Age and Marital Status Predict Mild Cognitive Impairment During Acute Coronary Syndrome Admission: An Observational Study of Acute Coronary Syndrome Inpatients.

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been reported after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but it is uncertain who is at risk, particularly during inpatient admission. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to explore the prevalence and cognitive domains affected in MCI during ACS admission and determine factors that identify patients most at risk of MCI. METHODS: Inpatients with ACS were consecutively recruited from 2 tertiary hospital cardiac wards and screened with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Screening included health literacy (Newest Vital Sign), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and physical activity (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly). Factors associated with MCI were determined using logistic regression. RESULTS: Participants (n = 81) had a mean (SD) age of 63.5 (10.9) years, and 82.7% were male. In total, MCI was identified in 52.5%, 42.5% with 1 screen and 10% with both. Individually, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment identified MCI in 48.1%, and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test identified MCI in 13.8%. In Montreal Cognitive Assessment screening, the cognitive domains in which participants most frequently did not achieve the maximum points available were delayed recall (81.5%), visuospatial executive function (48.1%), and attention (30.9%). Accounting for education, depression, physical activity, and ACS diagnosis, the likelihood of an MCI positive screen increased by 11% per year of age (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.18) and by 3.6 times for those who are unmarried/unpartnered (odds ratio, 3.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-11.89). CONCLUSION: An estimated half of patients with ACS screen positive for MCI during admission, with single and older patients most at risk. Multiple areas of thinking were affected with potential impact on capacity for learning heart disease management.

Globetrotting strangles: the unbridled national and international transmission of Streptococcus equi between horses.

The equine disease strangles, which is characterized by the formation of abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck, is one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses around the world. The causal agent, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, establishes a persistent infection in approximately 10 % of animals that recover from the acute disease. Such 'carrier' animals appear healthy and are rarely identified during routine veterinary examinations pre-purchase or transit, but can transmit S. equi to naïve animals initiating new episodes of disease. Here, we report the analysis and visualization of phylogenomic and epidemiological data for 670 isolates of S. equi recovered from 19 different countries using a new core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) web bioresource. Genetic relationships among all 670 S. equi isolates were determined at high resolution, revealing national and international transmission events that drive this endemic disease in horse populations throughout the world. Our data argue for the recognition of the international importance of strangles by the Office International des Épizooties to highlight the health, welfare and economic cost of this disease. The Pathogenwatch cgMLST web bioresource described herein is available for tailored genomic analysis of populations of S. equi and its close relative S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus that are recovered from horses and other animals, including humans, throughout the world. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

Development of a multi-residue high-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for routine monitoring of SARM compounds in equine and bovine blood.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a group of anabolic enhancer drugs posing threats to the integrity of animal sports and the safety of animal-derived foods. The current research describes for the first time the development of a semi-quantitative assay for the monitoring of SARM family compounds in blood and establishes the relative stability of these analytes under various storage conditions prior to analysis. The presented screening method validation was performed in line with current EU legislation for the inspection of livestock and produce of animal origin, with detection capability (CCß) values determined at 0.5 ng/mL (Ly2452473), 1 ng/mL (AC-262536 and PF-06260414), 2 ng/mL (bicalutamide, GLPG0492, LGD-2226, ostarine, S-1, S-6, and S-23), and 5 ng/mL (andarine, BMS-564929, LGD-4033, RAD140, and S-9), respectively. The applicability of the developed assay was demonstrated through the analysis of blood samples from racehorses and cattle. The developed method presents a high-throughput cost-effective tool for the routine screening for a range of SARM compounds in sport and livestock animals.

