RESUMEN
A variety of social, political, and economic factors influenced the creation of the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1952. Subsequent to DSM-I, cultural, medical, and economic factors shaped each successive version of the DSM; we discuss some of the more prominent controversies these editions have generated. Publication of the DSM-5 in May 2013 sparked a new round of debates concerning the possible impact on patients and society as a whole.(AU)
Uma variedade de fatores políticos e econômicos influenciou a criação do primeiro Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM), em 1952. Após o DSM-I, fatores culturais, médicos e econômicos formataram as versões sucessivas do DSM; discutimos algumas das mais prominentes controvérsias geradas por essas edições. A publicação do DSM-5, em maio de 2013, levantou um novo ciclo de debates relativos ao possível impacto nos pacientes e na sociedade como um todo.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Salud Mental , Psicología/historiaRESUMEN
A variety of social, political, and economic factors influenced the creation of the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1952. Subsequent to DSM-I, cultural, medical, and economic factors shaped each successive version of the DSM; we discuss some of the more prominent controversies these editions have generated. Publication of the DSM-5 in May 2013 sparked a new round of debates concerning the possible impact on patients and society as a whole.
Uma variedade de fatores políticos e econômicos influenciou a criação do primeiro Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM), em 1952. Após o DSM-I, fatores culturais, médicos e econômicos formataram as versões sucessivas do DSM; discutimos algumas das mais prominentes controvérsias geradas por essas edições. A publicação do DSM-5, em maio de 2013, levantou um novo ciclo de debates relativos ao possível impacto nos pacientes e na sociedade como um todo.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Salud Mental , Psicología/historiaRESUMEN
Attempts to express eukaryotic multi-spanning membrane proteins at high-levels have been generally unsuccessful. In order to investigate the cause of this limitation and gain insight into the rate limiting processes involved, we have analyzed the effect of translation levels on the expression of several human membrane proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli). These results demonstrate that excessive translation initiation rates of membrane proteins cause a block in protein synthesis and ultimately prevent the high-level accumulation of these proteins. Moderate translation rates allow coupling of peptide synthesis and membrane targeting, resulting in a significant increase in protein expression and accumulation over time. The current study evaluates four membrane proteins, CD20 (4-transmembrane (TM) helixes), the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs, 7-TMs) RA1c and EG-VEGFR1, and Patched 1 (12-TMs), and demonstrates the critical role of translation initiation rates in the targeting, insertion and folding of integral membrane proteins in the E. coli membrane.