Examining the Relationship Between Soda Consumption and Eating Disorder Pathology.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare diet soda drinkers, regular soda drinkers, and individuals who do not regularly consume soda on clinically significant eating disorder psychopathology, including binge eating, overeating, and purging. METHOD: Participants (n=2077) were adult community volunteers who completed an online survey that included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and questions regarding binge eating behaviors, purging, current weight status, and the type and frequency of soda beverages consumed. RESULTS: Diet soda drinkers (34%, n=706) reported significantly higher levels of eating, shape, and weight concerns than regular soda drinkers (22%, n=465), who in turn reported higher levels on these variables than non-soda drinkers (44%, n=906). Diet soda drinkers were more likely to report binge eating and purging than regular soda drinkers, who were more likely to report these behaviors than non-soda drinkers. Consumption of any soda was positively associated with higher BMI, though individuals who consumed regular soda reported significantly higher BMI than diet soda drinkers, who in turn reported higher weight than those who do not consume soda regularly. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who consume soda regularly reported higher BMI and more eating psychopathology than those who do not consume soda. These findings extend previous research demonstrating positive associations between soda consumption and weight.

Tetrakis(tetrahydrofuran-kappaO)lithium mer-tris(carbazolyl-kappaN)-trans-dichloro(tetrahydrofuran-kappaO)zirconate.

In the title compound, [Li(C(4)H(8)O)(4)][ZrCl(2)(C(12)H(8)N)(3)(C(4)H(8)O)], the environment of the Zr atom is pseudo-octahedral, with the three carbazolyl ligands in a mer configuration. The counter-ion of the zirconium complex is composed of an Li atom surrounded by four tetrahydrofuran (THF) molecules. The THF molecule attached to the Zr atom is disordered over two sites, as are two of the THF molecules in the lithium moiety. All bond distances and angles are consistent with those in complexes with similar structural entities. The Zr-N bond distances are 2.2185 (18) and 2.167 (3) A.

Trans-dichloro-cis-bis(3,6-dimethylcarbazolyl)-cis-bis(tetrahydrofuran)zirconium(IV) benzene sesquisolvate.

In the title compound, [ZrCl(2)(C(14)H(12)N)(2)(C(4)H(8)O)(2)].1.5C(6)H(6), the Zr atom is pseudo-octahedral, with two Cl atoms in trans positions and two tetrahydrofuran molecules in cis positions. The two 3,6-dimethylcarbazolyl ligands are in cis positions and are canted with respect to one another. The two Zr-N distances are 2.1148 (18) and 2.1236 (18) A, and the N-Zr-N angle is 95.08 (7)degrees. The title compound crystallizes as the benzene solvate, with one of the benzene molecules positioned on an inversion center.

(Tetrahydrofuran)potassium mer-trans-tris(carbazolyl)dichloro(tetrahydrofuran)zirconate.

In the title compound, [K(C(4)H(8)O)][ZrCl(2)(C(12)H(8)N)(3)(C(4)H(8)O)], the Zr atom is pseudo-octahedral, with two Cl ligands in trans positions. There is extensive interaction between the potassium cation and two of the aromatic carbazolyl ligands in eta(6) [C.K = 3.167 (3)-3.331 (3) A] and eta(2) [C.K = 3.147 (3)-3.268 (2) A] fashions.

Trained nurses can provide safe and effective sedation for MRI in pediatric patients.

PURPOSE: To determine the success rate, safety and complications using a standard protocol and trained nurses to provide sedation for MRI under the supervision of a radiologist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nurses were trained to provide sedation via a standard protocol for pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic MRI. Oral chloral hydrate (80-100 mg x kg(-1)) was used for children less than 18 mo of age. Older children received either 1-6 mg x kg(-1) pentobarbital i.v., with or without 1-2 microg x kg x hr(-1) fentanyl, or 25 mg x kg(-1) thiopental pr. Sedation was defined as successful if it allowed completion of the MRI without image distorting patient movement. The records of 572 MRIs performed on 488 pediatric patients (mean age 5+/-4 yr; age 2 mo-14 yr) from 1991 to July 1995 were reviewed to determine the success rate and complications using the sedation program. RESULTS: Most, 91.8% (525/572), of the MRIs were successfully completed in 445 patients. The reasons for failure were inadequate sedation (45, 95.7%) and coughing (2, 4.2%). The failure rate was much higher before 1994 (38/272, 14%) than after (9/300, 3%; P<0.0001). Failure was more common if rectal thiopental was used (23/172, 14%) than intravenous pentobarbital (19/256, 7.4%; P<0.05). The failure rate was also high in patients with a history of a behavioural disorder (10/59, 17%). There were no deaths or unexpected admissions as a result of the sedation program. CONCLUSION: A high success rate can be achieved as experience is gained using a standard protocol and trained nurses to sedate children for MRI.

Relation between loneliness and depression: a structural equation analysis.

Research on loneliness has been hampered by its strong association with depression. The two states frequently co-occur, and measures of the two states are substantially correlated. Inability to manipulate experimentally loneliness or depression makes it difficult to untangle the causal influence of one on the other. The combination of longitudinal design and structural equation methodology is proposed as a solution to this general problem. Measures of loneliness and depression were administered to undergraduates at two points 5 weeks apart. Data from 333 subjects were correlated and analyzed under a succession of structural equation models. Results indicated that loneliness and depression were correlated but clearly different constructs; neither was a direct cause of the other, though both probably share some common origins; both were highly stable over to 5-week-period.