Positive margins and plexitis increase the risk of recurrence after ileocecal resection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: There is debate over the impact of residual microscopic disease after ileocecal resection in Crohn's disease (CD) to predict recurrence. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of positive histological margins and plexitis after ileocecal resection on the risk of postoperative recurrence. METHODS: Using a systematic search, we identified. 30 studies evaluating the impact of inflammatory margins on CD recurrence. The primary outcome was the postoperative clinical recurrence and secondary outcomes were surgical, and endoscopic recurrence. We performed random-effects meta-analysis and estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Thirty studies were analyzed, seven focused on myenteric plexitis, six on submucosal plexitis and twenty-three on positive margins. Inflammatory margins were associated with a higher rate of clinical and surgical recurrences: respectively 14 studies - OR 2.38; 95% CI, 1.54 - 3.68- I2 = 68.2%, Q test-p = 0.0003 and 8 studies - OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.07-2.16 - I2 =0%; Q test-p = 0.43. The presence of myenteric plexitis was associated with a higher rate of clinical recurrence (4 studies- OR, 1.60; 95%CI, 1.12-2.29; I2= 0%, Q-test-p = 0.61), and of endoscopic recurrence (4 studies - OR, 4.25; 95%CI; 2.06-8.76; I2= 0%, Q test-p = 0.97). Submucosal plexitis was not associated with an increased risk of endoscopic recurrence (4 studies - OR, 0.94; 95%CI; 0.58-1.52; I2= 0%, Q test-p = 0.79). CONCLUSION: Inflammatory margins and/or plexitis were associated with postoperative recurrence after ileocecal resection for CD. These elements should be taken into account in future algorithm for prevention of postoperative recurrence.

[Rectal leiomyosarcoma, a rare malignant tumor diagnosed in ulcerative colitis]. / Le léiomyosarcome rectal, une tumeur maligne rare diagnostiquée au cours de la rectocolite ulcéro-hémorragique.

Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases (IBD) of the digestive tract are known to have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. These are usually adenocarcinomas, and the occurrence of malignant mesenchymal tumours, particularly leiomyosarcomas, is exceptional. We report one case in a 40-year-old woman, followed for 9 years for ulcerative colitis. The tumour measured 2cm in length and infiltrated the entire rectal wall as far as the subserosa. It was composed of fusiform cells, with 5 mitoses for 10 fields at ×400 magnification, and expressing actin, desmin and caldesmone under immunohistochemical study. We review the 2 cases of leiomyosarcomas associated with Crohn's disease and 3 cases developed during ulcerative colitis published in the literature.

Endoscopic treatment of large gastric leaks after gastrectomy using the combination of double pigtail drains crossing a covered stent.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopy is the gold standard for the treatment of postoperative gastric leaks (GL). Large fistulas are associated with high rate of treatment failure. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy of a combining technique using a covered stent (CS) crossing through pigtails (PDs) for large postsurgical GL leaks. METHODS: All consecutive patients with large (> 10 mm) postsurgical GL treated endoscopically with a combination of a CS and PDs were included in a single-center retrospective study. The primary endpoint was the rate of GL closure. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients were included. Twenty-five patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy. The fistula (median diameter 15 mm) was diagnosed 6 days (IQR 4-9) after surgery. Technical success was observed in all procedures. After a median follow-up of 10.7 months (IQR 3.8-20.7), GL closure was observed in 82.7% with a median time of 63 days (IQR 40-90). Surgical management was finally necessary in four patients after a median of 186 days (IQR 122-250). No complications related to combined endoscopic treatment were observed especially stent migration during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: An endoscopic strategy combining CS crossing through PDs appears to be effective, safe and well tolerated for the treatment of large GL.

