[Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis. A 11-year report in a pediatric hospital]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis traqueal. Reporte de 11 años en un hospital pediátrico.

OBJECTIVES: To report our experience in the surgical treatment of patients having acquired and congenital tracheal stenosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty eight patients with tracheal stenosis were surgically treated between July 2005 and May 2016, 29 were females and 29 were males. Thirty patients had acquired stenosis and 28 had congenital stenosis. RESULTS: Five to 12 rings were resected (median 5) in 26 patients, in 2 cartilage was grafted in the anterior wall, in another carinostomy was performed, and in the remaining, the trachea was replaced using an aortic cryopreserved graft. In those with congenital stenosis, 14 patients underwent slide technique; in eleven, 3 to 6 rings were resected (median 5); in 3 a patch was grafted in the anterior tracheal wall. Seven patients died: 2 with acquired stenosis and 5 with congenital stenosis. Global survival was 88% (28 of 30 patients with acquired stenosis and 23 of 28 with congenital). From 28 living patients operated on due to acquired stenosis, 26 are asymptomatic, one presents graft stenosis, and one has a stoma in the aortic graft. From 23 living patients operated on due to congenital stenosis, 20 remain asymptomatic and 3 have tracheal stents placed on. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of acquired stenosis is easier and presents less severe complications. Congenital stenosis often requires more than one procedure to control the disease, and presents a higher mortality rate.

OBJETIVOS: Describir nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes con estenosis traqueal adquirida y congénita. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Cincuenta y ocho pacientes con estenosis de tráquea fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre julio de 2005 y mayo de 2016, 29 eran de sexo femenino y 29 de sexo masculino. Treinta pacientes tenían una estenosis de origen adquirido y 28 de origen congénito. RESULTADOS: Fueron resecados entre 5 y 12 anillos (mediana 5) en 26 pacientes con estenosis adquirida, en 2 se efectuó injerto de cartílago en cara anterior, en 1 carinostomía, y en el restante (a este paciente se le había realizado previamente una resección laringotraqueal) se efectuó un reemplazo traqueal con aorta criopreservada. De los veintiocho pacientes con estenosis congénita, en 14 se empleó la técnica de deslizamiento, en 11 se resecaron entre 3 y 6 anillos (mediana 5), y en 3 se colocó un injerto en cara anterior de la tráquea. Fallecieron 7 pacientes: 2 con estenosis adquirida y 5 con estenosis congénita. La supervivencia global fue del 88% (28 de 30 pacientes con estenosis adquirida y 23 de 28 con congénita). De los 28 pacientes vivos operados por estenosis adquirida, 26 se encuentran asintomáticos, uno presenta estenosis del injerto y otro tiene un estoma en el injerto de aorta. De los 23 pacientes vivos operados por estenosis congénita, 20 se encuentran asintomáticos y 3 tienen endoprótesis colocadas. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra experiencia, la resolución quirúrgica de la estenosis traqueal adquirida resultó más sencilla y presentó menos complicaciones. Los pacientes con estenosis traqueal congénita necesitaron generalmente más de un procedimiento para el control de su sintomatología, y presentaron mayor mortalidad.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis traqueal. Reporte de 11 años en un hospital pediátrico / Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis. A 11-year report in a pediatric hospital

