RESUMEN
This study aimed to develop high-quality flatbreads for low-income countries by using composite flours from climate-resilient crops, i.e., sprouted sorghum, tapioca, and cowpea, as partial alternatives to imported wheat. Through the experimental design, several flatbread prototypes were developed that maximized the content of sprouted sorghum and cowpea flours and minimized the content of wholewheat flour. Three of them were chosen based on the best textural, nutritional (highest intake of energy, proteins, and micronutrients-iron, zinc and vitamin A), and economic (cheapest in Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Burundi, and Togo) features. The physicochemical properties, in vitro starch digestibility, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and sensory acceptability were also measured for the samples. The experimental flatbreads showed lower rapidly digestible starch and higher resistant starch contents than the control (100% wholewheat based), and were also richer in phenolic content and higher in antioxidant activity. Moreover, one of the prototypes was perceived to be as acceptable as the control for texture and flavour properties. The ranking test, performed after explaining the nature of the samples, revealed that the flatbread meeting the nutritional criteria was the preferred one. Overall, the use of composite flour from climate-resilient crops was proven to be an efficient strategy to obtain high-quality flatbread.
RESUMEN
The toxicological assessment of DNA-reactive/mutagenic or clastogenic impurities plays an important role in the regulatory process for pharmaceuticals; in this context, in silico structure-based approaches are applied as primary tools for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of the drug impurities. The general recommendations regarding such use of in silico methods are provided in the recent ICH M7 guideline stating that computational (in silico) toxicology assessment should be performed using two (Q)SAR prediction methodologies complementing each other: a statistical-based method and an expert rule-based method.Based on our consultant experience, we describe here a framework for in silico assessment of mutagenic potential of drug impurities. Two main applications of in silico methods are presented: (1) support and optimization of drug synthesis processes by providing early indication of potential genotoxic impurities and (2) regulatory evaluation of genotoxic potential of impurities in compliance with the ICH M7 guideline. Some critical case studies are also discussed.