Complete endoscopic healing is associated with lower disability than partial endoscopic healing in Crohn's disease: A prospective multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: Crohn's disease (CD) has a significant impact on health status and quality of life, affecting physical and emotional well-being and impairing social and functional abilities. In the era of the treat-to-target concept, endoscopic healing has emerged as the goal to achieve to prevent intestinal damage and disability. It is not clear what level of endoscopic healing is associated with lower disability. We therefore aimed to compare disability associated with complete endoscopic healing to disability with partial endoscopic healing in patients with CD. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter prospective study, between September 2019 and November 2020, in one university hospital, one general hospital, and one private practice center. Consecutive patients with CD in clinical remission were included, having either complete endoscopic healing (CDEIS = 0) or partial endoscopic healing (CDEIS >0 and <4). The 10-item IBD-Disk self-assessment questionnaire was used to assess disability. Moderate to severe disability was defined as an overall IBD-Disk score ≥40. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients were included. Forty-four (53%) were women, the median age and disease duration were respectively 35.3 years (interquartile range [IQR], 28.6-45.2) and 8.0 years (IQR, 3.0-17.0). The median overall IBD-Disk score was 26.5 (IQR, 9 -45.0), and 30 (36.6%) patients had moderate to severe disability. Complete endoscopic healing was observed in 48 patients (57.3%). The median IBD-Disk score was respectively 24 (IQR, 9.0-40.5) and 34 (IQR, 9.5-51.5) for patients with complete and partial endoscopic healing (p = 0.068). Respectively, 13/48 (27%) and 17/34 (50%) of patients with complete and partial endoscopic healing had moderate to severe disability (p = 0.039). In multivariate analysis, partial endoscopic healing (OR=5.82, 95% CI [1.65, 24.69], p = 0.0009), female gender (OR=4.0, 95%CI [1.13, 16.58], p = 0.04), and smoking (OR=8.33, 95% CI [1.96, 50.0] p = 0.006) were significantly associated with moderate to severe disability. Among the IBD-Disk sub scores, the defecation score (median, IQR) (0.0 [0.0-3.0] vs 4.0 [0.0-7.5], p = 0.028) and energy score (4.0 [0.0-6.0] vs 6.0 [2.5-8.0], p = 0.023) were significantly lower with complete endoscopic healing. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of patient with endoscopic healing reported moderate to severe disability. Complete endoscopic healing (CDEIS = 0) was associated with lower disability than partial endoscopic healing (CDEIS >0 and <4). Deeper endoscopic healing may be needed to reduce the risk of disability in CD.

Managing complex perianal disease after anti-TNF failure: Where to go next?

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects various intestinal segments and can involve the perianal region. Although anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents have revolutionized the management of Crohn's disease and improved the prognosis for patients with perianal Crohn's disease (pCD), their long-term effectiveness is limited: over 60% of patients relapse after one year of maintenance therapy. In recent years, significant advances have been made in the treatment of complex perianal fistulas after anti-TNF failure. Concomitant treatment with antibiotics and immunosuppressants improves the effectiveness of anti-TNF agents. Therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment of anti-TNF therapy (targeting a higher trough level) might also improve treatment response. Novel therapeutic strategies might provide new opportunities for pCD management; for example, ustekinumab might be effective after anti-TNF treatment failure, although more studies are needed. As suggested in recent international guidelines, mesenchymal stem cell injection might be an effective, safe treatment for complex pCD.

