A systematic review of ecological momentary assessment studies on weight stigma and a call for a large-scale collaboration.

BACKGROUND: Weight stigma is associated with poor mental health correlates in cross-sectional research. Researchers are increasingly using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods, collecting comprehensive within-person data to understand the temporal nature of weight stigma and its biopsychosocial correlates. AIM: To systematically review EMA studies on the effect of weight stigma on biopsychosocial correlates and integrate the findings. METHOD: PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Medline Complete, and Web of Science were searched and studies were doubled screened (H.B. and X.P.G.). RESULTS: Twelve studies (N = 615) met our inclusion criteria. For both between- and within-subject effects, experienced and internalized weight stigmas were associated with negative correlates/outcomes (e.g., higher disordered eating and lower positive mood). However, studies differed in the correlate measures assessed, EMA methods used, and participant instructions provided. Given these inconsistencies, comparison across studies was difficult, and findings could not be reliably integrated. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous research, studies from this review suggest weight stigma leads to adverse outcomes. EMA has the potential to overcome many of the limitations present in cross-sectional research on weight stigma and provide more ecologically valid and reliable results. We argue for a collaborative data-sharing consortium with standardized EMA methodologies, so researchers worldwide can contribute to and make use of a large, collective dataset on weight stigma and health correlates (see osf.io/s5ru6/).

Body image concerns in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess differences in body image concerns among women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsychInfo, PUBMED, Web-of-Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials [CENTRAL]) were searched from inception through July 2022. Outcome measures included validated questionnaires reporting on body image concerns. Methodological quality was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) system, and included studies were assessed for risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using the inverse variance method based on random or fixed effects models (Review Manager, Version 5). RESULTS: A total of 918 women with PCOS and 865 women without PCOS from 9 studies were included. Meta-analysis of 3 studies using Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) showed those with PCOS reported higher dissatisfaction with appearance evaluation and appearance orientation compared to those without PCOS (mean difference [MD] = -0.78, I2 = 0%, P < .00001, and MD = 0.22, I2 = 54%, P = .004, respectively). Meta-analysis of 2 studies showed higher dissatisfaction with overweight preoccupation, lower body area satisfaction, and body weight classification on MBSRQ-AS subscales in those with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (all P < .001). Meta-analysis of 2 studies using the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) showed significantly lower scores for the weight subscale in those with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Those with PCOS experience more significant body image concerns, emphasising the importance of awareness in the clinical care of PCOS. Considering the limited evidence, further studies are warranted to identify drivers and mitigating factors.

Telehealth use by mental health professionals during COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and describe telehealth use and attitudes among mental health professionals in Australia and New Zealand during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants completed a brief online survey between May and July 2020. Participants were recruited via peak and professional organisations and through psychology-focused social media groups and networks. The survey examined frequency of telehealth use, reasons for non-use, telehealth modalities, prior use, attitudes towards use, plans for future use, and training, information or resource needs. RESULTS: A total of 528 professionals (85.2% female) participated in the survey, of which 98.9% reported using telehealth and 32.2% reported using telehealth exclusively. Respondents were less likely to use telehealth if they worked with clients experiencing complex issues (e.g. trauma), had more hours of weekly client contact, had a choice about whether to use telehealth or felt less positive about using technology. Respondents were more likely to hold positive views towards telehealth if they were female, had used online programmes with clients previously, were frequent telehealth users and were comfortable using technology. Participants expressed mixed views on client safety and the impact of telehealth on therapeutic process and effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Telehealth has a clear and ongoing role within mental healthcare and there is a need for strong guidance for professionals on how to manage client risk, privacy, security and adapt therapy for delivery via telehealth. In particular, there is a need for individual-, organisational-, professional- and policy-level responses to ensure that telehealth remains a viable and effective healthcare medium into the future.

Internalised Weight Stigma Mediates Relationships Between Perceived Weight Stigma and Psychosocial Correlates in Individuals Seeking Bariatric Surgery: a Cross-sectional Study.

