aislamiento & purificación
, Fungemia/diagnóstico
, Fungemia/tratamiento farmacológico
, Mananos/sangre
, beta-Lactamas/uso terapéutico
, Aspergilosis/diagnóstico
, Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico
, Aspergilosis/microbiología
, Reacciones Falso Positivas
, Fungemia/microbiología
, Galactosa/análogos & derivados
, Humanos
, beta-Lactamas/administración & dosificación
Asunto(s)
ADN Viral/análisis , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversos , Herpesvirus Humano 6/genética , Meningoencefalitis/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/métodos , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide/terapia , Meningoencefalitis/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Meningoencefalitis/etiología , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/etiología , Acondicionamiento Pretrasplante , Trasplante HomólogoRESUMEN
Rickettsioses can present with protean manifestations. Recent progress in molecular biology allows a better classification of the array of pathogens involved. Rickettsial tick-borne diseases are of emerging importance given nowadays increased in international travellers. Because of substantial morbidity and mortality associated with a delay in diagnosing and treating these infections, awareness of both their geographical distribution and their clinical presentations is important, and the empirical administration of appropriate antibiotic is often justified. Travellers to endemic areas should be encouraged to use personal protective measures.