Endoscopic Treatment of Enterocutaneous Fistulas in Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Management of enterocutaneous fistulas in Crohn's disease is challenging. Most patients still need intestinal resection in the biologic era. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic treatment for enterocutaneous fistulas. DESIGN: This is a retrospective study of medical records. SETTINGS: This study was conducted in a single institution. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients with Crohn's disease with an enterocutaneous fistula who underwent endoscopic fistula closure with the use of an over-the-scope clip or a hemostatic clip were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measured was the clinical success 3 months after the procedure, which was defined as the complete closure of all fistulas at physical examination and complete cessation of the drainage from the external opening, without surgery. RESULTS: Eight patients (men, 25%; median age 45 years [interquartile range, 33-51]) were followed. Fistulas were localized at the ileocolonic or colocolonic anastomosis in 7 patients and at the stomach in 1 patient. Seven patients were treated with an over-the-scope clip, and one was treated with a hemostatic clip. Technical success was achieved in all cases. Clinical success at 3 months was achieved in 75% of cases (6/8 patients). After a median 16-month (interquartile range, 13-23) follow-up, 3 of 8 (37.5%) patients had enterocutaneous fistula closure and 2 of 8 (25%) needed intestinal resection. No complications were observed. LIMITATIONS: The retrospective nature, the small sample size of the study, and the heterogeneity of the population limit the interpretation of the results. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic treatment of enterocutaneous fistulas is feasible with a short-term effectiveness. Additional studies are needed to confirm these results. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B614. TRATAMIENTO ENDOSCPICO DE FSTULAS ENTEROCUTNEAS EN ENFERMEDAD DE CROHN: ANTECEDENTES:Es desafiante el manejo de las fístulas enterocutáneas en enfermedad de Crohn. En la era biológica, la mayoría de los pacientes todavía requieren de resección intestinal.OBJETIVO:Evaluar la eficacia por tratamiento endoscópico de fístulas enterocutáneas.ENTORNO CLINICO:Estudio retrospectivo de registros médicos.AJUSTE:Realizado en una sola institución.PACIENTES:Se incluyeron todos los pacientes consecutivos con fístula enterocutánea en enfermedad de Crohn, sometidos a cierre endoscópico de la fístula con clip sobre el endoscopio o clip hemostático.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:El éxito clínico a los 3 meses después del procedimiento. Definido al examen físico, como el cierre completo de todas las fístulas y cese completo del drenaje por la abertura externa, sin cirugía.RESULTADOS:Se estudiaron a ocho pacientes (hombres, 25%, mediana de edad de 45 años (rango intercuartílico, 33-51)). En 7 pacientes, las fístulas se localizaron en la anastomosis ileocolónica o colocolónica y un paciente, en el estómago. Siete pacientes fueron tratados con clip sobre el endoscopio y uno con clip hemostático. Se logró éxito técnico en todos los casos. Se logró éxito clínico a los 3 meses en 75% de los casos (6/8 pacientes). Después de una mediana de 16 meses (rango intercuartílico, 13-23), de seguimiento 3/8 (37,5%) pacientes presentaron cierre de fístulas enterocutáneas y 2/8 (25%) requirieron resección intestinal. No se observaron complicaciones.LIMITACIONES:Estudio retrospectivo, pequeño tamaño de la muestra y heterogeneidad de la población, limitaron la interpretación de los resultados.CONCLUSIONES:Es posible el tratamiento endoscópico de fístulas enterocutáneas con efectividad a corto plazo. Se requieren nuevos estudios para confirmar estos resultados. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B614. (Traducción-Dr. Fidel Ruiz Healy).

Colonic Strictures in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Epidemiology, Complications, and Management.

The management of colorectal stricture complicating inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] remains a challenging condition. Stricture raises concern about neoplastic complications, which cannot be fully ruled out by negative endoscopic biopsies. Also, impassable strictures restrict the endoscopic monitoring of upstream disease activity and dysplasia. Surgery remains the 'gold standard' treatment for colonic strictures but is associated with high morbidity. Over the past few decades, our therapeutic arsenal for IBD has been reinforced by biologics and therapeutic endoscopy. Few studies have focused on colonic strictures, and so current therapeutic strategies are based on a low level of evidence and applied by analogy with the treatment of ileal strictures. With a view to facilitating the decision making process in clinical practice, we reviewed the literature on the epidemiology, natural history, and management of colonic strictures in IBD.

Gastric leak after sleeve gastrectomy: risk factors for poor evolution under conservative management.

