New proposal for a multimodal imaging approach for the subclinical detection of hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To compare multimodal structural and functional diagnostic methods in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated with hydroxychloroquine, to identify the best complementary approach for detecting subclinical retinal toxicity. METHODS: A cross-sectional, unicentric study was conducted on patients with SLE treated with hydroxychloroquine. Each patient underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, comprising structural tests (spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), en face OCT, en face OCT angiography (OCTA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF)) and functional tests (automated perimetry for visual field (VF) testing, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG)). A diagnosis of macular toxicity required the presence of abnormalities in at least one structural and functional test. The Kappa Concordance Index was used to assess the concordance among the different tests in detecting potential macular toxicity-associated alterations. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients with SLE (132 eyes) were consecutively enrolled. Four (6.1%) patients developed subclinical hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity without visual acuity impairment. The proportion of abnormal results was 24% for both en face OCT and en face OCTA. Regarding functional analysis, VF was less specific than mfERG in detecting subclinical retinal toxicity (VF specificity 47.5%). En face OCT and en face OCTA structural findings showed better concordance, with a kappa index >0.8, and both identified the same cases of toxicity as FAF. CONCLUSION: Although structural OCT and VF are frequently used to screen for hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity, our findings suggest that a combination of mfERG, en face OCT and en face OCTA could improve the diagnostic accuracy for subclinical retinal damage. This study emphasises the importance of a multimodal imaging strategy to promptly detect signs of hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity.

Preclinical ocular changes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients by optical coherence tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to detect preclinical changes in SLE patients in retinal microvascularization or retinal and optical nerve structure by optical coherence tomography. METHODS: This cross-sectional, single-centre study aimed to describe structural changes [macular and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness] by structural spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and perifoveal vascular [vessel density (VD) and vascular perfusion (VP) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) structural parameters] findings by OCT angiography (OCTA) in 78 SLE patients and 80 healthy volunteers. In addition, we analysed their association with clinical and laboratory parameters, medications received, disease duration, and SLE activity and damage. RESULTS: Structural parameters by SD-OCT and perifoveal vascular parameters by OCTA were decreased in SLE patients compared with controls. OCTA parameters (VD, VP and FAZ circularity) and macular thickness were also decreased in patients with longer disease duration (>10 years). The presence of aPLs was associated with a decreased RNFL thickness, mainly in the inferior quadrants. Patients developing APS also showed decreased RNFL thickness and OCTA flow changes. SD-OCT and OCTA results were not associated with disease activity. Foveal structural parameters were lower in patients with higher damage score. CONCLUSION: SD-OCT and OCTA can detect preclinical structural and microcirculatory changes in SLE patients. Structural and perifoveal vascular macular changes in SLE patients are related to disease duration. Macular structural parameters were impaired in patients with higher disease damage. APS seems to be associated with preclinical damage to the optic nerve and impairment of the perifoveal microvasculature.