Objetivos. Describir nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes con estenosis traqueal adquirida y congénita. Material y métodos. Cincuenta y ocho pacientes con estenosis de tráquea fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre julio de 2005 y mayo de 2016, 29 eran de sexo femenino y 29 de sexo masculino. Treinta pacientes tenían una estenosis de origen adquirido y 28 de origen congénito. Resultados. Fueron resecados entre 5 y 12 anillos (mediana 5) en 26 pacientes con estenosis adquirida, en 2 se efectuó injerto de cartílago en cara anterior, en 1 carinostomía, y en el restante (a este paciente se le había realizado previamente una resección laringotraqueal) se efectuó un reemplazo traqueal con aorta criopreservada. De los veintiocho pacientes con estenosis congénita, en 14 se empleó la técnica de deslizamiento, en 11 se resecaron entre 3 y 6 anillos (mediana 5), y en 3 se colocó un injerto en cara anterior de la tráquea. Fallecieron 7 pacientes: 2 con estenosis adquirida y 5 con estenosis congénita. La supervivencia global fue del 88% (28 de 30 pacientes con estenosis adquirida y 23 de 28 con congénita). De los 28 pacientes vivos operados por estenosis adquirida, 26 se encuentran asintomáticos, uno presenta estenosis del injerto y otro tiene un estoma en el injerto de aorta. De los 23 pacientes vivos operados por estenosis congénita, 20 se encuentran asintomáticos y 3 tienen endoprótesis colocadas. Conclusiones. En nuestra experiencia, la resolución quirúrgica de la estenosis traqueal adquirida resultó más sencilla y presentó menos complicaciones. Los pacientes con estenosis traqueal congénita necesitaron generalmente más de un procedimiento para el control de su sintomatología, y presentaron mayor mortalidad (AU)

Objectives. To report our experience in the surgical treatment of patients having acquired and congenital tracheal stenosis. Material and methods. Fifty eight patients with tracheal stenosis were surgically treated between July 2005 and May 2016, 29 were females and 29 were males. Thirty patients had acquired stenosis and 28 had congenital stenosis. Results. Five to 12 rings were resected (median 5) in 26 patients, in 2 cartilage was grafted in the anterior wall, in another carinostomy was performed, and in the remaining, the trachea was replaced using an aortic cryopreserved graft. In those with congenital stenosis, 14 patients underwent slide technique; in eleven, 3 to 6 rings were resected (median 5); in 3 a patch was grafted in the anterior tracheal wall. Seven patients died: 2 with acquired stenosis and 5 with congenital stenosis. Global survival was 88% (28 of 30 patients with acquired stenosis and 23 of 28 with congenital). From 28 living patients operated on due to acquired stenosis, 26 are asymptomatic, one presents graft stenosis, and one has a stoma in the aortic graft. From 23 living patients operated on due to congenital stenosis, 20 remain asymptomatic and 3 have tracheal stents placed on. Conclusions. Surgical treatment of acquired stenosis is easier and presents less severe complications. Congenital stenosis often requires more than one procedure to control the disease, and presents a higher mortality rate (AU)

Preoperative low serum testosterone is associated with high-grade prostate cancer and an increased Gleason score upgrading.

BACKGROUND: To compare histological feature of prostate cancer (PCa) according androgenic status in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: Between March 2007 and September 2013, we prospectively analysed 937 patients who were referred to our centre for RP. Clinical, pathological and biological data have been prospectively collected. Preoperative total testosterone (TT) and bioavailable testosterone (BT) serum determinations were carried out. The threshold for low serum testosterone was set at TT<3 ng/ml. Preoperative PSA value was registered. Gleason score (GS) and predominant Gleason pattern were determined in prostate biopsies and in prostate tissue specimens, crosschecked by two uro-pathologists. RESULTS: Nine hundred and thirty-seven consecutive patients were included. In all, 14.9% patients had low TT in the population. An exact match between biopsy and prostate specimens in GS grading was observed for 50.6% patients (n=474). Also, 40.9% of all patients were upgraded (n=383): 45.3% (n=63) in low serum testosterone patients and 40.1% (n=320) in normal serum testosterone patients. For prostate specimens, the proportion of patients with predominant Gleason pattern 4 was higher in patients with low TT compared with normal TT (41.7% vs 29.1%, P=0.0029). In all, 20.1% were upgraded from predominant Gleason pattern 3 on biopsies specimen to predominant Gleason 4 pattern on the prostate specimen in patients with low TT, whereas 11.6% were upgraded for normal TT patients (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Low serum testosterone is an independent risk factor for predominant Gleason pattern 4 on prostate specimen after RP and for upgrading from low- to high-grade cancer between prostate needle biopsies and RP specimen. This observation should be taken into account in localised PCa management, especially for active surveillance or when a nerve-sparing approach is considered.

Potential impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT on patients selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical cystectomy.

