El tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico en España EN 2021: resultado de una encuesta nacional entre anestesiólogos pediátricos / The management of paediatric acute pain in Spain IN 2021: Results of a national survey among paediatric anaesthesiologists

Objetivo: Mejorar el conocimiento acerca de la práctica clínica habitual en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico en España.MétodosSe llevó a cabo una encuesta telemática a través de Internet en una muestra representativa de profesionales sanitarios involucrados en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico (concretamente anestesiólogos) en España. La encuesta incluyó 28 cuestiones acerca de su práctica clínica habitual en la valoración y el tratamiento del dolor agudo, así como aspectos formativos y organizativos en el dolor agudo pediátrico.ResultadosLa encuesta fue completada durante el mes de marzo de 2021 por 150 especialistas en anestesiología. Los encuestados presentaron una amplia experiencia en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico (media de años de experiencia: 14,3; DE: 7,8) y básicamente en dolor agudo postoperatorio (97% casos). Aunque el 80% de los mismos utilizaba de modo habitual escalas validadas de valoración de dolor agudo pediátrico, solo el 2,6% utilizaba las específicas adaptadas para pacientes con discapacidad cognitiva. La mayoría de los encuestados empleaba habitualmente fármacos analgésicos como el paracetamol (99%) o el metamizol (92%), pero solo el 84% los complementaba con alguna técnica de bloqueo loco-regional u otra medicación tipo antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (62%). Además, únicamente un 62,7% reconocía haber recibido formación específica en dolor agudo pediátrico, solo un 45% seguía protocolos institucionales hospitalarios y un escaso 28% lo hacía a través de unidades de dolor infantil.ConclusionesLa encuesta identificó importantes puntos de mejora en la formación y organización del tratamiento del dolor agudo de los pacientes españoles en edad pediátrica. (AU)

Objective: To improve knowledge about routine clinical practice in the management of paediatric acute pain in Spain.MethodsA telematic survey was conducted via the Internet on a representative sample of healthcare professionals involved in the management of paediatric acute pain (specifically anaesthesiologists) in Spain. The survey included 28 questions about their usual clinical practice in the assessment and treatment of acute pain, and also training and organisational aspects in paediatric acute pain.ResultsThe survey was completed during March 2021 by 150 specialists in anaesthesiology. The respondents widely experienced in the management of acute paediatric pain (mean years of experience: 14.3: SD: 7.8), essentially in acute postoperative pain (97% of cases). Although 80% routinely used validated paediatric acute pain assessment scales, only 2.6% used specific scales adapted for patients with cognitive impairment. Most of the respondents routinely used analgesic drugs such as paracetamol (99%) or metamizole (92%), but only 84% complemented these drugs with a loco-regional blocking technique or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (62%). Furthermore, only 62.7% acknowledged having received specific training in paediatric acute pain, only 45% followed hospital institutional protocols, and a scant 28% did so through paediatric pain units.ConclusionsThe survey identified important points for improvement in the training and organisation of acute pain management in Spanish paediatric patients. (AU)

The management of paediatric acute pain in Spain in 2021: Results of a national survey among paediatric anaesthesiologists.

OBJECTIVE: To improve knowledge about routine clinical practice in the management of paediatric acute pain in Spain. METHODS: A telematic survey was conducted via the Internet on a representative sample of healthcare professionals involved in the management of paediatric acute pain (specifically anaesthesiologists) in Spain. The survey included 28 questions about their usual clinical practice in the assessment and treatment of acute pain, and also training and organisational aspects in paediatric acute pain. RESULTS: The survey was completed during March 2021 by 150 specialists in anaesthesiology. The respondents widely experienced in the management of acute paediatric pain (mean years of experience: 14.3: SD: 7.8), essentially in acute postoperative pain (97% of cases). Although 80% routinely used validated paediatric acute pain assessment scales, only 2.6% used specific scales adapted for patients with cognitive impairment. Most of the respondents routinely used analgesic drugs such as paracetamol (99%) or metamizole (92%), but only 84% complemented these drugs with a loco-regional blocking technique or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (62%). Furthermore, only 62.7% acknowledged having received specific training in paediatric acute pain, only 45% followed hospital institutional protocols, and a scant 28% did so through paediatric pain units. CONCLUSIONS: The survey identified important points for improvement in the training and organisation of acute pain management in Spanish paediatric patients.