PURPOSE: Research suggests that internalised weight stigma may explain the relationship between perceived weight stigma and adverse psychological correlates (e.g. depression, disordered eating, body image disturbances). However, few studies have assessed this mechanism in individuals seeking bariatric surgery, even though depression and disordered eating are more common in this group than the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data from a cross-sectional study with individuals seeking bariatric surgery (n = 217; 73.6% female) from Melbourne, Australia. Participants (Mage = 44.1 years, SD = 11.9; MBMI = 43.1, SD = 7.9) completed a battery of self-report measures on weight stigma and biopsychosocial variables, prior to their procedures. Bias-corrected bootstrapped mediations were used to test the mediating role of internalised weight stigma. Significance thresholds were statistically corrected to reduce the risk of Type I error due to the large number of mediation tests conducted. RESULTS: Controlling for BMI, internalised weight stigma mediated the relationship between perceived weight stigma and psychological quality of life, symptoms of depression and anxiety, stress, adverse coping behaviours, self-esteem, exercise avoidance, some disordered eating measures and body image subscales, but not physical quality of life or pain. CONCLUSION: Although the findings are cross-sectional, they are mostly consistent with previous research in other cohorts and provide partial support for theoretical models of weight stigma. Interventions addressing internalised weight stigma may be a useful tool for clinicians to reduce the negative correlates associated with weight stigma.

Management of eating disorders for people with higher weight: clinical practice guideline.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of eating disorders is high in people with higher weight. However, despite this, eating disorders experienced by people with higher weight have been consistently under-recognised and under-treated, and there is little to guide clinicians in the management of eating disorders in this population. AIM: The aim of this guideline is to synthesise the current best practice approaches to the management of eating disorders in people with higher weight and make evidence-based clinical practice recommendations. METHODS: The National Eating Disorders Collaboration Steering Committee auspiced a Development Group for a Clinical Practice Guideline for the treatment of eating disorders for people with higher weight. The Development Group followed the 'Guidelines for Guidelines' process outlined by the National Health and Medical Research Council and aim to meet their Standards to be: 1. relevant and useful for decision making; 2. transparent; 3. overseen by a guideline development group; 4. identifying and managing conflicts of interest; 5. focused on health and related outcomes; 6. evidence informed; 7. making actionable recommendations; 8. up-to-date; and, 9. accessible. The development group included people with clinical and/or academic expertise and/or lived experience. The guideline has undergone extensive peer review and consultation over an 18-month period involving reviews by key stakeholders, including experts and organisations with clinical academic and/or lived experience. RECOMMENDATIONS: Twenty-one clinical recommendations are made and graded according to the National Health and Medical Research Council evidence levels. Strong recommendations were supported for psychological treatment as a first-line treatment approach adults (with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder), adolescents and children. Clinical considerations such as weight stigma, interprofessional collaborative practice and cultural considerations are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: This guideline will fill an important gap in the need to better understand and care for people experiencing eating disorders who also have higher weight. This guideline acknowledges deficits in knowledge and consequently the reliance on consensus and lower levels of evidence for many recommendations, and the need for research particularly evaluating weight-neutral and other more recent approaches in this field.

The objective of this project was to develop recommendations and clinical considerations to guide clinicians in the management of people experiencing eating disorders who also have higher weight. A Guideline Development Group was formed containing members with academic and/or clinical expertise and people with a lived experience of eating disorder. The guideline was not only informed by reviews of the scientific literature but also clinical expertise and lived expertise. This guideline has undergone extensive review and consultation over an 18-month period involving reviews by key stakeholders, including experts and organisations with clinical, academic and/or lived expertise. The guideline outlines a set of recommendations for clinical practice including the strong recommendation for psychological treatment to be offered as the first treatment for an eating disorder in people who are of higher weight. Considerations in clinical practice including weight stigma, care by professionals from disparate disciplines, and cultural considerations are also discussed. The Guideline Development Group acknowledges a lack of available research evidence specific to people experiencing an eating disorder who are also of higher weight and consequently some recommendations relied on consensus of group members taking into account the expert reviews. The Group also identified areas where additional research is necessary such as research evaluating weigh-neutral and other more recent approached in the field.

