Pharmacokinetics of long-acting cephapirin and cloxacillin after intramammary administration in dairy goats.

Determining the pharmacokinetics of intramammary antimicrobials in goats can assist in predicting appropriate meat and milk withdrawal intervals for drugs that are effective at treating subclinical mastitis due to non-aureus Staphylococci during the dry period. Twenty-four healthy, lactating does were enrolled in this study. Half were administered 300 mg of cephapirin benzathine (ToMORROW, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Duluth, GA) via intramammary infusion into each half of the udder. The remaining does had 500 mg cloxacillin benzathine (Orbenin DC, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ) administered per half. Plasma was collected before treatment and for 7 days post-treatment followed by analysis via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental methods via commercial software (MonolixSuite). The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of cephapirin of 0.073 µg/mL was noted at 7.06 h post-administration (Tmax). The area under the plasma concentration curve based on the final sampling point (AUClast) was 1.06 h × µg/mL. The mean residence time until the final sampling point (MRTlast) was 13.55 h. Mean terminal half-life (T½) of cephapirin was 6.98 h. In CLOX does, Cmax was 0.074 µg/mL with a Tmax of 18 h, AUClast was 5.71 h × µg/mL, T½ was 77.45 h, and MRTlast was 65.36 h. Despite both products being formulated with benzathine salts, marked differences were noted in pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC, T1/2, and MRTlast. This data will be used to plan sampling schedules for milk and tissue residue depletion studies for both products.

Animal drug shortages limit veterinary therapeutic options and introduce artifacts in antimicrobial sales reporting.

Supply chain issues disrupt veterinary care and cause downstream consequences that alter the practice of veterinary medicine. Antimicrobials are just 1 class of pharmaceuticals that have been impacted by supply chain issues over the last couple of years. Since February 2021, 2 sponsors/manufacturers of penicillin products have reported shortages in the active pharmaceutical ingredient. With the release of the 2021 Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals by the FDA, a key finding was a 19% decrease in penicillin sales and distribution from 2020 to 2021. Herein, we provide our clinicians' professional perspective regarding how drug shortages, specifically that of penicillin, might contribute to misconstrued patterns in antimicrobial use and what can be done by veterinarians and the FDA to minimize the impact of an antimicrobial drug shortage on animal health and well-being.

Neonatal screening program for five conditions in Honduras.

We present the initial results of a neonatal screening program in part of the public health system in Honduras, that is, the Honduran Social Security Institute. The program design includes steps from neonatal bloodspot in the first newborn days to evaluation and treatment when necessary. In 2018 and 2019, 19,911 newborns were tested for hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, phenylketonuria, and adrenal hyperplasia. Abnormalities were identified in 18 newborns, corresponding to a prevalence of 9:10,000. Considering all births in Honduras, the estimated coverage of screening ranged between 4.4 and 5.7%. These results reinforce the need to expand and consolidate neonatal screening.