Enhanced UHPLC-MS/MS screening of selective androgen receptor modulators following urine hydrolysis.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent non-steroidal agents commonly abused in human and animal (i.e. equine, canine) sports, with potential for further misuse as growth promoting agents in livestock-based farming. As a direct response to the real and possible implications of illicit application in both sport as well as food production systems, this study incorporated enzymatic hydrolysis (ß-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase) into a previously established protocol while maintaining the minimal volume (200 µL) of urine sample required to detect SARMs encompassing various pharmacophores in urine from a range of species (i.e. equine, bovine, human, canine and rodent). The newly presented semi-quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS-based assay is shown to be fit-for-purpose, being rapid and offering high-throughput, with validation findings fulfilling criteria stipulated within relevant doping and food control legislation.•CCß values determined at 1 ng mL-1 for majority of analytes.•Deconjugation step included in the method led to significantly increased relative abundance of ostarine in analysed incurred urine samples demonstrating the requirement for hydrolysis to detect a total form of emerging SARMs.•Assay amenable for use within routine testing to ensure fair play in animal and human sports and that animal-derived food is free from contamination with SARM residues.

Investigation of stability of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of new emerging "designer" steroid compounds gaining popularity over more well established anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) amongst both non-professional and elite athletes. Moreover, due to their anabolic activity, SARM compounds may also potentially be abused in livestock animals to increase meat production. Consequently, SARM residues should be monitored as a part of routine testing employed within both anti-doping and drug residue laboratories. Since only a limited amount of information on SARM compound stability is currently available within the peer-reviewed literature, this study reports a practical approach to assess optimal storage conditions for 15 SARM compounds in solvent solutions (standard stock and intermediate mixed standard solutions) stored at -20°C for up to 1 year, as well as in a range of urine test matrices (bovine, equine, canine and human) under frozen (-20°C, -80°C) storage for up to 20 weeks and post freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, SARM storage stability within solvent extracts was assessed at -20°C (0-4 weeks) and 4°C (0-2 weeks). Findings demonstrate that SARM analytes are stable in reference solutions when stored at -20°C, apart from PF-06260414 (stock solution) which should be stored at lower temperatures (e.g. -80°C). A limited degree of compound instability was observed for a number of SARM analytes in urine both when stored at -20°C, and after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, SARM compounds within reconstituted urine solvent extracts were found to be effectively stable when stored for up to 4 weeks at -20°C and for 2 weeks at 4°C. The long-term stability testing data reported here will inform the more timely and effective development and validation of analytical methods for SARM residue detection and analysis, ensuring confidence in findings from monitoring of livestock animals and anti-doping processes.

"Providing a complete episode of care": A survey of registered nurse and registered midwife prescribing behaviours and practices.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the prescribing behaviours and practices of registered nurse and midwife prescribers and to explore experiences of enablers and barriers to prescribing practices. BACKGROUND: The extension of prescriptive authority to nurses and midwives internationally has created new opportunities for them to expand their scope of practice and is of significant benefit to effective and efficient health service provision. DESIGN: Cross-sectional national survey of registered nurse and midwife prescribers. METHODS: Data were collected through an online survey between April-July 2018. A total of 84 nurse and midwife prescribers participated. The STROBE checklist was applied as the reporting guideline for this study. RESULTS: Respondents estimated that two-fifths of their consultations involved an episode of prescribing. Nurse and midwife prescribers engaged in similar prescribing behaviours spanning the range of activities from initiating new medications to ceasing medicines. The most frequently selected criterion for prescribing was clinical effectiveness. Prescribing was viewed as essential to respondents' clinical practice, allowing them to provide a complete episode of care and leading to a reduction in medication errors and reduced delays and waiting times for patients. Enablers of prescribing included knowledge, experience, education and access to continuous professional development, as well as support from colleagues and organisations. CONCLUSION: Little is known about the prescribing behaviours and practices of registered nurse and midwife prescribers. While prescribing authority enables nurse and midwife practitioners to deliver holistic care, there remain significant barriers and challenges including increased workloads, lack of continuous professional development, lack of support and overly restrictive rules and policies governing prescribing. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Addressing the barriers identified in this study could enable more nurse and midwife prescribers to work to their full scope of practice, enabling populations to fully capitalise on the contributions of registered nurse and midwife prescribing services.