Internalised weight stigma as a mediator of the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and biopsychosocial outcomes: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review studies that have assessed the mediating role of internalised weight stigma on the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and any biopsychosocial outcomes. METHODS: PsycINFO, PsycExtra, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline and Embase were systematically searched. Identified studies were double screened (HB and XPG). RESULTS: Seventeen studies (across 16 articles) met our inclusion criteria (N = 21,172), and almost all studies measured only psychological outcomes (n = 15). Eight studies found consistent evidence for internalised weight stigma as a mediator of the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and disordered eating outcomes. Preliminary evidence was found for the mediating role of internalised weight stigma on the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and body shame, body dissatisfaction, exercise behaviour, healthcare experiences and behaviours, bodily pain and parental weight talk. However, the findings were inconsistent for depression and anxiety, although only two studies reported these. CONCLUSION: This review provides preliminary evidence for internalised weight stigma as an intervening variable in the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and adverse health outcomes. Results suggest that there are potential benefits of interventions addressing internalised weight stigma to improve health outcomes. However, these findings must be considered in the context of the psychometric limitations of the Weight Bias Internalisation Scale, which was used in all but one study.

Evaluation of the psychometric properties of self-reported weight stigma measures: A systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVE: Conceptualisation and measurement of weight stigma varies across available studies assessing those affected. This paper aims to systematically review the psychometric properties of available self-reported measures of weight stigma. METHOD: Studies exploring the development and/or validation of weight stigma measures were identified through systematically searching Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The Consensus-based Standards of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to assess the psychometric properties of measures. RESULTS: Thirty-six articles, reporting 18 different weight stigma measures, were included. For most included measures, measure development and content validity have not been assessed/reported. Structural validity, internal consistency, and hypothesis testing were the most commonly assessed/reported psychometric properties. High-quality ratings were given only for these properties. Most measures were rated as "indeterminate" and received an overall quality rating of "Very Low" as results were based on limited evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric properties for published weight stigma measures have rarely been assessed/reported. The observed poor methodological quality for measure development, and limited content validity evidence, negatively impact the quality of evidence for the measures. There is a need for studies assessing the psychometric properties of existing weight stigma measures using COSMIN guidelines, and for a well-designed weight stigma measure informed by both theory and research.

Influences on physical activity and screen time amongst postpartum women with heightened depressive symptoms: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum women are at higher risk of depression compared to the general population. Despite the mental health benefits an active lifestyle can provide, postpartum women engage in low physical activity and high screen time. Very little research has investigated the social ecological (i.e. individual, social and physical environmental) influences on physical activity and screen time amongst postpartum women, particularly amongst those with depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study sought to examine the influences on physical activity and screen time amongst postpartum women with heightened depressive symptoms. METHODS: 20 mothers (3-9 months postpartum) participating in the Mums on the Move pilot randomised controlled trial who reported being insufficiently active and experiencing heightened depressive symptoms participated in semi-structured telephone interviews exploring their perceptions of the key influences on their physical activity and screen time across various levels of the social ecological model. Strategies for promoting physical activity and reducing screen time were explored with participants. Thematic analyses were undertaken to construct key themes from the qualitative data. RESULTS: Findings showed that postpartum women with depressive symptoms reported individual (i.e. sleep quality, being housebound, single income), social (i.e. childcare, social support from partner and friends) and physical environmental (i.e. weather, safety in the local neighbourhood) influences on physical activity. Postpartum women reported individual (i.e. screen use out of habit and addiction, enjoyment) and social (i.e. positive role modelling, social isolation) influences on screen-time, but no key themes targeting the physical environmental influences were identified for screen time. Strategies suggested by women to increase physical activity included mother's physical activity groups, home-based physical activity programs and awareness-raising. Strategies to reduce screen time included the use of screen time tracker apps, increasing social connections and awareness-raising. CONCLUSIONS: Amongst postpartum women with heightened depressive symptoms, influences on physical activity encompassed all constructs of the social ecological model. However, screen time was only perceived to be influenced by individual and social factors. Intervention strategies targeting predominantly individual and social factors may be particularly important for this high-risk group. These findings could assist in developing targeted physical activity and screen time interventions for this cohort.

Mums on the Move: A pilot randomised controlled trial of a home-based physical activity intervention for mothers at risk of postnatal depression.

