Activation of adipose tissue glycerokinase contributes to increased white adipose tissue mass in mice fed a high-fat diet.

PURPOSE: Investigate the pathways of glycerol-3-P (G3P) generation for triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in retroperitoneal (RWAT) and epididymal (EWAT) white adipose tissues from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. METHODS: Mice were fed for 8 weeks a HFD and glycolysis, glyceroneogenesis and direct phosphorylation of glycerol were evaluated, respectively, by 2-deoxyglucose uptake, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) activity and pyruvate incorporation into TAG-glycerol, and glycerokinase activity and glycerol incorporation into TAG-glycerol in both tissues. RESULTS: HFD increased body and adipose tissue mass and serum levels of glucose and insulin, which were accompanied by glucose intolerance. RWAT and EWAT from HFD-fed mice had increased rates of de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis (52% and 255%, respectively). HFD increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and content in EWAT (107%), but decreased in RWAT (79%). HFD decreased the lipolytic response to norepinephrine (57%, RWAT and 25%, EWAT), ß3-adrenoceptor content (50%), which was accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylated-hormone-sensitive lipase (~80%) and phosphorylated-adipocyte triacylglycerol lipase (~60%) in both tissues. HFD decreased the in vitro rates of glucose uptake (3.5- and 6-fold), as well as in glyceride-glycerol synthesis from pyruvate (~3.5-fold) without changes in PEPCK-C activity and content in RWAT and EWAT, but increased glycerokinase activity(~3-fold) and content (90 and 40%) in both tissues. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that direct phosphorylation of glycerol by glycerokinase may be responsible for maintaining the supply of G3P for the existing rates of FA esterification and TAG synthesis in RWAT and EWAT from HFD-fed mice, contributing, along with a lower lipolytic response to norepinephrine, to higher adiposity.

Sympathetic innervation suppresses the autophagic-lysosomal system in brown adipose tissue under basal and cold-stimulated conditions.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activates cAMP signaling and promotes trophic effects on brown adipose tissue (BAT) through poorly understood mechanisms. Because norepinephrine has been found to induce antiproteolytic effects on muscle and heart, we hypothesized that the SNS could inhibit autophagy in interscapular BAT (IBAT). Here, we describe that selective sympathetic denervation of rat IBAT kept at 25°C induced atrophy, and in parallel dephosphorylated forkhead box class O (FoxO), and increased cathepsin activity, autophagic flux, autophagosome formation, and expression of autophagy-related genes. Conversely, cold stimulus (4°C) for up to 72 h induced thermogenesis and IBAT hypertrophy, an anabolic effect that was associated with inhibition of cathepsin activity, autophagic flux, and autophagosome formation. These effects were abrogated by sympathetic denervation, which also upregulated Gabarapl1 mRNA. In addition, the cold-driven sympathetic activation stimulated the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, leading to the enhancement of protein synthesis, evaluated in vivo by puromycin incorporation, and to the inhibitory phosphorylation of Unc51-like kinase-1, a key protein in the initiation of autophagy. This coincided with a higher content of exchange protein-1 directly activated by cAMP (Epac1), a cAMP effector, and phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308, all these effects being abolished by denervation. Systemic treatment with norepinephrine for 72 h mimicked most of the cold effects on IBAT. These data suggest that the noradrenergic sympathetic inputs to IBAT restrain basal autophagy via suppression of FoxO and, in the setting of cold, stimulate protein synthesis via the Epac/Akt/mTOR-dependent pathway and suppress the autophagosome formation, probably through posttranscriptional mechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The underlying mechanisms related to the anabolic role of sympathetic innervation on brown adipose tissue (BAT) are unclear. We show that sympathetic denervation activates autophagic-lysosomal degradation, leading to a loss of mitochondrial proteins and BAT atrophy. Conversely, cold-driven sympathetic activation suppresses autophagy and stimulates protein synthesis, leading to BAT hypertrophy. Given its high-potential capacity for heat production, understanding the mechanisms that contribute to BAT mass is important to optimize chances of survival for endotherms in cold ambients.

