Assessment of Resident Performance During the Cardiac Anesthesia Rotation: Application of the House Officer Clinical Assessment in Cardiac Anesthesiology.

OBJECTIVE: The assessment of clinical skills was created that evaluates House Officer performance within 13 clinical domains during the Cardiac Anesthesiology rotation to provide an assessment and evaluation process for residents while performing a cardiac anesthetic. DESIGN: A retrospective evaluation of performance assessments over a 33-month period. SETTING: University hospital-based Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited Residency Training program. PARTICIPANTS: Anesthesiology house officers within the Department Residency Program. INTERVENTIONS: This House Officer Clinical Assessment was created and implemented as residents rotated through the cardiac anesthesia service. Scores in 13 domain-specific components from this assessment were collected after the attending-resident debrief. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Most scores were found to be sufficient to suggest competency, and the evaluation allowed for a more detailed approach to assessment and feedback. The most common aspects of the case in which the residents showed reduced performance and proficiency were the transition off cardiopulmonary bypass and the performance of the transesophageal echocardiogram. Overall, the resident survey showed a positive response to the assessment and the feedback provided during the post-examination debrief. CONCLUSION: The House Officer Clinical Assessment in Cardiac Anesthesiology allows for a more objective assessment of performance for specific portions of the case and allows for improved feedback on performance. Aspects of the evaluation tool and where residents correlate with the Anesthesiology Milestones for residency are discussed, as well as the ability to determine sufficient proficiency with knowledge and skills over the use of subjective rank to determine competency.

Pulmonary Artery Stenosis in a Patient with Prior Histoplasmosis and the Discovery of Complications.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) results from varied etiologies, leading to progressive symptoms and limiting physical activity and quality of life, with associated morbidity and mortality. External compression of the pulmonary artery (PA) is a rare cause of PH and may give the clinician cause to investigate compression of nearby structures. In this E-Challenge, the authors present a case of PA stenosis in a patient with prior histoplasmosis scheduled for left PA stenting. However, because the pulmonary veins were not well-visualized on chest computed tomography, the anesthesia team performed a perioperative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) to help differentiate the causes of PH. TEE revealed external compression of the pulmonary veins. This case highlights the value of pathophysiologic understanding, preoperative planning, and the effect of echocardiography on clinical management and patient safety. In this case, TEE prevented possible morbidity and mortality.

Zero balance ultrafiltration using dialysate during nationwide bicarbonate shortage: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Zero balance ultrafiltration (Z-BUF) utilizing injectable 8.4% sodium bicarbonate is utilized to treat hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The nationwide shortage of injectable 8.4% sodium bicarbonate in 2017 created a predicament for the care of cardiac surgery patients. Given the uncertainty of availability of sodium bicarbonate solutions, our center pro-actively sought a solution to the sodium bicarbonate shortage by performing Z-BUF with dialysate (Z-BUF-D) replacement fluid for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Single-center, retrospective observational evaluation of the first 46 patients at an academic medical center who underwent Z-BUF using dialysate over a period of 150 days with comparison of these findings to a historical group of 39 patients who underwent Z-BUF with sodium chloride (Z-BUF-S) over the preceding 150 days. The primary outcome was the change in whole blood potassium levels pre- and post-Z-BUF-D. Secondary outcomes included changes in pre- and post-Z-BUF-D serum bicarbonate levels and the amount of serum bicarbonate used in each Z-BUF cohort (Z-BUF-D and Z-BUF-S). RESULTS: Z-BUF-D and Z-BUF-S both significantly reduced potassium levels during CPB. However, Z-BUF-D resulted in a significantly decreased need for supplemental 8.4% sodium bicarbonate administration during CPB (52 mEq ± 48 vs. 159 mEq ± 85, P < 0.01). There were no complications directly attributed to the Z-BUF procedure. CONCLUSION: Z-BUF with dialysate appears to be analternative to Z-BUF with sodium chloride with marked lower utilization of intravenous sodium bicarbonate.

Financial Considerations of an Anesthesia Consult Service.

Surgical patients with complex cardiac disease often require noncardiac surgery. There have been recent articles written concerning the role of the cardiothoracic anesthesiologist as a consultant in the operating room as well as outside the operating theatre.1,2 With the evolution of the cardiothoracic anesthesia consult service (CACS), there are many issues regarding medical billing, financial reimbursement, and Medicare rules that anesthesiologists may not be familiar with. This paper will discuss the financial implications of starting a CACS.

The Implementation of a Preoperative Transthoracic Echocardiography Consult Service by Anesthesiologists.

We describe a preoperative transthoracic echocardiography consult service led by anesthesiologists. The implementation process and the patient cohort are described. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiographic examinations were mostly performed in patients undergoing intermediate- or high-risk noncardiac surgery and in patients with a higher calculated mortality risk. All transthoracic echocardiographic examinations were interpreted by anesthesiologists.