BACKGROUND: The detection of lymph node metastases in bladder cancer has a major impact on treatment decisions and patients prognosis. Due to limited value of conventional imaging, the place of molecular and functional imaging needs to be precised, particularly in the neoadjuvant setting. METHODS: From June 2011 to June 2013, 102 patients with clinically localized BCa were simultaneously staged with (18)F-FDG PET/CT before RC. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of (18)F-FDG PET/CT for the detection of metastases in normal-sized lymph nodes using extended pelvic lymph node dissection and histopathology as the reference standard. RESULTS: A total of 1211 LNs were examined histopathologically. Sixty-seven (5.5%) metastatic nodes were found in 26/102 patients (25.5%). Lymph node density was 22%. On patient-based analysis, sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive value (PPV), negative positive value (NPV) and accuracy for (18)F-FDG PET/CT were calculated as 50%, 96.2%, 80%, 86.2% and 85.3% respectively. On a field-based analysis, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy for (18)F-FDG PET/CT were calculated as 50.0%, 99.0%, 71.9%, 97.4%, and 96.5% respectively. The majority of missed metastases were micrometastasis <5 mm in long axis diameter. CONCLUSIONS: (18)F-FDG PET/CT improves diagnostic efficacy for lymph node staging in patients staged N0 with conventional cross-sectional imaging. (18)F-FDG PET/CT could be used as a surrogate marker for detection of metastases in non-enlarged pelvic lymph nodes and enhances management strategy guiding patients selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

A randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled comparative clinical trial of arginine aspartate plus adenosine monophosphate for the intermittent treatment of male erectile dysfunction.

Efficacy and safety of l-arginine aspartate 8 g combined with 200 mg of adenosine monophosphate (AA) with placebo (PL) alone for intermittent treatment of mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction (ED) were compared. The study design was a double-blind, PL-controlled, two-way crossover randomized clinical trial with 26 patients. Efficacy was assessed by International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and two additional validated questionnaires [the Erection Hardness Score (EHS) and the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS). During each crossover period, separated by a 2-week wash-out period, drugs were administered orally, 1-2 h before sexual intercourse. Primary endpoint was a change in the IIEF. Secondary endpoints were patient and investigator assessments of treatment success. Investigators' and patients' assessment of efficacy was significantly improved by the combination vs. PL (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04 respectively]. EHS and EDITS questionnaires were both improved by the combination (p = 0.015 and p = 0.017 respectively). There was no significant difference in terms of tolerance between AA and PL or severe adverse events. ED patients demonstrated significant improvements in all IIEF domains with the exception of the Sexual Desire and Orgasmic Domains when treated with AA compared with PL. This pilot phase II study showed that the on-demand oral administration at a high dosage of l-arginine aspartate-adenosine monophosphate combination may be effective in patients with mild-to-moderate ED, is very well tolerated and could be tested as a safe first-line therapy in a larger size phase III study.

Effects of ρ-Da1a a peptidic α(1) (A) -adrenoceptor antagonist in human isolated prostatic adenoma and anaesthetized rats.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ρ-Da1a, a 65 amino-acid peptide, has subnanomolar affinity and high selectivity for the human α(1) (A) -adrenoceptor subtype. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacological effects of ρ-Da1a on prostatic function, both in vivo and in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: ρ-Da1a was tested as an antagonist of adrenaline-induced effects on COS cells transfected with the human α(1) (A) -adrenoceptor as well as on human isolated prostatic adenoma obtained from patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Moreover, we compared the effects of ρ-Da1a and tamsulosin on phenylephrine (PHE)-induced increases in intra-urethral (IUP) and arterial pressures (AP) in anaesthetized rats, following i.v. or p.o. administration. KEY RESULTS: On COS cells expressing human α(1) (A) -adrenoceptors and on human prostatic strips, ρ-Da1a inhibited adrenaline- and noradrenaline-induced effects. In anaesthetized rats, ρ-Da1a and tamsulosin administered i.v. 30 min before PHE significantly antagonized the effects of PHE on IUP. The pK(B) values for tamsulosin and ρ-Da1a for this effect were similar. With regards to AP, ρ-Da1a only reduced the effect of PHE on AP at the lowest dose tested (10 µg·kg(-1) ), whereas tamsulosin significantly reduced PHE effects at doses between 10 and 150 µg·kg(-1) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: ρ-Da1a exhibited a relevant effect on IUP and a small effect on AP. In contrast, tamsulosin antagonized the effects of PHE on both IUP and AP. We conclude that ρ-Da1a is more uroselective than tamsulosin. ρ-Da1a is the most selective peptidic antagonist for α(1A) -adenoceptors identified to date and could be a new treatment for various urological diseases.