The antioxidant system in the soleus muscle of growing rats is stimulated by the administration of a low-protein/high-carbohydrate diet.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by xanthine oxidase (XO), the enzymatic antioxidant system and oxidative damage in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of growing rats fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC; 6% protein, 74% carbohydrate) diet for 15 days. The LPHC diet increased the total antioxidant capacity by 45% and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase and catalase in the soleus muscles. There was an increase in the carbonylated proteins with no increase thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), although the XO activity had increased 20%. In EDL muscles, the LPHC diet increased XO activity by 66% and the TBARS levels by 80%, and only GPx had its activity increased. These results suggest that the enzymatic antioxidant system of the soleus muscle has a better response to the increase of ROS production stimulated by LPHC diet.

Effects of high fat diet on kidney lipid content and the Na, K-ATPase activity

ABSTRACT It is widely known that high fat diet (HFD) can contribute to the advent of health problems. Recent studies have indicated that obesity imposes a hemodynamic overload to the kidneys. In order to further investigate such injuries, two groups of six Swiss mice each were fed with a controlled AIN93G diet or a high fat (AIN93G modified) diet for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected to determine the hormonal, lipid profile, glucose, urea, and creatinine levels. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis were carried out to analysis the kidney damage. Fractions of renal membranes were prepared to assess the Na,K-ATPase activity, lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol, and phospholipid content. The results indicated that the blood lipid profile, urea and creatinine was not altered by the HFD. On the other hand, it was observed in HFD diet mice elevated glucose blood levels along with an augment on insulin and a decrease on corticosterone release. HFD provoked a reduction in the diameter of the convoluted tubules and cell volume in Bowman's capsule and an increased number of positive cells with Na,K-ATPase, but reduced the Na,K-ATPase activity and the cholesterol content in the kidney cell membrane but favored the lipid peroxidation.

Differential regulation of glyceroneogenesis by glucocorticoids in epididymal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue from rats.

PURPOSE: Investigate the glycerol-3-phosphate generation pathways in epididymal (EPI) and retroperitoneal (RETRO) adipose tissues from dexamethasone-treated rats. METHODS: Rats were treated with dexamethasone for 7 days. Glycerol-3-phosphate generation pathways via glycolysis, glyceroneogenesis and direct phosphorylation of glycerol were evaluated, respectively, by 2-deoxyglucose uptake, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) activity and pyruvate incorporation into triacylglycerol (TAG)-glycerol, and glycerokinase activity and glycerol incorporation into TAG-glycerol. RESULTS: Dexamethasone treatment markedly decreased the body weight, but increased the weight and lipid content of EPI and RETRO and plasma insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid and TAG levels. EPI and RETRO from dexamethasone-treated rats showed increased rates of de novo fatty acid synthesis (80 and 100%) and basal lipolysis (20%). In EPI, dexamethasone decreased the 2-deoxyglucose uptake (50%), as well as glyceroneogenesis, evidenced by a decrease of PEPCK-C activity (39%) and TAG-glycerol synthesis from pyruvate (66%), but increased the glycerokinase activity (50%) and TAG-glycerol synthesis from glycerol (72%) in this tissue. In spite of a similar reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in RETRO, dexamethasone treatment increased glyceroneogenesis, evidenced by PEPCK activity (96%), and TAG-glycerol synthesis from pyruvate (110%), accompanied by a decrease in glycerokinase activity (50%) and TAG-glycerol synthesis from glycerol (50%). Dexamethasone effects on RETRO were accompanied by a decrease in p-Akt content and by lower insulin effects on the rates of glycerol release in the presence of isoproterenol and on the rates of glucose uptake in isolated adipocytes. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated differential regulation of glyceroneogenesis and direct phosphorylation of glycerol by glucocorticoids in EPI and RETRO from rats.

Sodium and water intake are not affected by GABAC receptor activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus of sodium-depleted rats.