BACKGROUND: Postnatal women are commonly physically inactive, and, when coupled with depressive symptoms, barriers to physical activity can be heightened. This study aimed to 1) examine the feasibility and acceptability of a multi-component home-based physical activity intervention delivered to mothers at risk of postnatal depression, and 2) examine changes in health behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, diet) and indicators of mental health. METHODS: Sixty-two mothers (3 - 9 months postpartum) who at baseline were insufficiently active and experiencing heightened depressive symptoms were recruited into a 12-week randomised controlled trial in 2018. Participants were randomised into either a) Intervention group (receiving a theoretically underpinned multi-component program including free exercise equipment at home, access to smartphone web-app, and an online forum); or b) Control group (usual routine). Primary outcomes were program feasibility and acceptability. Secondary outcomes included self-reported and accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior, sleep, diet, determinants of physical activity, and mental health (depressive and anxiety symptoms), measured at baseline and follow-up (12-weeks), with self-reported physical activity, sedentary behaviour and depressive symptoms also measured at weeks 4 and 8. Qualitative data was analysed following inductive content analysis, and quantitative data using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Exercise equipment use in the home was shown to be a feasible strategy to re-engage postnatal women in physical activity. Other components of the program (e.g. web-app, online forum) had low compliance. The program had high acceptability, predominately due to its accessibility, flexibility and ability to overcome key barriers to physical activity. The program resulted in improvements in short-term self-reported physical activity (increased 162min/week at 4 weeks, 95% CI: 37.7, 286.2), behavioural skills (B=0.4, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.8) and perceived barriers to physical activity. However, accelerometer measured physical activity decreased in the intervention group, compared to control group at week 12 (B=-1.3, 95% CI:-2.5, -0.1). There were no changes in other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: A home-based physical activity program involving free exercise equipment is acceptable and feasible amongst women experiencing heightened postnatal depressive symptoms. Such programs may be effective in increasing engagement in physical activity, yet additional strategies may be needed to enhance maintenance of physical activity and improvements in mental health.

Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study.

Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) require a long-term dietary strategy for blood glucose management and may benefit from time-restricted eating (TRE, where the duration between the first and last energy intake is restricted to 8-10 h/day). We aimed to determine the feasibility of TRE for individuals with T2D. Participants with T2D (HbA1c >6.5 to <9%, eating window >12 h/day) were recruited to a pre-post, non-randomised intervention consisting of a 2-week Habitual period to establish baseline dietary intake, followed by a 4-weeks TRE intervention during which they were instructed to limit all eating occasions to between 10:00 and 19:00 h on as many days of each week as possible. Recruitment, retention, acceptability, and safety were recorded throughout the study as indicators of feasibility. Dietary intake, glycaemic control, psychological well-being, acceptability, cognitive outcomes, and physiological measures were explored as secondary outcomes. From 594 interested persons, and 27 eligible individuals, 24 participants enrolled and 19 participants (mean ± SD; age: 50 ± 9 years, BMI: 34 ± 5 kg/m2, HbA1c: 7.6 ± 1.1%) completed the 6-week study. Overall daily dietary intake did not change between Habitual (~8400 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 41% fat, 1% alcohol) and TRE periods (~8500 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 19% protein, 42% fat, 1% alcohol). Compliance to the 9 h TRE period was 72 ± 24% of 28 days (i.e., ~5 days/week), with varied adherence (range: 4-100%). Comparisons of adherent vs. non-adherent TRE days showed that adherence to the 9-h TRE window reduced daily energy intake through lower absolute carbohydrate and alcohol intakes. Overall, TRE did not significantly improve measures of glycaemic control (HbA1c -0.2 ± 0.4%; p = 0.053) or reduce body mass. TRE did not impair or improve psychological well-being, with variable effects on cognitive function. Participants described hunger, daily stressors, and emotions as the main barriers to adherence. We demonstrate that 4-weeks of TRE is feasible and achievable for these individuals with T2D to adhere to for at least 5 days/week. The degree of adherence to TRE strongly influenced daily energy intake. Future trials may benefit from supporting participants to incorporate TRE in regular daily life and to overcome barriers to adherence.

Peer mentoring for individuals with an eating disorder: a qualitative evaluation of a pilot program.

BACKGROUND: After receiving intensive medical treatment; individuals with eating disorders often require ongoing care to maintain their recovery, build social networks, and reduce risk of relapse. METHODS: To address this important transition period, a six-month peer mentoring program was developed and piloted in Melbourne, Australia. Twelve adults with a past history of an eating disorder (mentors) were paired with 14 individuals with a current eating disorder (mentees). Pairs met for thirteen mentoring sessions in community settings. Throughout the program mentees and mentors completed reflective questions online. Upon completion of the program, qualitative interviews were conducted. Both online reflections and interviews explored themes relating to perceived benefits and challenges of participation in the peer mentoring program, and the differences between mentoring and traditional treatment. RESULTS: Thematic analysis identified several benefits for mentees; including hope, reconnection with others, and re-engaging with the world. The majority of mentees described their mentor as uniquely supportive due to their past experience of an eating disorder. Mentors reported experiencing benefits such as increased connection with self and others, and indicated that the experience helped them positively reframe their past experience of an eating disorder. Ending the relationship at the completion of the program was a significant challenge for both groups, and managing boundaries was deemed a main challenge by mentors. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results indicated that this mode of informal support may be worthy of further investigation as an adjunct to clinical treatment programs for this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials registration number - ACTRN12617001412325 - Date of registration - 05/10/2017 (Retrospectively registered).

