The size of particle aggregates produced by flocculation with PNIPAM, as a function of temperature.

This work investigates the effect of temperature on the size of alumina aggregates formed by flocculation with temperature responsive Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM). The results are discussed in terms of the effects of temperature on particle collision, particle adhesion and aggregate breakage. It was found that the size of alumina aggregates increases with increasing solution temperature. Particle/particle collision and aggregate breakage are largely unaffected by increasing solution temperature and therefore could not account for the change in aggregate size. The dominant factor in aggregate growth with increasing temperature was found to be the increase in the force of adhesion between alumina particles. The appearance of the adhesive force is triggered by the increase in temperature above the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM.

Temperature controlled surface hydrophobicity and interaction forces induced by poly (N-isopropylacrylamide).

Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is a temperature responsive polymer. At temperature below its lower critical solution temperature (LCST 32 degrees C) PNIPAM is soluble in water and hydrophilic. At temperature above the LCST, the polymer becomes hydrophobic and insoluble in water. At temperatures above the LCST, PNIPAM has been shown to induce flotation of previously hydrophilic minerals. The mechanism is believed to be an increase in particle hydrophobicity when PNIPAM adsorbs to the particle surfaces at high temperature. This paper investigates the interaction forces between bare silica surfaces in PNIPAM solutions. The influence of three phase contact angles on these interactions, in the presence of polymers of different molecular weights, is also examined. It was found that the presence of PNIPAM on silica surfaces significantly increases their hydrophobicity at a temperature above the LCST. The AFM measurements of surface forces at high temperature also showed that strong adhesion is present between the PNIPAM coated surfaces, which is absent in the absence of polymer. These findings lead to the conclusion that the detected attractive force and subsequent adhesion result from hydrophobic attraction induced by PNIPAM at temperature above the LCST.