Early thromboelastometry variables predict maximum clot firmness in children undergoing cardiac and non-cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Early clot amplitudes measured on thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) predict maximum clot firmness (MCF) in adults. In this multicentre, retrospective study, we aimed to confirm the suspected relationship between early ROTEM® variables and MCF, in children undergoing cardiac or non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: 4762 ROTEM® tests (e.g. EXTEM, INTEM, FIBTEM, APTEM, and HEPTEM) performed in children undergoing cardiac or non-cardiac surgery at three University hospitals between January 2011 and June 2014 were reviewed. To assess the correlation between clot amplitudes measured after 5, 10 and 15 min and MCF, each variable was compared with the corresponding MCF by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: For the EXTEM® test, we observed that amplitude measured after 5 min (A5: r=0.91, P<0.001), 10 min (A10: r=0.95, P<0.001) and 15 min (A15: r=0.96, P<0.001) were strongly correlated to MCF. The same correlations were observed for INTEM® test (A5: r=0.93, P<0.001; A10: r=0.97, P<0.001; A15: r=0.97, P<0.001), and FIBTEM® test (A5: r=0.93, P<0.001; A10: r=0.94, P<0.001; A15: r=0.96, P<0.001). In addition, the amplitudes measured after five, 10 and 15 min were also strongly correlated with MCF in the APTEM® and the HEPTEM® tests. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis confirmed that A5, A10, A15 strongly predicted decreased MCF on all ROTEM® tests. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that early values of clot amplitudes measured as soon as five, 10 or 15 min after clotting time could be used to predict maximum clot firmness in all ROTEM® tests.

Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo sobre la utilización de levosimendán en niños sometidos a corrección quirúrgica de cardiopatía congénita / Retrospective descriptive study about the use of levosimendan in children undergoing surgical correction for congenital heart disease

Objetivos. Describir la utilización de levosimendán en forma de uso compasivo en niños sometidos a corrección quirúrgica de cardiopatía congénita, la evolución de las variables hemodinámicas y analíticas estudiadas y la supervivencia. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo. Datos fuente: revisión de historias clínicas (mayo 2005- enero 2010). Se evaluaron las variables hemodinámicas y analíticas pre- y postadministración de levosimendán, fármacos vasoactivos utilizados y sus dosis, así como las reacciones adversas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 42 niños, de ellos 38 quirúrgicos, entre 4 días y 5,75 años de edad (mediana: 92 días). Se registraron 46 administraciones, ya que 4 niños recibieron 2 veces el medicamento. El rango de dosis osciló entre 0,1-0,6μg×kg−1×min−1. Solo un paciente recibió dosis de carga. En 15 administraciones (32,6%), se mantuvo la misma dosis durante toda la infusión; en 19 casos (41,3%) la dosis inicial fue aumentando o disminuyendo según las necesidades de soporte vasoactivo. La supervivencia acumulada en los pacientes quirúrgicos a los 30 días postadministración, calculada por el método de Kaplan-Meier, fue del 80%. Solo el nivel plasmático de lactato tuvo significación estadística en relación con la mortalidad (p<0,001). Conclusiones. No hubo un criterio uniforme en la utilización de levosimendán, empleándose como agente de rescate. La supervivencia acumulada fue similar a la encontrada en los ensayos clínicos con levosimendán en adultos. Son necesarios ensayos clínicos en pacientes pediátricos para determinar el papel de levosimendán en el contexto quirúrgico, que permitan establecer protocolos clínicos para el uso de este medicamento en pediatría(AU)

Objectives. To describe the use of levosimendan for compassionate use in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease, as well as survival rates, and the variations in the haemodynamic and analytical variables studied. Material and methods. An observational retrospective descriptive study was performed, using a review of clinical histories, from May 2005 to January 2010. Haemodynamic and analytical variables pre- and post- levosimendan administration, drugs used, and their dosages, and any adverse reactions were recorded. Results. Forty two children, 38 of them undergoing surgical correction, between the ages of four days and 5.75 years (median 92 days) were included. The drug was infused on 46 occasions. Four children received two doses. The infusion rate was among 0.1 to 0.6 μg×kg−1×min−1. Only one patient received a loading dose. In 15 administrations (32.6%), the same dose was maintained throughout the infusion period. In 19 cases (41.3%), the dose was increased or decreased according to the need for vasoactive support. In surgical patients, overall survival after 30 days of the administration, calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, was 80%. Blood lactate levels were statistically associated with mortality (P<.001). Conclusions. There were no uniform criteria for using levosimendan, and it was only used as a rescue drug. Overall survival was similar to that reported in adult clinical trials. Clinical trials also need to be carried out in paediatric patients to determine the role of levosimendan in surgical practice, in order to develop and establish a clinical protocol for its use in children(AU)