[Are therapeutics decisions homogeneous in multidisciplinary onco-urology staff meeting? Comparison of therapeutic options taken in four departments from Paris]. / Les décisions sont-elles homogènes en réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire (RCP) en onco-urologie ? Comparaison des choix thérapeutiques dans quatre RCP parisiennes.

OBJECTIVE: One of the priorities of the "Plan against the Cancer" in France is to ensure the discussion of all cancer cases in a multidisciplinary meeting staff (RCP). The multidisciplinary collaboration is proposed to guarantee a discussion between specialists in every cases, particularly in complex cases. The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic decision taken in four RCP in Paris Île-de-France academic centres for three identical cases. MATERIAL: Three cases of urological oncology (prostate cancer [PCa], renal cell carcinoma [RCC] and bladder tumour) were selected by a single urologist, not involved in further discussion. These cases were blindly presented in four academic urology department from Paris: Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Mondor Hospital, the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital and Foch Hospital. RESULTS: The four centres met the criteria of quality of RCP in terms of multidisciplinarity, frequency and standardization. The therapeutic suggestions were similar in the RCC cases, there were differences in the surgical approaches and preoperative work-up in the PCa case and, lastly, the proposals were different for the bladder cancer case. CONCLUSION: The decisions relies on clinical data and preoperative work-up but also on the experience and habits of the centre of excellence. For complex cases that does not fit with current guidelines, the panel discussion can lead to different therapeutic options from a centre to another and is largely influenced by the local organisation of the RCP.

Do different susceptibility breakpoints affect the selection of antimicrobials for treatment of uncomplicated cystitis?

Because of increasing antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, the main uropathogen of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), updated susceptibility data are vital in guiding the selection of first-line treatment agents. interpretation of these data depends on the breakpoints adopted, that may vary among different guidelines.In this study we report the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight antibiotics and compare antimicrobial susceptibility results obtained in 2315 E. coli strains recently collected during the ARESC survey using EUCAST and CLSI breakpoints. We have also evaluated the clinical impact of breakpoint discrepancies on the overall susceptibility patterns.Fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and mecillinam showed the highest susceptibility rates in all countries (>92%) according to both CLSI and EUCAST criteria. Minor category shifts were observed for ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. A large number of strains classified as intermediate resistant to cefuroxime according to CLSI are included by the EUCAST in the susceptible category.In conclusion, fosfomycin, mecillinam, and nitrofurantoin have preserved their in vitro activity in all countries investigated, regardless of the criteria adopted. They continue to represent effective options for the empiric therapy of female patients with uncomplicated cystitis. The use of different interpretative criteria for E. coli responsible for UTIs therefore has no influence on the decision to be taken by the physicians managing the patients.

[Functional evaluation of the orthotopic Z-shaped ileal detubulated neobladder with a minimal 5-year follow-up]. / Evaluation fonctionnelle de la néovessie iléale détubulée orthotopique en Z avec cinq ans de recul minimum.