Evidence summaries and recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Lifestyle management.

Lifestyle is fundamental in chronic disease prevention and management, and it has been recommended as a first-line treatment in the Australian polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) guideline 2011. The first international evidence-based guideline on PCOS was developed in 2018, which expanded the scope and evidence in the Australian guideline. This paper summarizes the lifestyle recommendations and evidence summaries from the guideline. International multidisciplinary guideline development groups delivered the International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 2018. The process followed the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II and The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. Extensive communication and meetings addressed six prioritized clinical questions through five reviews. Evidence-based recommendations were formulated before consensus voting within the panel. Evidence shows the benefits of multicomponent lifestyle intervention, efficacy of exercise and weight gain prevention with no specific diet recommended. Lifestyle management is the first-line management in the intervention hierarchy in PCOS. Multicomponent lifestyle intervention including diet, exercise and behavioural strategies is central to PCOS management with a focus on weight and healthy lifestyle behaviours. The translation programme optimizes reach and dissemination for health professionals and consumers.

Assessing Whether Meditation Improves Quality of Life for Adolescent Girls With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition characterized by irregular periods and hyperandrogenism. Adolescents with PCOS have impaired quality of life (QOL) and increased psychological distress. Transcendental Meditation (TM) is a well-established self-management strategy that has been used to improve stress and well-being. A meta-analysis of TM trials has shown beneficial effects on stress and blood pressure in adults. Recent data are suggesting that another self-management strategy called a mindfulness stress management program has a role in improving QOL in women with PCOS, but there are no studies in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effect of TM on QOL and psychological distress in adolescent girls with PCOS. METHODS: This study is a randomized controlled trial that will be conducted over eight weeks at the Women's and Children's Hospital in Adelaide, South Australia, to determine the effect of TM on QOL and psychological distress in adolescent girls (aged 12-20 years) with PCOS. A total of 40 girls will be randomized into either the TM (n=20) or control group (n=20). The TM group will be asked to practice TM in a comfortable sitting position with the eyes closed, for 15 minutes twice daily over eight weeks. The control group will be asked to sit quietly for 15 minutes twice daily for eight weeks. The primary outcomes are any effects on improving QOL and psychological distress, and the secondary outcomes are any effects on lowering blood pressure and salivary cortisol levels. RESULTS: The recruitment of study participants began in May 2019 and is expected to be completed by June 2020. It is expected that the adolescent girls with PCOS practicing TM over eight weeks will have a significant improvement in QOL and psychological distress compared to adolescents in the control group. Also, it is expected that adolescent girls in the TM group will have lower salivary cortisol levels and lower blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: This study will be the first to evaluate the effect of TM on QOL in adolescent girls with PCOS. The study will provide valuable information on a potential self-management strategy to improve QOL and well-being in adolescent girls with PCOS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN1261900019010; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=376657&amp;isReview=true. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/14542.

Pre-operative Restraint and Post-operative Hunger, Disinhibition and Emotional Eating Predict Weight Loss at 2 Years Post-laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding.

INTRODUCTION: A principal mechanism of action in bariatric surgery is reduction in calorie consumption due to decreased hunger and increased satiety. Patients' ability to perceive post-operative changes to their hunger is therefore central to optimal results. This study examined factors that may impact how patients perceive post-operative hunger and how perception of hunger impacts eating and subsequent weight loss after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). METHODS: Patients undertaking LAGB (n = 147) provided pre-surgery and 2-year weight loss data and pre-surgery and 12-month psychological data (perception of hunger, disinhibition related to eating, emotional eating). RESULTS: Path analysis demonstrated that patients with lower levels of pre-surgery cognitive restraint over eating experienced significantly greater reduction in perception of hunger at 12 months post-surgery. Perceived reduction in hunger was significantly associated with lower levels of both emotional eating and disinhibited eating. Finally, reduced emotional eating at 12 months significantly predicted 9% of the variance in percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) at 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: These initial findings suggest that preparation for bariatric surgery may be enhanced by psychoeducation regarding cognitive restraint over eating and its effect on hunger perception. In addition, psychological treatment that focuses on identifying and responding to changes in hunger may contribute to improved outcomes for those who have difficulty adjusting to post-operative eating behaviours.

