Aspects of the epidemiology, research, and control of lentiviral infections of small ruminants and their relevance to Dutch sheep and goat farming.

In 1862, the veterinarian Loman reported the first sheep in The Netherlands with symptoms associated with lentiviral infection, although at the time the symptoms were ascribed to ovine progressive pneumonia. In the following century, similar cases were reported by South African, French, American, and Icelandic researchers. Extensive research into the pathology, aetiology, and epidemiology of this slowly progressive and ultimately fatal disease was initiated in several countries, including the Netherlands. Studies of the causative agents--maedi visna virus (MVV) in sheep and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in goats, comprising the heterogeneous group of the small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV)--prompted the development of diagnostic methods and the initiation of disease control programmes in many European countries including the Netherlands, as a pioneer in 1982, and in the U.S.A. and Canada.

Use of serology and polymerase chain reaction for the rapid eradication of small ruminant lentivirus infections from a sheep flock: a case report.

A SRLV-free sheep flock incurred infection which led to an SRLV infection rate of over 50% of the ewes (34/64) within a 30 months period, indicating that environmental conditions were favourable to transmission. An intensive regimen of sampling at short intervals and testing for SRLV antibodies and proviral DNA combined with strict management was implemented for the entire flock, lambs and yearlings included. This resulted in eradication of the infection within two testing and culling rounds with a 3 months interval. The additional value of the proviral DNA detection by PCR in identifying infected animals was clear in that nine infected animals were found that would have been missed if tested by serology alone. PCR also saved two lambs from being culled; they were sero-positive probably due to maternal antibodies, but not infected.

Diagnostic performance of ELISA and PCR in identifying SRLV-infected sheep and goats using serum, plasma and milk samples and in early detection of infection in dairy flocks through bulk milk testing.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the ELITEST-MVV ELISA for detection of antibodies against small ruminant lentiviruses and of two recently published PCRs for the detection of proviral DNA of SRLV in blood and corresponding individual milk samples. In addition, the feasibility of bulk milk testing was investigated by titrating ELISA positive pooled milk samples in negative milk, and by investigating bulk milk samples by ELISA and PCR in relation to the SRLV-status of the flocks. The results show that plasma and milk are suitable replacements for serum. For sheep, both PCRs showed a better diagnostic performance than for goats. ELISA results for bulk milk samples were promising with a putative detection limit of <3% within-herd prevalence using 1/10 pre-diluted samples and even <1% within-herd prevalence when samples were tested undiluted. In a panel of 249 bulk milk samples, all samples from SRLV free flocks (n=138) tested negative in the ELISA, while 50% of the samples from flocks with an unknown SRLV-status (n=111) were positive. For a subset of 59 bulk milk samples, agreement between ELISA results and leader-gag PCR results was almost 100%. These results demonstrate the potential of bulk milk testing as a cost effective tool for early detection of infection in dairy flocks, which is essential for SRLV-monitoring programs.

Specific detection of small ruminant lentiviral nucleic acid sequences located in the proviral long terminal repeat and leader-gag regions using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of proviral nucleic acid sequences of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) in blood samples was developed and evaluated. Priming oligonucleotides were designed on the highly conserved 5' untranslated leader-gag region while those on the long terminal repeat (LTR) assay were derived from literature. DNA was extracted from the buffycoat interlayer of centrifuged blood samples. Real-time PCR was performed by means of LightCycler technology (Roche Applied Science) using melting temperature analysis (SYBR Green I) for detection. Results were compared with those of serology using samples from Dutch sheep and goat flocks with known SRLV statuses, with sequential samples from a natural transmission experiment and samples from different regions in Norway, France, Spain and Italy. Real-time PCR testing, especially the application of oligonucleotides for priming the leader-gag region appeared promising in detecting SRLV specific proviral DNA in blood samples from both sheep and goats.