Walkability and physical activity: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis / Associação entre walkability e atividade física: um protocolo para revisão sistemática e meta-análise

The appropriate area for walking, related to the flow of walking, on the sidewalks and crossing (walka-bility) influences the practice of physical activity. However, there is no evidence of meta-analyses that have evaluated this association. Therefore, this study presents a protocol to assess the association be-tween walkability and physical activity. The systematic review protocol was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and will includes a search in the following databases: PubMed, SPORT-Discus, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane. It will include observational studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal, that assessed the association between walkability in the neighborhood and physical activity. The process of study selection will be conducted independently by two reviewers. The process will start by reading the titles and abstracts of interest, followed by the full reading of the articles through the Rayyan platform. We will assess the methodological and indi-vidual quality across the studies utilizing the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the Chi-Squared test (I2). To test the influence of variables in the meta-analysis results, we will use, whenever possible, the meta-regression technique. The meta-analysis results will be presented as Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, through a random or fixed-effects model, according to estimate of clinical, statistical, and methodological heterogeneity. If possible, stratifications will be performed according to age group, sex, and physical activity levels.With the expected results, we hope that the knowledge will be useful to encourage the implementation of public policies for walkability in the neighborhood to increase physical activity levels

A área adequada para caminhada, relacionada ao fluxo de caminhada, nas calçadas e travessias (walkability) influencia na prática de atividade física. No entanto, não há evidências de meta-análises que tenham avaliado essa associação. Portanto, este estudo apresenta um protocolo para avaliar a as-sociação entre walkability e atividade física. O protocolo de revisão sistemática será realizado seguin-do as recomendações do PRISMA 2020 e incluirá uma busca nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase e Cochrane. Serão incluídos estudos observacionais, transversais e longitudinais, que avaliaram a associação entre walkability na vizinhan-ça e atividade física. O processo de seleção dos estudos será conduzido de forma independente por dois revisores. O processo terá início pela leitura dos títulos e resumos de interesse, seguido da leitura completa dos artigos por meio da plataforma Rayyan. Avaliaremos a qualidade metodológica e in-dividual entre os estudos utilizando a Escala de Newcastle Ottawa (NOS) e o teste Qui-Quadrado (I2). Para testar a influência das variáveis nos resultados da meta-análise, utilizaremos, sempre que possível, a técnica de meta-regressão. Os resultados da meta-análise serão apresentados como Odds Ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95%, por meio de um modelo de efeitos aleatórios ou fixos, de acordo com a estimativa clínica, estatística e metodológica da heterogeneidade. Se possível, serão realizadas estratificações de acordo com faixa etária, sexo e níveis de atividade física. Com os resulta-dos do estudo, esperamos que o conhecimento seja útil para incentivar a implementação de políticas públicas de walkability no bairro para aumentar os níveis de atividade física

Systematic Review on White Spot Lesions Treatments.

The difference in refractive index between the healthy enamel and the demineralized area generates a lesion with a milky white opaque appearance, clearly distinguishable from the surrounding healthy enamel. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate if the infiltration technique is the most efficient treatment to resolve a white spot lesion when compared with remineralization and microabrasion techniques. The Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome question investigated: "in enamel WS lesion, the infiltration treatment compared to remineralization or microabrasion treatments is more or less effective in the camouflage effect?." The research was performed on electronic databases, including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and web of science. The search was conducted up to April 1, 2020. The scientific search engines produced 324 results. Only 14 were screened after screening. Based on the articles analyzed in this systematic review, the resin infiltration technique seems to be the most effective and predictable treatment for the aesthetic resolution of WSLs.

Renal Outcomes of Dialysis-Dependent Acute Kidney Injury in Noncritically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication among hospitalized patients, potentially affecting short- and long-term clinical outcomes. In this retrospective study, we evaluated renal outcomes in noncritically ill patients who required acute hemodialysis (HD) because of an AKI episode occurring during hospitalization. METHODS: Sixty-three hemodynamically stable patients with AKI undergoing acute intermittent HD were included. Kidney function was evaluated at baseline control (pre-AKI), at AKI diagnosis and during the follow-up. According to serum creatinine and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), we defined three clinical conditions: renal recovery, different stages of acute kidney disease (AKD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). RESULTS: Among the 63 patients evaluated, 34 patients (54%) had a history of CKD. Six patients (10%) presented early full renal recovery. HD treatment was stopped in 38 patients (60%), while 25 patients (40%) required maintenance HD. Dialysis-independent patients presented lower comorbidity and higher baseline eGFR and delta creatinine, compared to dialysis-dependent patients. Baseline CKD, previous AKI episodes, and parenchymal causes of AKI were associated with a significant risk of dialysis dependence. At 1-month control, 15 patients (39%) presented AKD stage 0, 6 patients (16%) AKD stage 1, and 17 patients (44%) AKD stage 2-3. At 3-month control, 29 out of 38 patients recovering from AKI (76%) presented CKD. AKD stage was significantly correlated with the risk of CKD development, which, resulted higher in patients with lower baseline eGFR. CONCLUSIONS: AKI might represent a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney damage, even in noncritically ill patients.

Correlation between Oral Hygiene and IL-6 in Children.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between marginal gingivitis, oral hygiene parameters, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in gingival crevicular fluid of 40 children. The marginal periodontal pathology was evaluated by gingival index (GI). The status of oral hygiene was estimated by using patient hygiene performance (PHP), brushing frequency (BF), and plaque index (PI). IL-6 levels in gingival crevicular fluid were measured to evaluate the inflammation in marginal gingiva. PHP score showed a significant correlation with GI, BF, and PI. The groups based on PHP ranges were significantly related to IL-6 concentration in crevicular fluid.