Transesophageal Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography Improves Right Ventricular Systolic Function Assessment in the Perioperative Setting.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative evaluation of right ventricular (RV) systolic function is important to follow intraoperative changes, but it is often not possible to assess with transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) imaging, because of surgical field constraints. Echocardiographic RV quantification is most commonly performed using tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), but it is not clear whether this method works with transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) imaging. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between TTE and TEE TAPSE distances measured with M-mode imaging and in comparison with speckle-tracking TTE and TEE measurements. METHODS: Prospective observational TTE and TEE imaging was performed during elective cardiac surgical procedures in 100 subjects. Speckle-tracking echocardiographic TAPSE distances were determined and compared with the TTE M-mode TAPSE standard. Both an experienced and an inexperienced user of the speckle-tracking echocardiographic software evaluated the images, to enable interobserver assessment in 84 subjects. RESULTS: The comparison between TTE M-mode TAPSE and TEE M-mode TAPSE demonstrated significant variability, with a Spearman correlation of 0.5 and a mean variance in measurement of 6.5 mm. There was equivalence within data pairs and correlations between TTE M-mode TAPSE and both speckle-tracking TTE and speckle-tracking TEE TAPSE, with Spearman correlations of 0.65 and 0.65, respectively. The average variance in measurement was 0.6 mm for speckle-tracking TTE TAPSE and 1.5 mm for speckle-tracking TEE TAPSE. CONCLUSIONS: Using TTE M-mode TAPSE as a control, TEE M-mode TAPSE results are not accurate and should not be used clinically to evaluate RV systolic function. The relationship between speckle-tracking echocardiographic TAPSE and TTE M-mode TAPSE suggests that in the perioperative setting, speckle-tracking TEE TAPSE might be used to quantitatively evaluate RV systolic function in the absence of TTE imaging.

Liver Transplantation: Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography Findings and Relationship to Major Postoperative Adverse Cardiac Events.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the study was to describe the most common intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) findings during the 3 separate phases of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The secondary aim of the study was to determine if the abnormal TEE findings were associated with major postoperative adverse cardiac events (MACE) and thus may be amenable to future management strategies. DESIGN: Data were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical record and institutional echocardiography database. SETTING: Single university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 100 patients undergoing OLT via total cavaplasty technique. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoperative TEE was performed in all 3 phases of OLT. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: TEE findings of 100 patients who had TEE during OLT during the dissection, anhepatic, and reperfusion phases of transplantation were recorded after blind review. Findings then were analyzed to see if those findings were predictive of postoperative MACE. Intraoperative TEE findings varied among the different phases of OLT. Common TEE findings at reperfusion were microemboli (n = 40, 40%), isolated right ventricular dysfunction (n = 22, 22%), and intracardiac thromboemboli (n = 20, 20%). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative echocardiography findings during liver transplantation varied during each phase of transplantation. The presence of intracardiac thromboemboli or biventricular dysfunction on intraoperative echocardiography was predictive of short- and long-term major postoperative adverse cardiac events.

Echocardiography-based hemodynamic management of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: a feasibility and safety study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) are at increased risk of postoperative adverse events. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of using echocardiography-guided hemodynamic management (EGHEM) during surgery in subjects with LVDD compared to conventional management. The feasibility of using echocardiography to direct a treatment algorithm and clinical outcomes were compared for safety between groups. METHODS: Subjects were screened for LVDD by preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and randomized to the conventional or EGHEM group. Subjects in EGHEM received hemodynamic management based on left ventricular filling patterns on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Primary outcomes measured were the feasibility to obtain TEE images and follow a TEE-based treatment algorithm. Safety outcomes also compared the following clinical differences between groups: length of hospitalization, incidence of atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack and renal failure measured 30 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Population consisted of 28 surgical subjects (14 in conventional group and 14 in EGHEM group). Mean subject age was 73.4 ± 6.7 years (36% male) in conventional group and 65.9 ± 14.4 years (36% male) in EGHEM group. Procedures included orthopedic (conventional = 29%, EGHEM 36%), general (conventional = 50%, EGHEM = 36%), vascular (conventional = 7%, EGHEM = 21%), and thoracic (conventional = 14%, EGHEM = 7%). There was no statistically significant difference in adverse clinical events between the 2 groups. The EGHEM group had less CHF, atrial fibrillation, and shorter length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography-guided hemodynamic management of patients with LVDD during surgery is feasible and may be a safe alternative to conventional management.

Use of rapid "rescue" perioperative echocardiography to improve outcomes after hemodynamic instability in noncardiac surgical patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if modified "rescue" echocardiography enhanced management during perioperative hemodynamic instability in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of the medical data. SETTING: Perioperative setting at a single academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery who experienced perioperative hemodynamic instability and were evaluated by either transthoracic echocardiography (TTE, n = 9) or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE, n = 22). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Rapid "rescue" echocardiography was performed on each patient looking for a specific cause for the patient's perioperative compromise. Echocardiography results, medical management, surgical management, and patient outcomes were all reviewed from the medical record and the department database. All patients were found to have an explainable diagnosis for the hemodynamic instability on the echocardiographic examination. The most common diagnoses were left-heart dysfunction (n = 16), right-heart dysfunction (n = 9), hypovolemia (n = 5), pulmonary embolus (n = 5), and myocardial ischemia (n = 4). Based on findings at echocardiography, 4 patients (13%) underwent and survived an emergent secondary procedure. All 31 patients recovered during their surgical procedure, and 25 (81%) progressed to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Both TTE and TEE can play a critical role in the diagnosis and management of perioperative hemodynamic instability.