Designing strategies to implement a blunt chest injury care bundle using the behaviour change wheel: a multi-site mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Blunt chest injury can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not treated appropriately. A blunt chest injury care bundle was to be implemented at two sites to guide care. AIM: To identify facilitators and barriers to the implementation of a blunt chest injury care bundle and design strategies tailored to promote future implementation. METHODS: 1) A mixed-method survey based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF) was used to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a blunt chest injury care bundle. This survey was distributed to 441 staff from 12 departments across two hospitals. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS and qualitative using inductive content analysis. 2) The quantitative and qualitative results from the survey were integrated and mapped to each of the TDF domains. 3) The facilitators and barriers were evaluated using the Behaviour Change Wheel to extract specific intervention functions, policies, behaviour change techniques and implementation strategies. Each phase was assessed against the Affordability, Practicability, Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, Acceptability, Side-effects or safety and Equity (APEASE) criteria. RESULTS: One hundred ninety eight staff completed the survey. All departments surveyed were represented. Nine facilitators and six barriers were identified from eight domains of the TDF. Facilitators (TDF domains) were: understanding evidence-informed patient care and understanding risk factors (Knowledge); patient assessment skills and blunt chest injury management skills (Physical skills); identification with professional role (Professional role and identity); belief of consequences of care bundle (Belief about consequences); provision of training and protocol design (Environmental context and resources); and social supports (Social influences). Barriers were: not understanding the term 'care bundle' (Knowledge); lacking regional analgesia skills (Physical skills); not remembering to follow protocol (Memory, attention, and decision processes); negative emotions relating to new protocols (Emotions); equipment and protocol access (Environmental context and resources). Implementation strategies were videos, education sessions, visual prompt for electronic medical records and change champions. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple facilitators and barriers were identified that may affect the implementation of a blunt chest injury care bundle. Implementation strategies developed through this process have been included in a plan for implementation in the emergency departments of two hospitals. Evaluation of the implementation is underway.

Development and validation of a semi-quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for screening of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine.

A semi-quantitative method was developed to monitor the misuse of 15 SARM compounds belonging to nine different families, in urine matrices from a range of species (equine, canine, human, bovine and murine). SARM residues were extracted from urine (200 µL) with tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) without further clean-up and analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A 12 min gradient separation was carried out on a Luna Omega Polar C18 column, employing water and methanol, both containing 0.1% acetic acid (v/v), as mobile phases. The mass spectrometer was operated both in positive and negative electrospray ionisation modes (ESI±), with acquisition in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Validation was performed according to the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC criteria and European Union Reference Laboratories for Residues (EU-RLs) guidelines with CCß values determined at 1 ng mL-1, excluding andarine (2 ng mL-1) and BMS-564929 (5 ng mL-1), in all species. This rapid, simple and cost effective assay was employed for screening of bovine, equine, canine and human urine to determine the potential level of SARMs abuse in stock farming, competition animals as well as amateur and elite athletes, ensuring consumer safety and fair play in animal and human performance sports.

Impact of storage conditions on the urinary metabolomics fingerprint.

Urine stability during storage is essential in metabolomics to avoid misleading conclusions or erroneous interpretations. Facing the lack of comprehensive studies on urine metabolome stability, the present work performed a follow-up of potential modifications in urinary chemical profile using LC-HRMS on the basis of two parameters: the storage temperature (+4 °C, -20 °C, -80 °C and freeze-dried stored at -80 °C) and the storage duration (5-144 days). Both HILIC and RP chromatographies have been implemented in order to globally monitor the urinary metabolome. Using an original data processing associated to univariate and multivariate data analysis, our study confirms that chemical profiles of urine samples stored at +4 °C are very rapidly modified, as observed for instance for compounds such as:N-acetyl Glycine, Adenosine, 4-Amino benzoic acid, N-Amino diglycine, creatine, glucuronic acid, 3-hydroxy-benzoic acid, pyridoxal, l-pyroglutamic acid, shikimic acid, succinic acid, thymidine, trigonelline and valeryl-carnitine, while it also demonstrates that urine samples stored at -20 °C exhibit a global stability over a long period with no major modifications compared to -80 °C condition. This study is the first to investigate long term stability of urine samples and report potential modifications in the urinary metabolome, using both targeted approach monitoring individually a large number (n > 200) of urinary metabolites and an untargeted strategy enabling assessing for global impact of storage conditions.

