Decellularized extracellular matrix microparticles as a vehicle for cellular delivery in a model of anastomosis healing.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) materials from animal and human sources have become important materials for soft tissue repair. Microparticles of ECM materials have increased surface area and exposed binding sites compared to sheet materials. Decellularized porcine peritoneum was mechanically dissociated into 200 µm microparticles, seeded with fibroblasts and cultured in a low gravity rotating bioreactor. The cells avidly attached and maintained excellent viability on the microparticles. When the seeded microparticles were placed in a collagen gel, the cells quickly migrated off the microparticles and through the gel. Cells from seeded microparticles migrated to and across an in vitro anastomosis model, increasing the tensile strength of the model. Cell seeded microparticles of ECM material have potential for paracrine and cellular delivery therapies when delivered in a gel carrier. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1728-1735, 2016.

Engineering ear constructs with a composite scaffold to maintain dimensions.

Engineered cartilage composed of a patient's own cells can become a feasible option for auricular reconstruction. However, distortion and shrinkage of ear-shaped constructs during scaffold degradation and neocartilage maturation in vivo have hindered the field. Scaffolds made of synthetic polymers often generate degradation products that cause an inflammatory reaction and negatively affect neocartilage formation in vivo. Porous collagen, a natural material, is a promising candidate; however, it cannot withstand the contractile forces exerted by skin and surrounding tissue during normal wound healing. We hypothesised that a permanent support in the form of a coiled wire embedded into a porous collagen scaffold will maintain the construct's size and ear-specific shape. Half-sized human adult ear-shaped fibrous collagen scaffolds with and without embedded coiled titanium wire were seeded with sheep auricular chondrocytes, cultured in vitro for up to 2 weeks, and implanted subcutaneously on the backs of nude mice. After 6 weeks, the dimensional changes in all implants with wire support were minimal (2.0% in length and 4.1% in width), whereas significant reduction in size occurred in the constructs without embedded wire (14.4% in length and 16.5% in width). No gross distortion occurred over the in vivo study period. There were no adverse effects on neocartilage formation from the embedded wire. Histologically, mature neocartilage extracellular matrix was observed throughout all implants. The amount of DNA, glycosaminoglycan, and hydroxyproline in the engineered cartilage were similar to that of native sheep ear cartilage. The embedded wire support was essential for avoiding shrinkage of the ear-shaped porous collagen constructs.

Preserved extracellular matrix components and retained biological activity in decellularized porcine mesothelium.

Mesothelium tissues such as peritoneum and pleura have a thin and strong layer of extracellular matrix that supports mesothelial cells capable of rapid healing. Decellularized porcine mesothelium was characterized for strength, composition of the matrix and biological activity. The tensile strength of the material was 40.65 +/- 21.65 N/cm. Extracellular matrix proteins collagen IV, fibronectin, and laminin as well as glycosaminoglycans were present in the material. Cytokines inherent in the extracellular matrix were preserved. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) were retained and the levels of VEGF and TGF-beta in the decellularized mesothelium were higher than those found in decellularized small intestinal submucosa (SIS). The decellularized mesothelium also stimulated human fibroblasts to produce more VEGF than fibroblasts grown on tissue culture plastic. Decellularized mesothelium is a sheet material with a combination of strength and biological activity that may have many potential applications in surgical repair and regenerative medicine.

The retention of extracellular matrix proteins and angiogenic and mitogenic cytokines in a decellularized porcine dermis.

Decellularized dermis materials demonstrate considerable utility in surgical procedures including hernia repair and breast reconstruction. A new decellularized porcine dermis material has been developed that retains many native extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and cytokines. This material has substantial mechanical strength with maximum tensile strength of 141.7 +/- 85.4 (N/cm) and suture pull through strength of 47.0 +/- 14.0 (N). After processing, many ECM proteins remained in the material including collagen III, collagen IV, collagen VII, laminin and fibronectin. Glycosaminoglycans, including hyaluronic acid, were also preserved. Among several cytokines whose levels were quantified, more vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) were retained within this material than in comparable decellularized dermis materials. The retention of bioactivity was demonstrated in a cell culture assay. Because this decellularized porcine dermis material both retains significant strength and has substantial biological activity, it may promote rapid integration and repair in clinical applications.