BACKGROUND: Gastric leak (GL) is the most highly feared early postoperative complication after sleeve gastrectomy (SG), with an incidence of 1% to 2%. This complication may require further surgery/endoscopy, with a risk of management failure that may require additional surgery, including total gastrectomy, leading to a risk of mortality of 0% to 9%. OBJECTIVES: Assess the impact of factors that may lead to a poorer evolution of GL. SETTING: University Hospital, France, public practice. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study of a group of patients managed for GL after SG between November 2004 and January 2019 (n = 166). Forty-three patients were excluded. The population study was divided into 2 groups: patients with easy closing of the GL (n = 73) and patients with difficult closing of the GL or failure to heal (n = 50). Patients were allocated to 1 of 2 groups depending on the time to heal (median time of 84 days). The study's primary efficacy endpoint was to determine the risk factors for a poorer evolution of GL. RESULTS: Among 123 patients included in this study, 103 patients had undergone primary SG (83.7%). The mean time to the appearance of GL was 15.1 days (range, 1-156 d). Seventy-four patients underwent a reoperation (60%). The mean number of endoscopies per patient was 2.7 (range, 2-7 endoscopies). The mean time to healing was 89.5 days (range, 18-386 d). There were 8 cases of healing failure (6.5%). Multivariate analysis identified body mass index (>47 kg/m2), time to referral (>2 d), and serum prealbumin level (<.1 g/dL) to be independent risk factors for a poorer evolution of GL. CONCLUSION: Improvement of nutritional status before SG and early referral for GL could reduce the risk of delayed closure or the need for further surgery.

No Benefit of Concomitant Immunomodulator Therapy on Efficacy of Biologics That Are Not Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There is debate over whether patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) treated with biologics that are not tumor necrosis factor antagonists (such as vedolizumab or ustekinumab) should receive concomitant treatment with immunomodulators. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of concomitant immunomodulator therapy vs vedolizumab or ustekinumab monotherapy. METHODS: In a systematic search of publications, through July 31, 2019, we identified 33 studies (6 randomized controlled trials and 27 cohort studies) of patients with IBD treated with vedolizumab or ustekinumab. The primary outcome was clinical benefit, including clinical remission, clinical response, or physician global assessment in patients who did vs did not receive combination therapy with an immunomodulator. Secondary outcomes were endoscopic improvement and safety. We performed random-effects meta-analysis and estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Overall, combination therapy was not associated with better clinical outcomes in patients receiving vedolizumab (16 studies: OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.68-1.05; I2=13.9%; Q test P = .17) or ustekinumab (15 studies: OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.87-1.38; I2 = 11%; Q test P = .28). Results were consistent in subgroup analyses, with no difference in clinical remission or response in induction vs maintenance studies or in patients with Crohn's disease vs ulcerative colitis in studies of vedolizumab. Combination therapy was not associated with better endoscopic outcomes in patients receiving vedolizumab (3 studies: OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.48-2.68; I2 = 0; Q test P=.96) or ustekinumab (2 studies: OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.21-1.16; I2 = 47%; Q test P = .17). Combination therapy was not associated with an increase in adverse events during vedolizumab therapy (4 studies: OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.75-1.84; I2 = 0; Q test P = .110). CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of data from studies of patients with IBD, we found that combining vedolizumab or ustekinumab with an immunomodulator is no more effective than monotherapy in induction or maintenance of remission.

Safety and efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic-endoscopic rendezvous procedure in a single session.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility and safety of PTE-RV performed in a single session. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a prospective database on ERCP between January 2014 and December 2018. PTE-RV was performed in case of second ERCP failure. Technical success was defined as the establishment of an intestinal access to the biliary tract using a PTE-RV procedure allowing an immediate internal biliary drainage. Safety endpoints included intra-operative complications, morbidity and mortality occurring within 30 days after the procedure. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients (44 M/40F) with a median age of 69 years (range 40-91 years) underwent combined PTE-RV. The PTE-RVs were successfully performed in the same session in 80 subjects, resulting in an overall technical success rate of 95.2%. Adverse events were observed in 19% (16/84) of cases. The mortality rate within 30 days after the procedure was 9.5%. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transhepatic-endoscopic rendezvous technique is feasible in a single session with acceptable level of risk. A randomized trial is required to compare EUBD and PTE-RV.