Disordered Eating Behaviours and Eating Disorders in Women in Australia with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Psychological co-morbidities common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may contribute to disordered eating and subsequent weight gain. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of disordered eating and a range of eating disorders and demographic risk factors associated with these behaviours within an Australian group of women with and without PCOS. Data from 899 women with (n = 501) and without (n = 398) PCOS were analysed as possibly indicative of disordered eating or eating disorders using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. Disordered eating (p = 0.012) but not eating disorders (p = 0.076) were more prevalent in women with PCOS compared to controls. Increased body mass index (BMI) [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.03; 95%; Confidence Interval (CI): 1.01, 1.05, p = 0.012] and older age [OR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.08, p = 0.002] but not PCOS diagnosis [OR: 1.43; 95%CI: 0.96, 2.13 p = 0.078] increased the odds of disordered eating. Increased BMI [OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.06, p < 0.001] and younger age [OR: -0.95; 95%CI: 0.93-0.95, p < 0.001] but not PCOS diagnosis [OR: 1.38; 95%CI: 0.97, 1.95, p = 0.076] increased the odds of an eating disorder. Clinicians are recommended to screen all women with PCOS for possible disordered eating behaviours, with particular attention to women with elevated BMI.

Measuring Self-Esteem Changes in Children and Adolescents Affected by Overweight or Obesity: A Scoping Review of Instruments Currently Used in Multicomponent Weight-Management Interventions.

Purpose: Children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity are at risk of greater declines in self-esteem than healthy-weight individuals. Participation in multicomponent weight-management programs can positively influence self-esteem in children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity; however, the variety of questionnaires used to assess self-esteem makes it difficult to compare changes across and identify effective interventions. This review identified and critically examined questionnaires currently used for monitoring self-esteem in children and adolescents. Methods: An electronic search, from 2007 onward, identified multicomponent weight-management interventions that included a measure of self-esteem. A second search identified studies that reported validation assessment of the questionnaires identified in search one. Results: Seven validated self-esteem questionnaires were employed across the 36 studies identified in search one, including (in descending order of use) Harter's Self-Perception Profiles for children and adolescents, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Marsh's Self-Description Questionnaire-I, Beck Youth Inventory II, Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, and Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile. These tools measured global self-esteem (n = 1) as well as self-esteem as a series of subscales (multidimensional), such as physical appearance and social competence (n = 6). Conclusions: In the absence of changes in global self-esteem, multidimensional tools allow the examination of domains of self-esteem. The Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) and adolescents questionnaire is an example of a tool that encompasses multidimensional aspects of self-esteem and global self-esteem and is appropriate for younger and older aged children and adolescents.

Strategies to reduce attrition in weight loss interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The primary objective of the study was to identify the effect of intervention strategies on attrition within a weight loss programme among adults aged 18 to 65 years. The secondary objective of the study was to assess the impact of such intervention strategies among female-only weight loss programmes. The literature search was performed in Ovid (CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane [Cochrane Database of Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Methodology Register], and PsycINFO). Studies must have identified weight loss as the main aim and compared the primary weight loss programme alone (control) with the primary weight loss programme coupled with an additional intervention strategy (intervention). Papers must have had a mean participant age between 18 and 65 years and available in English. Fifty-seven trials met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Strategies that successfully reduced attrition included the incorporation of financial incentives (n = 8), a multicomponent approach (n = 13), and use of self-monitoring technology (n = 4). The majority of studies were of low to moderate methodological quality because of insufficient reporting. A limited number of female-only trials were found (n = 13). Implementation of financial incentives, multicomponent interventions, and self-monitoring technology help reduce attrition among adult weight loss programmes. Further studies are required to identify the impact of intervention strategies on attrition in women.

Exercise Recommendations for Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Is the Evidence Enough?