Impact of Alcohol on Outcomes in Hospitalized Major Trauma Patients: A Literature Review.

To critically appraise available studies investigating the impact of alcohol outcomes in hospitalized patients after major trauma. Outcomes included injury severity, mortality, complications, and hospital/intensive care length of stay. Data were sourced from MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SCOPUS databases. Abstracts were screened for inclusion/exclusion criteria with 15 articles appraised and analyzed based on in-hospital outcomes. Although alcohol intoxication is associated with a marginal increase in the incidence of in-hospital complications (sepsis and multiorgan failure), overall studies suggest it is not associated with longer intensive care or in-hospital length of stay. This literature review also demonstrated decreased mortality and injury severity in patients with traumatic brain injury. Further research is required to determine the reasons for these associations.

Lineages of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi in the Irish equine industry.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus equi ssp. equi is the causative agent of 'Strangles' in horses. This is a debilitating condition leading to economic loss, yard closures and cancellation of equestrian events. There are multiple genotypes of S. equi ssp. equi which can cause disease, but to date there has been no systematic study of strains which are prevalent in Ireland. This study identified and classified Streptococcus equi ssp. equi strains isolated from within the Irish equine industry. RESULTS: Two hundred veterinary isolates were subjected to SLST (single locus sequence typing) based on an internal sequence from the seM gene of Streptococcus equi ssp equi. Of the 171 samples which successfully gave an amplicon, 162 samples (137 Irish and 24 UK strains) gave robust DNA sequence information. Analysis of the sequences allowed division of the isolates into 19 groups, 13 of which contain at least 2 isolates and 6 groups containing single isolates. There were 19 positions where a DNA SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) occurs, and one 3 bp insertion. All groups had multiple (2-8) SNPs. Of the SNPs 17 would result in an amino acid change in the encoded protein. Interestingly, the single isolate EI8, which has 6 SNPs, has the three base pair insertion which is not seen in any other isolate, this would result in the insertion of an Ile residue at position 62 in that protein sequence. Comparison of the relevant region in the determined sequences with the UK Streptococcus equi seM MLST database showed that Group B (15 isolates) and Group I (2 isolates), as well as the individual isolates EI3 and EI8, are unique to Ireland, and some groups are most likely of UK origin (Groups F and M), but many more probably passed back and forth between the two countries. CONCLUSIONS: The strains occurring in Ireland are not clonal and there is a considerable degree of sequence variation seen in the seM gene. There are two major clades causing infection in Ireland and these strains are also common in the UK.

Effectiveness of a national approach to prescribing education for multiple disciplines.

AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of a national approach to prescribing education on health professional students' prescribing and therapeutics knowledge, across multiple disciplines. METHODS: In a university examination setting, 83 medical, 40 pharmacy and 13 nurse practitioner students from three different universities completed a set of multiple choice questions (MCQs) before and after completing an online module from the National Prescribing Curriculum (NPC). To minimize overestimation of knowledge, students had to indicate the level of certainty for each answer on a three-point scale. MCQs were scored using a validated certainty-based marking scheme resulting in a composite score (maximum 30 and minimum -60). Students were asked to rate their perception of usefulness of the module. RESULTS: At the pre-module phase, there were no significant differences in the composite MCQ scores between the medical (9.0 ± 10.3), pharmacy (10.2 ± 10.6) and nurse practitioner (8.0 ± 10.7) students. The scores improved significantly for all groups at the post-module phase (P < 0.01 for all groups) by similar extents (post-module results: medical, 14.5 ± 9.6; pharmacy, 14.4 ± 9.9; nurse practitioner, 12.1 ± 9.6). 39.4% of the MCQs answered incorrectly with high level of certainty at the pre-module phase were still answered incorrectly with high level of certainty at the post-module phase. Almost all students (with no significant difference between the groups) found the NPC modules, post-module MCQs and feedback useful as a learning tool. CONCLUSIONS: A national online approach to prescribing education can improve therapeutics knowledge of students from multiple disciplines of health care and contribute towards streamlining interdisciplinary learning in medication management.

Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Experience from treating patients with Spanish influenza and influenza A(H5N1) suggested that convalescent plasma therapy might be beneficial. However, its efficacy in patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus (H1N1 2009) infection remained unknown. METHODS: During the period from 1 September 2009 through 30 June 2010, we conducted a prospective cohort study by recruiting patients aged ≥ 18 years with severe H1N1 2009 infection requiring intensive care. Patients were offered treatment with convalescent plasma with a neutralizing antibody titer of ≥ 1:160, harvested by apheresis from patients recovering from H1N1 2009 infection. Clinical outcome was compared with that of patients who declined plasma treatment as the untreated controls. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients with severe H1N1 2009 infection requiring intensive care were recruited. Twenty patients (21.5%) received plasma treatment. The treatment and control groups were matched by age, sex, and disease severity scores. Mortality in the treatment group was significantly lower than in the nontreatment group (20.0% vs 54.8%; P = .01). Multivariate analysis showed that plasma treatment reduced mortality (odds ratio [OR], .20; 95% confidence interval [CI], .06-.69; P = .011), whereas complication of acute renal failure was independently associated with death (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.15-12.4; P = .028). Subgroup analysis of 44 patients with serial respiratory tract viral load and cytokine level demonstrated that plasma treatment was associated with significantly lower day 3, 5, and 7 viral load, compared with the control group (P < .05). The corresponding temporal levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor α (P < .05) were also lower in the treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of severe H1N1 2009 infection with convalescent plasma reduced respiratory tract viral load, serum cytokine response, and mortality.

Screening of clinical, food, water and animal isolates of Escherichia coli for the presence of blaCTX-M extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) antibiotic resistance gene loci.

A small study was carried out in order to examine the molecular presence of bla CTX-M gene phylogenetic groups in E. coli (n=263) isolated from food (n=54), water (n=7), animal sources (n=69), using consensus bla CTX-M primers and PCR, in addition to human faecal isolates (n=69) and VTEC O157:H7 (n=64). None of the clinically significant faecal VTEC O157:H7 isolates were shown to carry blaCTX-M type phylogenetic groups, nor were such phylogenetic groups observed in any of the food, water and animal isolates. One community faecal isolate (1/69; 1.4%), dating from 1997, carried this phylogenetic group. As recent work has indicated that a significant proportion of such phylogenetic groups are carried in community isolates of E. coli with little or no hospital contact, it is important that surveillance is increased to identify potential source(s) and reservoirs of such resistance in the community. Further prospective surveillance is thus required to help elucidate the origins of such phylogenetic group in the community. The significance of this study is that the ESBL-producing E. coli associated with local hospital outbreaks is not commonly found in local food, water or animal sources. In addition, given that ESBL-producing E. coli is now a significant organism, both in hospitals and nursing homes in Northern Ireland, this report demonstrates that such organisms were present in the community, as early as 1997.

The genome of a pathogenic rhodococcus: cooptive virulence underpinned by key gene acquisitions.

We report the genome of the facultative intracellular parasite Rhodococcus equi, the only animal pathogen within the biotechnologically important actinobacterial genus Rhodococcus. The 5.0-Mb R. equi 103S genome is significantly smaller than those of environmental rhodococci. This is due to genome expansion in nonpathogenic species, via a linear gain of paralogous genes and an accelerated genetic flux, rather than reductive evolution in R. equi. The 103S genome lacks the extensive catabolic and secondary metabolic complement of environmental rhodococci, and it displays unique adaptations for host colonization and competition in the short-chain fatty acid-rich intestine and manure of herbivores--two main R. equi reservoirs. Except for a few horizontally acquired (HGT) pathogenicity loci, including a cytoadhesive pilus determinant (rpl) and the virulence plasmid vap pathogenicity island (PAI) required for intramacrophage survival, most of the potential virulence-associated genes identified in R. equi are conserved in environmental rhodococci or have homologs in nonpathogenic Actinobacteria. This suggests a mechanism of virulence evolution based on the cooption of existing core actinobacterial traits, triggered by key host niche-adaptive HGT events. We tested this hypothesis by investigating R. equi virulence plasmid-chromosome crosstalk, by global transcription profiling and expression network analysis. Two chromosomal genes conserved in environmental rhodococci, encoding putative chorismate mutase and anthranilate synthase enzymes involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, were strongly coregulated with vap PAI virulence genes and required for optimal proliferation in macrophages. The regulatory integration of chromosomal metabolic genes under the control of the HGT-acquired plasmid PAI is thus an important element in the cooptive virulence of R. equi.