The activation of GABAergic receptors, GABAA and GABAB, in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increases water and sodium intake in satiated and fluid-depleted rats. The present study investigated the presence of the GABAC receptor in the LPBN, its involvement in water and sodium intake, and its effects on cardiovascular parameters during the acute fluid depletion induced by furosemide combined with captopril (Furo/Cap). One group of male Wistar rats (290-300g) with bilateral stainless steel LPBN cannulas was used to test the effects of a GABAC receptor agonist and antagonist on the fluid intake and cardiovascular parameters. We investigated the effects of bilateral LPBN injections of trans-4-aminocrotonic acid (TACA) on the intake of water and 0.3M NaCl induced by acute fluid depletion (subcutaneous injection of Furo/Cap). c-Fos expression increased (P<0.05), suggesting LPBN neuronal activation. The injection of different doses of TACA (0.5, 2.0 and 160 nmol) in the LPBN did not change the sodium or water intake in Furo/Cap-treated rats (P>0.05). Treatment with the GABAC receptor antagonist (Z)-3-[(aminoiminomethyl)thio]prop-2-enoic acid sulfate (ZAPA, 10nmol) or with ZAPA (10nmol) plus TACA (160nmol) did not change the sodium or water intake compared with that for vehicle (saline) (P>0.05). Bilateral injections of the GABAC agonist in the LPBN of Furo/Cap-treated rats did not affect the mean arterial pressure (MAP) or heart rate (HR). The GABAC receptor expression in the LPBN was confirmed by the presence of a 50kDa band. Although LPBN neurons might express GABAC receptors, their activation produced no change in water and sodium intake or in the cardiovascular parameters in the acute fluid depletion rats. Therefore, the GABAC receptors in the LPBN might not interfere with fluid and blood pressure regulation.

Low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet increases glucose uptake and fatty acid synthesis in brown adipose tissue of rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate glucose uptake and the contribution of glucose to fatty acid (FA) synthesis and the glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) of triacylglycerol synthesis by interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet-fed rats. METHODS: LPHC (6% protein; 74% carbohydrate) or control (17% protein; 63% carbohydrate) diets were administered to rats (∼ 100 g) for 15 d. Total FA and G3P synthesis and the synthesis of FA and G3P from glucose were evaluated in vivo by (3)H2O and (14)C-glucose. Sympathetic neural contribution for FA synthesis was evaluated by comparing the synthesis in denervated (7 d before) IBAT with that of the contralateral innervated side. The insulin signaling and ß3 adrenergic receptor (ß3-AR) contents, as well as others, were determined by Western blot (Student's t test or analysis of variance; P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Total FA synthesis in IBAT was 133% higher in the LPHC group and was reduced 85% and 70% by denervation for the LPHC and control groups, respectively. Glucose uptake was 3.5-fold higher in the IBAT of LPHC rats than in that of the control rats, and the contribution of glucose to the total FA synthesis increased by 12% in control rats compared with 18% in LPHC rats. The LPHC diet increased the G3P generation from glucose by 270% and the insulin receptor content and the p-AKT insulin stimulation in IBAT by 120% and reduced the ß3-AR content by 50%. CONCLUSIONS: The LPHC diet stimulated glucose uptake, both the total rates and the rates derived from glucose-dependent FA and G3P synthesis, by increasing the insulin sensitivity and the sympathetic flux, despite a reduction in the ß3-AR content.

Effect of chronic cortisone use in rats strain susceptible to ligature-induced periodontitis / Efeito do uso crônico da cortisona em ratas de linhagem susceptível à periodontite induzida por ligadura

Objective: The present study assessed the effect of prolonged betamethasone use in ligature-induced periodontitis in adult Fischer-344 rats. Methods: Thirty-six Fisher rats were randomly assigned to three groups: group B (betamethasone); group S (sham) and group C (control). The animals in group B were given intramuscular betamethasone daily, those in group S were given saline injections daily, and those in group C were not submitted to any intervention. The interventions lasted 60 days, and all groups were submitted to the same environmental conditions. Tendays after starting the injections, periodontal disease was induced in the animals from groups B and S by tying a sterile silk suture threadaround the upper right second molar. Fifty days later, all animals were sacrificed and the connective tissue attachment level (Jac-E) and boneloss (Jac-O) were measured. Results: Jac-E and Jac-O of groups B and S were not significantly different, but they differed significantly from those of group C. Conclusion: Prolonged use of betamethasone did not affect the progression of induced periodontitis in rats.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do uso prolongado da betametasona na periodontite induzida por ligadura, em ratas adultas da linhagem Fischer-344. Métodos: Selecionou-se trinta e seis ratas Fisher, as quais foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo B (betametasona); grupo S (soro) e grupo C (controle). Os animais do grupo B receberam injeções diárias intramuscular de betametasona, o grupo S recebeu injeções diárias de soro fisiológico e o grupo C foi mantido sem nenhuma intervenção. Estes procedimentos duraram 60 dias. Os três grupos foram mantidos nas mesmas condições ambientais. Decorridos dez dias a partir do início das injeções, os animais dos grupos B e S foram submetidos a indução da doença periodontal, através da colocação do fio de seda em volta do segundo molar superior direito. Ao final do período experimental (50 dias) os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia. O nível de inserção histológica (Jac-E) e perda óssea histológica (Jac-O) foram mensurados.Resultados: Entre os grupos B e S, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas para Jac-E e Jac-O. Entretanto, notaram-se diferenças significativas em ambos os parâmetros avaliados quando o grupo C foi comparado aos grupos B e S. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que o uso prolongado de betametasona não modificou a progressão de periodontite induzida.

