Molecular typing of bovine papillomaviruses in Costa Rica.

Bovine papillomaviruses are related to cause fibroepithelial proliferations in the skin and mucosae and are associated with economic loss mainly related to poor body condition and reduced milk production. This study aimed to investigate the presence and types of bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) in cattle sampled in different areas of Costa Rica using molecular techniques. A descriptive study with a non-probability convenience sampling was carried out. A total of 99 papillomatous lesions were collected from 63 animals in 32 farms, and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, rolling circle amplification (RCA), sequencing, and restriction enzymes digestion. Seven bovine papillomavirus types (BPV1, BPV2, BPV4, BPV6, BPV7, BPV10, BPV11) and two putative novel viral variants (BPV-CR1 and BPV-CR2) were identified for the first time in Costa Rica. BPV6 was the most frequently detected virus in lesions (31.2%), followed by BPV2 (25%) and BPV1 (25%). BPV1 and BPV2 were the most widely distributed in the Country. Coinfections were recorded in two animals (BPV1 / BPV2 and BPV4 / BPV6). Restriction analyses allowed differentiating BPV1 from BPV2, BPV4, and BPV7, but failed to identify BPV6, BPV10, and BPV11. Results suggest that a great PVs diversity is harbored by bovines in Costa Rica and indicate the need for further investigations aimed to uncover PV diversity at the full genomic level.

Genome typing, histopathology, and evolution of BPV30, a novel Xipapillomavirus type isolated from Bovine papilloma in Costa Rica.

Xipapillomavirus includes a group of viruses almost exclusively reported in both beef cattle and dairy breeding, in which they induce papillomatosis and occasionally malignant tumors. Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) infection impacts greatly on animal productions, and this is amplified by their cosmopolitan distribution. Cutaneous proliferative lesions in bovines can relate to leather depreciation and impaired milk production by giving rise to obstruction of the teat and hygiene limitations, often leading to hemorrhagic mastitis. This study reports the identification of a novel Xipapillomavirus type associated with udder papilloma in a Jersey cow in Costa Rica. Viral genome was fully sequenced and molecularly characterized. Histopathology and viral phylogeny and evolution are also presented and discussed by comparison with already described BPVs. Based on results, a novel Xipapillomavirus type, namely BPV30, is proposed. BPV30 is a typical Xipapillomavirus 2 most similar to BPV12, from which it separated roughly 18 million years ago. The absence of E6 and the presence of E10 in BPV30 confirm an E6 loss occurring along the clade leading to BPV12. The identification of this novel BPV is fundamental to the development of specific prophylactic tools, which represent the most effective weapon to fight viral circulation, to prevent infections, and eventually controlling associated proliferative lesions.