In this opinion piece, we summarize, discuss implications of implementation, and critically evaluate our 2018 evidence-based guideline recommendations for exercise and physical activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We developed recommendations as part of a larger international guideline development project. The overall guideline scope and priorities were informed by extensive health professional and consumer engagement. The lifestyle guideline development group responsible for the exercise recommendations included experts in endocrinology, exercise physiology, gynecology, dietetics, and obstetrics, alongside consumers. Extensive online communications and two face-to-face meetings addressed five prioritized clinical questions related to lifestyle, including the role of exercise as therapy for women with PCOS. The guideline recommendations were formulated based on one narrative and two evidence-based reviews, before consensus voting within the guideline panel. The development process was in accordance with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II, and used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework to assess evidence quality, desirable and undesirable consequences, feasibility, acceptability, cost, implementation, and recommendation strength. Given the evidence for exercise as therapy in PCOS being of low quality, a consensus recommendation was made based on current exercise guidelines for the general population. Women with PCOS and clinicians are forced to adopt generic approaches when recommending exercise therapy that perpetuates clinical management with pharmacological solutions. The current status of evidence highlights the need for greater international co-operation between researchers and funding agencies to address key clinical knowledge gaps around exercise therapy in PCOS to generate evidence for appropriate, scalable, and sustainable best practice approaches.

Peer mentoring for eating disorders: results from the evaluation of a pilot program.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders (EDs) are serious psychiatric illnesses that have high rates of morbidity and mortality, and low long-term recovery rates. Peer mentor programs (PMPs) have been associated with reduced psychiatric hospitalisation and shorter lengths of stay for those with other severe mental illnesses. The present study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a PMP for individuals with EDs in improving symptomatology and quality of life. METHODS: Thirty mentees and seventeen mentors were recruited. The PMP involved thirteen sessions over 6 months. Participants completed measures assessing ED symptomatology, quality of life (QoL), mood and perceived disability. Changes in symptomatology before and after the PMP were tested by Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for qualitative evaluation of the PMP. RESULTS: The program was deemed to have moderate feasibility with eight of 30 mentees, and two of 17 mentors withdrawing. Completion rates ranged from 2 to 16 sessions, and between 3 and 45 weeks. Mentees demonstrated improvements in body mass index, QoL, ED symptomatology, mood (depression, anxiety and tension/stress) and perceived disability from pre- to post-program. Mentors demonstrated significant increases in ED symptomatology, but no worsening of QoL, mood or perceived disability. Qualitative findings from both mentees and mentors were positive: emergent themes included hope for recovery, a sense of agency and inspiration gained from interaction with someone with lived experience of an ED. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests feasibility of the PMP for individuals with EDs. Mentees demonstrated improvements in ED symptomatology, QoL, mood and perceived disability. However, the increase in ED symptomatology reported by the mentors over the PMP highlights potential risks and the need for thorough monitoring while preliminary evaluation is undertaken. The mentoring relationship was a positive experience for both mentees and mentors, instilling an increased hope for recovery in mentees and an opportunity for mentors to reflect on their own recovery with increased confidence. The novel relationship formed throughout mentorship highlights a potential gap in current clinical support services, which warrants further exploration within a controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registration Number: ACTRN12617001412325. Retrospectively registered: 05/10/2017. Date of first enrolment: 20/01/2017. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373741&isReview=true.

Do body checking and avoidance behaviours explain variance in disordered eating beyond attitudinal measures of body image?

Body checking and body avoidance, considered to be behavioural manifestations of core attitudinal disturbances of body image, are theorized to be important contributors to the development and maintenance of eating disorder symptoms. Currently, however, it is unclear whether body checking and body avoidance accounts for variance in disordered eating behaviours beyond core attitudinal components of body image (i.e., over-evaluation, preoccupation, dissatisfaction). This was the objective of the present study. Cross-sectional data were analysed from 320 females recruited through undergraduate psychology programs and throughout the community. Bivariate correlations demonstrated that body checking and avoidance were significantly and positively correlated with each attitudinal component and with each measure of disordered eating (overeating, objective binge eating, and disinhibition). However, body checking and avoidance did not contribute variance (all R2changes ≤ 0.01) to each disordered eating behaviour beyond the variance accounted for by attitudinal components. Future research should aim to identify what specific and unique function these body image behaviours serve. Overall, eating disorder prevention and early intervention programs may benefit from ensuring that all facets of body image concerns are targeted and addressed.