A low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet increases de novo fatty acid synthesis from glycerol and glycerokinase content in the liver of growing rats.

We had previously shown that adipose tissue increased in rats fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet (6% protein, 74% carbohydrate) without a simultaneous increase in the de novo fatty acids (FA) synthesis. In addition, impairment in insulin signaling in adipose tissues was observed in these rats. For this study, we hypothesized that the insulin signaling pathway is preserved in the livers from these rats, which contributes to an increase in liver lipogenesis and, consequently, an increase in the weight of the adipose tissue. We also hypothesized that glycerol from triacylglycerol is an important substrate for FA synthesis. Our results showed that administration of the LPHC diet induced an increase in the in vivo rate of total FA synthesis (150%) as well as FA synthesis from glucose (270%) in the liver. There were also increased rates of [U-¹4C]glycerol incorporation into glyceride-FA (15-fold), accompanied by increased glycerokinase content (30%) compared with livers of rats fed the control diet. The LPHC diet did not change the glycerol-3-phosphate generation from either glucose or glyceroneogenesis. There was an increase in the insulin sensitivity in liver from LPHC-fed rats, as evidenced by increases in IR(ß) (35%) levels and serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) levels (75%), and basal (95%) and insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation (105%) levels. The LPHC diet also induced an increase in the liver sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c content (50%). In summary, these data confirmed the hypothesis that lipogenesis and insulin signaling are increased in the livers of LPHC-fed rats and that glycerol is important not only for FA esterification but also for FA synthesis.

Antimicrobial effectiveness of different trademarks mouthwashes with and without alcohol against different organisms: in vitro study / Efetividade antimicrobiana de diferentes marcas comerciais de enxaguatórios bucais com e sem álcool sobre diversos microrganismos: estudo in vitro

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of mouthwashes with and without alcohol on some microorganisms. Methods: Periogard®, Cepacol®, Plax Classic® and Oral-B® were the substances tested. For this study, 40 plates of Petri with medium blood agar were used for the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To measure the inhibition zones, a single trained examiner used a stereomicroscope and a digital caliper. After data collection, the medias were compared using the ANOVA (analysis of variance) with Bonferroni test post-hoc correction for 5% significance level. Results: Periogard®, with and without alcohol, showed the best results. Plax® without alcohol presented the poorest results. Plax® with alcohol was the best substance in relation to S. aureus. The others results remained with better effectiveness in relation to control substance. Conclusion: The alcohol-free mouthwashes did not have the same efficacy of antimicrobial rinses with alcohol in relation to microorganisms tested in this study.

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo in vitro foi de avaliar a ação antimicrobiana de enxaguatórios bucais com e sem álcool. Metodologia: Usaram-se no estudo o Periogard®, o CEPACOL®, Plax Classic® e o ORAL-B®, anti-séptico sem álcool. Para a realização desse estudo foram utilizadas 40 placas de Petri com meio de cultura de Ágar Sangue para os seguintes microrganismos: Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Para a mensuração dos halos de inibição, um único examinador treinado utilizou uma lupa estereoscópica e um paquímetro digital. Após a coleta dos dados, as médias foram comparadas utilizando-se do teste estatístico ANOVA (análise de variância) com teste corretivo de Bonferroni, para nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O Periogard® com álcool e o sem álcool apresentaram os melhores resultados. O Plax® sem álcool obteve os piores resultados. O Plax® com álcool foi melhor substância em relação ao S. aureus. Os demais resultados mantiveram-se com melhor efetividade em relação à substância controle. Conclusão: Os enxaguatórios sem álcool não têm a mesma eficácia antimicrobiana comparada aos enxaguatórios com álcool em relação aos microrganismos testados neste estudo.