Endoscopic balloon dilation of colorectal strictures complicating Crohn's disease: a multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: While endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) is widely used to manage ileal strictures, EBD of colorectal strictures remains poorly investigated in Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: We performed a retrospective study that included all consecutive CD patients who underwent EBD for native or anastomotic colorectal strictures in 9 tertiary centers between 1999 and 2018. Factors associated with EBD failure were also investigated by logistic regression. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients (25 women, median age: 36 years (InterQuartile Range, 31-48) were included. Among the 60 strictures, 52 (87%) were native, 39 (65%) measured < 5 cm and the most frequent location was the left colon (27%). Fifty-seven (95%) were non-passable by the scope and 35 (58%) were ulcerated. Among the 161 EBDs performed (median number of dilations per stricture: 2, IQR 1-3), technical and clinical success were achieved for 79% (n = 116/147) and 77% (n = 88/115), respectively. One perforation occurred (0.6% per EDB and 2% per patient). After a median follow-up of 4.3 years (IQR 2.0-8.4), 24 patients (42%) underwent colonic resection and 24 (42%) were asymptomatic without surgery. One colon lymphoma and one colorectal cancer were diagnosed (3.5% of patients) from endoscopic biopsies and at the time of surgery, respectively. No factor was associated with technical or clinical success. CONCLUSION: EDB of CD-associated colorectal strictures is feasible, efficient and safe, with more than 40% becoming asymptomatic without surgery.

Positive histologic margins is a risk factor of recurrence after ileocaecal resection in Crohn's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical resection is not curative in Crohn's disease (CD) and, recurrence after surgery is a common situation. The identification of patients at high risk of recurrence remains disappointing in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of residual microscopic disease on margins on the risk of recurrence after ileocaecal resection in CD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent ileocaecal resection between January 1992 and December 2016 were prospectively identified. Demographic data, clinical, surgical and histological variables were retrospectively collected. Positive histologic margin was assessed prospectively and defined by the presence of acute inflammatory lesions on margins: erosion, ulceration, chorion infiltration by neutrophils, cryptic abscesses or cryptitis. RESULTS: One hundred twenty five patients were included, with a median follow-up of 8 years (Interquartile Range (IQR), 4.3-15.2). Half (49.6%, n = 62) were women, and the median age at surgery was 33 years (IQR, 24-42). Fifty-six (44.8%) had positive inflammatory margins. Five years after surgery, respectively 29 (51%) and 23 (34%) patients with positive and negative margins had clinical recurrence (p = 0.034). At the end of the follow-up, respectively 60% (n = 34) and 47% (n = 33) patients had clinical recurrence (p = 0.07). CD-related hospitalizations were observed in respectively 37.5% (n = 21) and 18.8% (n = 13) with positive and negative margins (p = 0.02). Fourteen patients (25%) with positive intestinal margins had surgical recurrence at the end of the follow-up compared to 5 patients (7%) with negative margins (p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis confirmed that positive intestinal margin was independently associated with surgical recurrence (OR, 4.7 (CI95%, 1.4-15.3), p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Positive histologic margin was associated with an increased risk of clinical and surgical recurrence after ileocaecal resection for Crohn's disease.