OBJECTIVE: Study and evaluate the orthotopic Z-shaped neobladder in the long term and life quality of patients bearing this type of replacement. METHODS: Based on 162 medical records of patients who have undergone total cystoprostatectomy and orthotopic Z-shaped replacement because of bladder cancer with a minimal 5-year follow-up. Forty patients (113-month average follow-up) residing in the region were notified for a clinical consultation and were the basis for the target population of this study. A physical examination, a Pad test and a specific consultation allowed for continence evaluation whereas three validated surveys allowed for life quality appreciation. RESULTS: Continence was satisfactory for 82% of the patients during the day and 55% during the night. There was a significant negative correlation between a patient's age at the time of the cystoprostatectomy and diurnal continence. Life quality was estimated as good in the long term. CONCLUSION: The functional results of the Z-shaped ileal detubulated neobladder in the long term are satisfactory. It allows for good urination quality and satisfactory quality of life for patients subject to total cystoprostatectomy because of cancer as well as body schema's conservation.

[The impact of partial nephrectomy on morbidity and on long-term oncological outcomes]. / Impact de l'indication impérative sur la morbidité et les résultats carcinologiques à long terme après néphrectomie partielle.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of imperative indication on the rate of complications and long term carcinological results after partial nephrectomy (PN). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Between 1985 and 2005, all patients who had a PN for localized cancer in two centers were reviewed. The rates of global, hemorrhagic and urinary complications were compared between group I (elective indication) and group II (imperative indication). Rates of survival without recurrence and specific at 5, 10 and 20 years were compared between these two groups. A multivariate analysis using the Cox model was carried out to research factors associated with recurrence and death on the whole of the series. RESULTS: Three hundred and five patients were included in the study. No significant difference was found between group I and group II as far as global complications were concerned (17 vs 20%), the rate of hemorrhagic complications (3.5 vs 3.8%) and the rate of urinary complications (3.9 vs 2.5%). The patients who had been operated on for an imperative indication had survived specifically and without recurrence which was significantly lower at 5, 10 and 20 years. On the whole of the series, the imperative indication was the only independent factor associated with recurrence and death in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Even if the rate of complication does not appear to be significantly associated with the indication for operating, patients of imperative indication represented a heterogeneous group with a poorer prognosis. This factor should be taken into account in studies on the subject of PN.

Oral levofloxacin 500 mg once daily in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.

The aim of this study was to confirm further the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) in Europe. Men with a history of CBP were enrolled in a prospective, multinational (eight countries), open-label study to receive levofloxacin 500 mg once daily per os (p.o.) for 28 days. Patients were followed for 6 months. A total of 117 patients were treated. Gram-negative bacteria were identified in 57/106 patients (mainly Escherichia coli (n=37)) and Gram-positive bacteria in 60/106 patients (mainly Enterococcus faecalis (n=18) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=14)). Among the intention-to-treat population (n=116), the clinical success rate (cured and improved patients) was 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 84.8-96.5%), 77.4% (95% CI 68.2-84.9%), 66.0% (95% CI 56.2-75.0%) and 61.9% (95% CI 51.9-71.2%) at 5-12 days, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post treatment. The microbiological eradication rate according to evaluation scheme II was 82/98 (83.7%, 95% CI 74.8-90.4%) at 1 month and the continued eradication rate was 52/57 (91.2%, 95% CI 80.7-97.1%) at 6 months post treatment. Comparison of four classification schemes showed similar results. Thus, the present investigation is suitably comparable in methods and results to previous studies. Levofloxacin was well tolerated. Four patients (3.4%) discontinued therapy due to adverse events and 15 patients (12.8%) experienced at least one adverse event. Levofloxacin 500 mg p.o. once daily for 28 days is clinically and microbiologically effective in the treatment of CBP caused by susceptible pathogens and is well tolerated.

In-vitro and in-vivo evidence of dose-dependent decrease of uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence after consumption of commercial Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) capsules.

This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of the consumption of cranberry capsules vs. placebo in the urine of healthy volunteers. A first double-blind, randomised, crossover trial involved eight volunteers who had followed three regimens, with or without cranberry, with a wash-out period of at least 6 days between each regimen. Twelve hours after consumption of cranberry or placebo hard capsules, the first urine of the morning was collected. Different Escherichia coli strains were cultured in the urine samples. Urinary antibacterial adhesion activity was measured in vitro using the human T24 epithelial cell-line, and in vivo using the Caenorhabditis elegans killing model. With the in-vitro model, 108 mg of cranberry induced a significant reduction in bacterial adherence to T24 cells as compared with placebo (p <0.001). A significant dose-dependent decrease in bacterial adherence in vitro was noted after the consumption of 108 and 36 mg of cranberry (p <0.001). The in-vivo model confirmed that E. coli strains had a reduced ability to kill C. elegans after growth in the urine of patients who consumed cranberry capsules. Overall, these in-vivo and in-vitro studies suggested that consumption of cranberry juice represents an interesting new strategy to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection.

[Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and urinary tract infections: study model and review of literature]. / Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) et infections urinaires: étude et revue de la littérature.

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) have long been the focus of interest for their beneficial effects in preventing urinary tract infections. Among cranberry compounds, a group of proanthocyanidins (PACs) with A-type linkages were isolated which exhibit bacterial anti-adhesion activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These PAC inhibit P-fimbriae synthesis and induce a bacterial deformation. This activity was demonstrated on both antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacteria. This review focused on the last discoveries in the knowledge of cranberry effects.

Reduction of Escherichia coli adherence to uroepithelial bladder cells after consumption of cranberry juice: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial.

To determine the efficacy of the consumption of cranberry juice versus placebo with regard to the presence of in vitro bacterial anti-adherence activity in the urine of healthy volunteers. Twenty healthy volunteers, 10 men and 10 women, were included. The study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and cross-over study. In addition to normal diet, each volunteer received at dinner a single dose of 750 ml of a total drink composed of: (1) 250 ml of the placebo and 500 ml of mineral water, or (2) 750 ml of the placebo, or (3) 250 ml of the cranberry juice and 500 ml of mineral water, or (4) 750 ml of the cranberry juice. Each volunteer took the four regimens successively in a randomly order, with a washout period of at least 6 days between every change in regimen. The first urine of the morning following cranberry or placebo consumption was collected and used to support bacterial growth. Six uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains (all expressing type 1 pili; three positive for the gene marker for P-fimbriae papC and three negative for papC), previously isolated from patients with symptomatic urinary tract infections, were grown in urine samples and tested for their ability to adhere to the T24 bladder cell line in vitro. There were no significant differences in the pH or specific gravity between the urine samples collected after cranberry or placebo consumption. We observed a dose dependent significant decrease in bacterial adherence associated with cranberry consumption. Adherence inhibition was observed independently from the presence of genes encoding type P pili and antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Cranberry juice consumption provides significant anti-adherence activity against different E. coli uropathogenic strains in the urine compared with placebo.

TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome in an adult.

A 48-year-old woman with a history of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), was found to have multiple renal angiomyolipomas on a pathological examination after nephrectomy. The clinical and pathological presentation is consistent with the diagnosis of TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome, caused by the simultaneous loss of TSC2 and PKD1, the two major genes for tuberous sclerosis complex and ADPKD.

[What is the best bladder replacement]. / Quel est le meilleur remplacement de vessie?

Among the surgical options for bladder replacement proposed after cystectomy, the ileocaecal pouch system has been abandoned for twenty years because of its poor gastrointestinal tolerance. Colonic enterocystoplasty is useful because of the reduced risk of degeneration and fewer repercussions on gastrointestinal absorption. However, replacement with the ileum is today the reference cystoplasty with three main techniques: Hautmann bladder, Studer pouch and Foch Z-shaped pouch. According to the data in the literature, these techniques offer similar overall performances and the results therefore remain mainly operator-dependent. Efficacy in terms of urinary continence is optimized by the preparation of a detubularized neobladder with a "physiological" functional capacity, the preservation of the sphincter as well as perineal-abdominal re-education which is started immediately after surgery. Direct ureteral reimplantation in the detubularized bladder is today an effective and sufficient technique to prevent vesico-renal reflux. Tumor recurrences do not seem be dependent on the type of ureteral reimplantation, nor on the type of initial bladder tumor. Extemporaneous examination of the cross-section of normal urethral section (no tumor, dysplasia, or carcinoma in situ) makes it possible to exclude the risk of urethral recurrence.