Effect of chronic stress on the repair of cutaneous wounds in rats / Efeito do estresse crônico no reparo de feridas em dorso de ratos

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different types of chronic stress on the contraction of cutaneous wounds on the back of rats. Methods: Nineteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: chronic stress - GCS (n=9) and control - GC (n=10). The GCS were subjected to testing of chronic stress (exposure to light flashing, isolation, crowded environment, noise and smell of blood) throughout the experiment for a period of 10 days. The animals were anesthetized, and a surgical wound with area of 1 cm2 was made on the back of each animal, preserving the muscle tissue. The measurements of the wounds were made by a blinded examiner at 3, 7 and 12 days after surgery, using a digital caliper. The contraction of the wound was measured using the following formula: (initial area - area on the day of measurement) / initial area x 100 = percentage of wound contraction. Data were analyzed by Student t test for independent samples. Results: The results showed a lower rate of wound contraction in stressed animals at 7 and 12 days after surgery in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: Based on the methods and the animal model used, it was possible to conclude that rats subjected to chronic stress have delayed wound contraction during repair.

Objetivo: Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes tipos de estresse crônico sobre a contração de feridas em dorso de ratos. Metodologia: Dividiu-se aleatoriamente 19 ratos em dois grupos: estresse crônico - GEC (n=9) e controle - GC (n=10). O GEC foi submetido a ensaio de vários modelos de estresse (exposição à luz piscante, isolamento, ambiente congestionado, odor de sangue e barulho) durante todo o experimento. Decorridos 10 dias do início do estudo, os animais foram anestesiados e uma ferida com área de 1 cm2 foi realizada no dorso de cada animal, preservando-se o músculo. As mensurações das feridas foram realizadas, por um examinador cego, nos períodos de 3, 7 e 12 dias, através de um paquímetro digital. A contração das feridas foi avaliada através da seguinte fórmula: (área inicial - área do dia da medida) / área inicial × 100 = percentual da contração da ferida. Os dados foram analisados por teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Resultados: Houve menor velocidade de contração nos animais submetidos a estresse nos tempos experimentais de 7 e 12 dias em comapração com o grupo controle. Conclusão: De acordo com a metodologia empregada neste modelo animal, conclui-se que ratos submetidos a ensaio de estresse crônico apresentaram atraso na velocidade de contração de feridas durante o reparo.

Efeito do estresse crônico na progressão de periodontite induzida por ligadura em ratos / Effect of chronic stress on the progression of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar o efeito do estresse crônico na progressão da periodontite induzida por ligadura em ratos. Para o estudo foram utilizados 24 ratos adultos da espécie Rattus novergicus da linhagem Wistar, distribuídos em grupo estresse, ligadura e controle. Após anestesia dos grupos estresse e ligadura, colocou-se fio de seda em volta do segundo molar superior direito de cada animal. No grupo estresse, um dia após a indução de periodontite, os animais foram submetidos a ensaio de estresse crônico, alternando-se o modelo de contenção em um dia e contenção associado à exposição ao frio no outro, ambos uma vez ao dia, durante duas horas. Nos grupos ligadura e controle nenhum estresse foi realizado. Decorrido o período de 60 dias de estresse, todos os grupos foram eutanasiados por dose excessiva de anestésico. Na avaliação histométrica, foram determinadas as distâncias entre ajunção amelo-cementária na face mesial do segundo molar até a porção mais coronária do epitélio juncional (Jac-I) e crista óssea alveolar (Jac-CO). Foram observadas diferenças significativas(p<0,05) entre os grupos estresse, ligadura e controle para as médias Jac-I (1,32 mm, 0,58 mm e 0 mm respectivamente) e Jac-CO (2,64 mm, 1,74 mm e 0,95 mm, respectivamente). Concluindo, o modelo de estresse crônico foi capaz de induzir a maior progressão de periodontite induzida porligadura em ratos.