Effectiveness And Safety Of Ustekinumab Intensification At 90 Mg Every Four Weeks In Crohn's Disease: A Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: The approved maintenance regimens for ustekinumab in Crohn's disease (CD) are 90 mg every 8 or 12 weeks. Some patients will partially respond to ustekinumab or will experience a secondary loss of response. It remains poorly known if these patients may benefit from shortening the interval between injections. METHODS: All patients with active CD, as defined by Harvey-Bradshaw score ≥ 4 and one objective sign of inflammation (CRP > 5 mg/L and/or fecal calprotectin > 250 µg/g and/or radiologic and/or endoscopic evidence of disease activity) who required ustekinumab dose escalation to 90mg every 4 weeks for loss of response or incomplete response to ustekinumab 90mg every 8 weeks were included in this retrospective multicenter cohort study. RESULTS: One hundred patients, with a median age of 35 years (Interquartile Range (IQR), 28 - 49) and median disease duration of 12 (7 - 20) years were included. Dose intensification was performed after a median of 5.0 (2.8 - 9.0) months of ustekinumab treatment and was associated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants in respectively 29% and 27% of cases. Short-term clinical response and clinical remission were observed in respectively 61% and 31% after a median of 2.4 (1.3 - 3.0) months. After a median follow-up of 8.2 (5.6-12.4) months, 61% of patients were still treated with ustekinumab, and 26% in steroid-free clinical remission. Among the 39 patients with colonoscopy during follow-up, 14 achieved endoscopic remission (no ulcers). At the end of follow-up, 27% of patients were hospitalized, and 19% underwent intestinal resection surgery. Adverse events were reported in 12% of patients, including five serious adverse events. CONCLUSION: In this multicenter study, two-thirds of patients recaptured response following treatment intensification with ustekinumab 90 mg every 4 weeks.

Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms at the time of anal fistula lead to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Most anal fistulas are crypto-glandular. Nevertheless, anal fistulas can reveal Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk of developing CD in patients undergoing surgery for anal fistula. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients undergoing surgery for anal fistula in our center between January 1, 2008 and January 31, 2017 were identified through a prospective administrative database. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were retrospectively collected. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients underwent anal exploration under general anesthesia. The median age at diagnosis of fistula was 43 years (IQR, 34-56) and 27% (n=29) were women. Twenty-seven percent (n=16) had had at least one previous fistula episode. After a median follow-up of 16.8 months (IQR, 7.2-42.0), seven (7.4%) patients were diagnosed with CD. The median time between the diagnosis of fistula and that of CD was 7.6 months (IQR, 2.7, 26.1). Chronic diarrhea (P=0.0003), weight loss (P=0.001), and chronic abdominal pain (P=0.002) were associated with the diagnosis of CD. Characteristics of the fistulas (number, simple/complex, abscess), smoking, extra-digestive manifestations of CD, or a family history of IBD were not associated with the diagnosis of CD. CONCLUSION: A medical history of anal fistula surgery resulted in the diagnosis of CD in 7% of cases. Weight loss and the presence of digestive symptoms were associated with the diagnosis of CD. These elements could be used to select patients requiring endoscopic exploration after anal fistula.

Complete Endoscopic Healing Associated With Better Outcomes Than Partial Endoscopic Healing in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mucosal healing (MH) has been associated with good outcomes of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). It is not clear what levels of endoscopic healing, based on CD endoscopic index score (CDEIS), associate with different courses of disease progression. We assessed long-term outcomes of patients with CD according to different levels of MH. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 84 patients with CD and MH who received biologic therapy (80% with infliximab) from 2008 through 2015 at 2 university hospitals in France and compared outcomes of patients with CD endoscopic index scores (CDEISs) of 0 vs CDEISs greater than 0 but less than 4. Patients were followed until treatment failure or through June 2016. The primary outcome measure was treatment failure, defined by the need for biologic optimization, initiation of corticosteroids, or a Harvey-Bradshaw score above 4 associated with change in treatment, CD-related hospitalization, and/or intestinal resection. RESULTS: After a median follow-up time of 4.8 years (interquartile range, 2.1-7.2), 27 patients (32%) had treatment failure and 3 patients (3.6%) underwent an intestinal resection. Rates of treatment failure were 25% in patients with a CDEIS of 0 and 48% in patients with CDEISs greater than 0 but less than 4 (P = .045). Median times to treatment failure were 21 months (interquartile range, 5-43 months) in patients with a CDEIS of 0 and 13 months (interquartile range, 3.6-35 months) in patients with CDEISs greater than 0 but less than 4 (P = .047). None of the patients with a CEDIS of 0 underwent intestinal resection whereas 11% patients with CDEISs greater than 0 but less than 4 required intestinal resection (P = .031). Patients with a CDEIS of 0 also had a significant lower rate of CD-related hospitalizations than patients with CDEISs greater than 0 but less than 4 (3.5% vs 18%; P = .013). In multivariate analysis, CDEISs greater than 0 but less than 4 (vs CDEIS = 0) was the only factor associated with treatment failure (hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.8; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Complete endoscopic healing (CDEIS = 0) is associated with better long-term outcomes than partial endoscopic healing (CDEIS = 1-4) in patients with CD, as well as fewer surgeries and hospitalizations and an overall decreased risk of treatment failure.