[Retrospective descriptive study about the use of levosimendan in children undergoing surgical correction for congenital heart disease]. / Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo sobre la utilización de levosimendán en niños sometidos a corrección quirúrgica de cardiopatía congénita.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the use of levosimendan for compassionate use in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease, as well as survival rates, and the variations in the haemodynamic and analytical variables studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational retrospective descriptive study was performed, using a review of clinical histories, from May 2005 to January 2010. Haemodynamic and analytical variables pre- and post- levosimendan administration, drugs used, and their dosages, and any adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: Forty two children, 38 of them undergoing surgical correction, between the ages of four days and 5.75 years (median 92 days) were included. The drug was infused on 46 occasions. Four children received two doses. The infusion rate was among 0.1 to 0.6 µg × kg⁻¹ × min⁻¹. Only one patient received a loading dose. In 15 administrations (32.6%), the same dose was maintained throughout the infusion period. In 19 cases (41.3%), the dose was increased or decreased according to the need for vasoactive support. In surgical patients, overall survival after 30 days of the administration, calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, was 80%. Blood lactate levels were statistically associated with mortality (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: There were no uniform criteria for using levosimendan, and it was only used as a rescue drug. Overall survival was similar to that reported in adult clinical trials. Clinical trials also need to be carried out in paediatric patients to determine the role of levosimendan in surgical practice, in order to develop and establish a clinical protocol for its use in children.

[Post-surgical paediatric pain: Nursing- PCA vs continuous I.V. infusion of tramadol ]. / Dolor postoperatorio en lactantes y niños pequeños: nursing-PCA vs perfusión i.v. de tramadol.

AIM: To evaluate the efficiency in the control of the post-surgical paediatric pain of the combination of a weak opioid [tramadol (T)] and an NSAID (paracetamol), comparing its administration through "Nursing-PCA" (NCA) techniques or through continuous i.v. infusion. METHODS: The investigation has been carried out in 30 patients (mean 9.5 months) selected according to their foreseeable degree of moderate-hard pain. All of them consumed in the postoperative period: rectal paracetamol (20 mg/Kg) every 8 hours and tramadol in two groups. Group I: PCA pump with tramadol that was handled by the nurse. Initial dose: 0.5 mg/Kg NCA, bolus injection 0.3 mg/Kg with an interval of 10 minutes for security and a highest dose of 1.2 mg/Kg/4 h every 4 hours. Group II: continuous infusion i.v. of tramadol (6 mg/Kg/24 h). The pain was evaluated, as well as the sedative action, saturation oxygen, respiratory and hemodynamics parameters, adverse effects, and efficiency during the first 24 hours, as well as the number of total dose of drugs asked in the Nursing PCA group. RESULTS: Pain decreased in both groups. There were more sedative effects in group II and the total dose of tramadol was higher. There were no cases of respiratory depression. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of tramadol and paracetamol through "Nursing PCA" has turned out to be an efficient method in the treatment of the post-surgical pain in little children and those whose are in their lacteal period. It is a possible alternative of the continuous infusion of Morphine in these patients.

[Analgesic effectiveness and repercussions on the progress of labor of small doses of bupivacaine and fentanyl in continuous peridural perfusion]. / Eficacia analgésica y repercusión sobre la evolución del parto de bajas dosis de bupivacaína y fentanilo en perfusión peridural continua.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the analgesic efficacy and repercussion on labor of early administration of two different concentrations of bupivacaine/fentanyl in continuous epidural perfusion, in comparison with a control group receiving no epidural anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty patients were distributed among 3 groups. Group I (n = 50) received no epidural analgesia. Group II (n = 50) and III (n = 50) received test doses of 3 ml of bupivacaine plus adrenalin 1/200,000. After 5 minutes each patient in the study groups received 13 ml of the solution assigned (group II: 0.04% bupivacaine plus adrenalin 1/2,500,000 and fentanyl 2.5 micrograms/ml; group III: 0.0625% bupivacaine plus adrenalin 1/1,600,000 and fentanyl 2 micrograms/ml). Five minutes later a perfusion of 12 ml/h-1 of the same solution was delivered until dilation was complete. RESULTS: Epidural perfusion was started at 2.5 +/- 0.93 cm of dilation (group II) and 2.3 +/- 0.92 cm (group III). There were no statistically significant differences in either duration of labor until full dilation or expulsion among the groups. Pain assessed on a visual analog scale evolved from a baseline mean of 4.5 to 5 in the three groups, reaching 8.9 +/- 0.74 (group I), 0.24 +/- 0.89 (group II) and 0.28 +/- 0.57 (group III). There were no significant differences in fetal presentation or Apgar scores among the three groups at the end of delivery. CONCLUSION: Both solutions provide good analgesia during labor with minimum undesirable side effects. Low epidural doses of bupivacaine and fentanyl started early do not affect the course of labor.

[Effect of several inhalation anesthetics on ectopic cardiac automaticity. Intervention of the calcium ion]. / Efecto de diferentes anestésicos inhalatorios sobre el automatismo cardíaco ectópico. Intervención del ion calcio.

The effect of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane (at concentrations ranging from 0.1 v/v% to 5 v/v%) on ventricular automaticity induced by a local injury, has been studied in the isolated right ventricle of the rat. Both, halothane and isoflurane, effectively reduces ventricular frequency at all concentrations tested. On the contrary, enflurane (0.3, 0.5 and 1 v/v%) increases ventricular automaticity. The effect of enflurane was either potentiated or reduced respectively in the presence of lower or higher calcium concentrations.