Efetividade do gluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% e do digluconato de clorexidina a 2% adquiridos em diferentes dentais e farmácias, na cidade de Cuiabá, sobre Candida albicans / Effectivity of the chiorhexidine gluconate 0,12% and chiorhexidine diguconate 2% acquired in different hospital shops and drugstores in Cuiaba city, on Candida albicans

Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana do digluconato de clorexidina (CI) a 2% e do gluconato de clorexidina a O,12%, adquiridos em diferentes dentais e farmácias na cidade de Cuiabá(MT),sobre Candida albicans. Utilizaram-se 72 placas Petri, contendo meio de cultura ágar-Saboraud. Separaram-se a princípio seis placas e seis discos de papel embebidos em solução fisiológica a 0,9% (SF),depositados no centro das placas respectivas(controle negativo). Em 66 outras placas, semearam-se e os microrganismos, colocando, no centro de seis placas, um disco de papel também embebido em solução fisiológica(controle positivo). Seguiu-se a colocação dos seis discos de papel nas 60 placas restantes, previamente impregnados comas substâncias testes (CL)e controle (SF),sendo depositado um em cada sextante. Os grupos foram analisados em três tempos experimentais de 8. 16 e 24 dias. Para a verificação dos resultados, usaram-se os halos de inibição de crescimento fúngico, medidos com paquímetro digital. com o auxílio de lupa estereoscópica. Percebeu-se aos 8, 16 e 24 dias uma ausência de diferença estatística entre o digluconato de dorexidina a 2% e o gluconato de clorexidina a 0,12%. Concluindo, o gluconato de clorexidinaa O,12% e o digluconato de clorexidinaa 2% adquiridos em diferentes dentais e farmácias de Cuiabá-MT exerceram ação antimicrobiana sobre Candida albicans.

Influência do aloe vera e própolis na contração de feridas em dorso de ratos / The Influenceaf Aloe vera and propolis in the contraction of wounds on dorsal area of rats

Os produtos naturais Aloe vera e própolis vêm se destacando na indústria farmacêutica. Para uma melhor compreensão desses agentes, o estudo objetivou comparar clinicamentea influência do Aloe vera in naturae um extrato hidroalcoólicode própolis na contração de feridas cutâneas em dorso de ratas. Depois de anestesiados os animais, produziu-se uma ferida com área de 1cm2 no dorso de cada um deles até atingiro tecido subcutâneo, preservando-se o tecido muscular. Imediatamenteapós a cirurgia, iniciaram-se as aplicações dos agentes cinco vezes por semana, uma vez ao dia, no mesmo horáriodurante toda a fase experimental. As mensurações das áreasdas feridas foram realizadas nos períodos de 1,3,7, 12 e 15dias, através de um paquímetro digital. Após obter-se o valor das áreas, foi avaliada a contração das feridas através da seguinte fórmula: (área inicial - área do dia da medida) / área inicial x 100 = percentual de contração no dia da medida. Efetuaram-se as médias dos grupos em cada tempo experimentale comparam-nas (Anova e corretivo Bonferroni). Os resultados evidenciaram que nos dias 3 e J2 as contrações daslesões no grupo Aloe vera e própolis foram maiores, se comparado-as ao grupo teste (p<0,05). No tempo experimental de 1, 7 e 15 dias, não houve diferença estatística (p>0,05) entre os grupos. Diante de tais resultados, observou-se que clinicamente, em dorso de ratos, Aloe vera in naturae própolis foram auxiliaresem um reparo mais rápido da lesão.

Dois métodos histometricos distintos comparativos de periodontite induzida em ratos / Comparison of two distinct histometric methods for the analysis of induced periodontitis in rats

Em instituições que não dispõem de câmara acoplada ao microscópio, buscam-se alternativas para análises histométricas. Com esse objetivo, compararam-se os resultados de dois métodos histométricos distintos em periodontite de ratos. Após anestesia, posicionou-se um fio de seda em volta do segundo molar superior direito, e aguardaram-se 60 dias para a eutanásia. As peças foram preparadas, coradas e montadas.A análise histométrica utilizada foi a distância entre a junção amelocementária na face mesial do segundo molar até a fibra periodontal inserida (Jac-F) e a crista óssea alveolar (Jac-O). Empregaram-se dois métodos de histometria, imagem digitalizada e retroprojetor de lâminas. A partir da obtenção dos dados, foram realizadas as médias dos grupos e comparadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, utilizando o teste T para amostras independentes (p<0,05). Os resultados das médias para Jac-F foram 0,97 mm para imagem digitalizada e l, 13 mm para imagem do retroprojetor; já para Jac-O, foram 3,1 mm para imagem digitalizada e 2,8 mm para imagem do retroprojetor.Não se observaram diferenças significativas (p>0,05) entre os grupos, tanto para Jac-F como Jac-O. Conclui-se que as duas metodologias de avaliação histométrica podem fornecer similaridades nos resultados.