Delayed clearance of viral load and marked cytokine activation in severe cases of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Infections caused by the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus range from mild upper respiratory tract syndromes to fatal diseases. However, studies comparing virological and immunological profile of different clinical severity are lacking. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 74 patients with pandemic H1N1 infection, including 23 patients who either developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or died (ARDS-death group), 14 patients with desaturation requiring oxygen supplementation and who survived without ARDS (survived-without-ARDS group), and 37 patients with mild disease without desaturation (mild-disease group). We compared their pattern of clinical disease, viral load, and immunological profile. RESULTS: Patients with severe disease were older, more likely to be obese or having underlying diseases, and had lower respiratory tract symptoms, especially dyspnea at presentation. The ARDS-death group had a slower decline in nasopharyngeal viral loads, had higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and were more likely to have bacterial coinfections (30.4%), myocarditis (21.7%), or viremia (13.0%) than patients in the survived-without-ARDS or the mild-disease groups. Reactive hemophagocytosis, thrombotic phenomena, lymphoid atrophy, diffuse alveolar damage, and multiorgan dysfunction similar to fatal avian influenza A H5N1 infection were found at postmortem examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The slower control of viral load and immunodysregulation in severe cases mandate the search for more effective antiviral and immunomodulatory regimens to stop the excessive cytokine activation resulting in ARDS and death.

The effect of high-fidelity simulation training on medical-surgical graduate nurses' perceived ability to respond to patient clinical emergencies.

BACKGROUND: Recognition of and early intervention for patients with acutely deteriorating conditions is often the responsibility of medical-surgical nurses. This study examined the effect of simulation on medical-surgical graduate nurses' perceived ability and confidence in responding to patient clinical emergencies. METHOD: Fifty medical-surgical graduate students participated in high-fidelity immersive simulations. Questionnaires completed before and after simulation asked participants to rate their perceived ability and confidence. RESULTS: After simulation, participants reported increased confidence in their ability to perform both technical and nontechnical aspects of responding to patient clinical emergencies. Ninety-four percent of participants identified formal debriefing as the most useful aspect of the simulation experience. CONCLUSION: Medical-surgical graduate nurses' confidence and perceived technical and nontechnical skills during patient clinical emergencies are enhanced following simulation. The ability of graduates to transfer the increased confidence and perceived advanced resuscitation skills following simulation to the clinical environment needs to be investigated.

The effect of a short one-on-one nursing intervention on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to response to acute coronary syndrome in people with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remain significant public health problems. The effect of ACS on mortality and morbidity is largely dependent on the time from symptom onset to the time of reperfusion, but patient delay in presenting for treatment is the main reason timely reperfusion is not received. OBJECTIVES: We tested the effect of an education and counseling intervention on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about ACS symptoms and the appropriate response to symptoms, and identified patient characteristics associated with changes in knowledge, attitudes and beliefs over time. METHODS: We conducted a two-group randomized controlled trial in 3522 people with CHD. The intervention group received a 40 min, one-on-one education and counseling session. The control group received usual care. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs were measured at baseline, 3 and 12 months using the ACS Response Index and analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs scores increased significantly from baseline in the intervention group compared to the control group at 3 months, and these differences were sustained at 12 months (p=.0005 for all). Higher perceived control over cardiac illness was associated with more positive attitudes (p<.0005) and higher state anxiety was associated with lower levels of knowledge (p<.05), attitudes (p<.05) and beliefs (p<.0005). CONCLUSION: A relatively short education and counseling intervention increased knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about ACS and response to ACS symptoms in individuals with CHD. Higher perceived control over cardiac illness was associated with more positive attitudes and higher state anxiety was associated with lower levels of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about responding to the health threat of possible ACS.