Long-Term Natural History of Microscopic Colitis: A Population-Based Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Data on long-term natural history of microscopic colitis (MC), including collagenous (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC), are lacking. METHODS: All new cases of MC diagnosed in the Somme area, France, between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2007, were prospectively included. Colonic biopsies from all patients were reviewed by a group of 4 gastrointestinal pathologist experts to assess the diagnosis of CC or LC. Demographic and clinical data were retrospectively collected from diagnosis to February 28, 2017. RESULTS: One hundred thirty cases of MC, 87 CC and 43 LC, were included (median age at diagnosis: 70 [interquartile range, 61-77] and 48 [IQR, 40-61] years, respectively). The median follow-up was 9.6 years (7.6; 10.6). By the end of the follow-up, 37 patients (28%) relapsed after a median time of 3.9 years (1.2; 5.0) since diagnosis, without significant difference between CC and LC (30% vs 26%; P = 0.47). Twenty patients (15%) were hospitalized for a disease flare, and 32 patients (25%) presented another autoimmune disease. Budesonide was the most widely used treatment (n = 74, 59%), followed by 5-aminosalicylic acid (n = 31, 25%). The median duration of budesonide treatment was 92 days (70; 168), and no adverse event to budesonide was reported. Sixteen patients (22%) developed steroid dependency and 4 (5%) were corticoresistant. No difference in the risk of digestive and extradigestive cancer was observed compared with the general population. None of the death (n = 25) observed during the follow-up were linked to MC. In multivariate analysis, age at diagnosis (HR, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.06; P = 0.02) and budesonide exposure (HR, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-5.55; P = 0.03) were significantly associated with relapse. DISCUSSION: This population-based study showed that after diagnosis, two-third of the patients with MC observed long-term clinical remission. Age at diagnosis and budesonide exposure were associated with a risk of relapse.

Premedication as primary prophylaxis does not influence the risk of acute infliximab infusion reactions in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Up to 25% of patients treated with infliximab experience hypersensitivity reactions. Prophylactic premedication prior to infliximab infusion, comprising corticosteroids and/or antihistamines, is widely used in clinical practice but its efficacy has recently been called into question due to the lack of pathophysiological rationale and validation by controlled trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature search of multiple electronic databases from inception to June 2017 to identify studies reporting the impact of corticosteroid and/or antihistamine premedication on the risk of acute (<24 h) hypersensitivity reaction to infliximab in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Random-effects meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Ten studies, eight observational studies and two randomized control trials, were identified including a total of 3892 patients with IMIDs, and 1,385 patients with IBD. Corticosteroid premedication was not associated with a decreased risk of hypersensitivity reaction in either IMIDs (7 studies; OR, 1.07, 95%CI, 0.64-1.78; I2 = 57.5%) or IBD (3 studies; OR, 1.04, 95% CI, 0.52-2.07; I2 = 57%). Antihistamine premedication was not associated with a decreased risk of hypersensitivity reaction in IMIDs (3 studies: OR, 1.39, 95% CI, 0.70-2.73; I2 = 85%). The combination of corticosteroids and antihistamines did not decrease the risk of acute infliximab infusion reaction in IMIDs (6 studies; OR, 2.12, 95% CI, 0.61-7.35; I2 = 94%), but was associated with an increased risk in IBD (4 studies, OR, 4.17, 95% CI, 1.61-10.78; I2 = 77%). CONCLUSION: Corticosteroid and/or antihistamine premedication is not associated with a decreased risk of acute hypersensitivity reactions to infliximab in patients with IMIDs. We believe that these premedications should no longer be part of standard protocols.