Prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad con actividad física y nivel socioeconómico en escolares de educación básica / Prevalence of overweight, obesity with physical activity and socioeconomic status in elementary school students

INTRODUCCIÓN: el sobrepeso y obesidad infantil son problemas de salud pública en México, por lo que es necesario crear entornos que capaciten y motiven conductas positivas en relación a un estilo de vida saludable. OBJETIVOS: determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Describir la actividad física y sedentarismo con relación al nivel socioeconómico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y prospectivo en 278 alumnos entre seis y 12 años de edad. Se calculó el IMC, se aplicaron cuatro cuestionarios: CVAFA, CCSNP, CNSE, AMAI 2018. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 42.7%. La actividad física vigorosa 49.6%. El 95% pasa dos horas diarias frente al televisor, 87% ocupa la computadora una hora diaria para tareas. El 32% toma siesta de 30 minutos. El nivel socioeconómico estuvo correlacionado a los primeros tres niveles. CONCLUSIONES: la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad representa casi la mitad de la población estudiantil. La alimentación de tipo obesogénico da como resultado el IMC elevado, aunque el nivel socieconómico permitía obtener alimentos de buena calidad. La actividad física significativa sólo fue realizada por un bajo porcentaje de estudiantes. Las horas de descanso se encontraron adecuadas a su edad.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood overweight and obesity are public health problems in Mexico, so it is necessary to create environments that train and motivate positive behaviors in relation to a healthy lifestyle. OBJECTIVES: To determinate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Describe physical activity and sedentary behaviors with socioeconomic status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study was carried out in 278 students between six and 12 years old. The BMI was calculated, four questionnaires were applied: CVAFA, CCSNP, CNSE, AMAI 2018. RESULTS: the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 42.7%. Vigorous physical activity 49.6%. A 95% spend two hours a day in front of the television, 87% use the computer an hour a day for homework. 32% nap for 30 minutes. The economic level is correlated to the first three levels. CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of overweight and obesity represents almost half of the student population. The obesogenic type diet results in a high BMI, although the economic level allowed obtaining quality food. Significant physical activity was also performed by a low percentage of students. The hours of rest were found to be appropriate for their age.

Primary Dengue Infection in Patients Requiring Hospitalization During an Outbreak in a Low Incidence Mexican Region.

Background: Dengue manifestations can range from subclinical to fatal. The study of factors that influence dengue's clinical severity can provide information to potentially limit or predict severe cases. Secondary infection (SI) with a different dengue serotype has been recognized as an important determinant of severity. However, severe dengue (SD) manifestations, including shock, can happen during primary infection (PI) too and the mechanisms involved are less understood. To characterize the severe manifestations associated to PI, we distinguished between primary and secondary dengue cases in hospitalized patients from a region of low and recent dengue incidence in central Mexico. This region can serve as a model for dengue's behavior as it spreads to new areas worldwide. Methods: Dengue-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG concentrations were measured in the serum of 78 hospitalized patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever, and their ratios were used to discriminate between PI and SI, as recommended by World Health Organization. Clinical and laboratory manifestations were compared between PI and SI. Results and Conclusions: PI was detected in 23% of hospitalized dengue cases, a proportion similar to that reported in high-incidence regions in Mexico. PI was more frequent in 16- to 40-year-olds, and was absent in patients older than 60 years. Only dengue with warning signs and SD were present in the studied population of hospitalized patients, and case frequency decreased with clinical severity both in PI and SI groups. No significant differences in demographics, laboratory tests, or symptoms were found between PI and SI, which illustrates that cases requiring hospitalization during outbreaks can be severe, even if they are PI. This information can help plan for sanitary contingencies in places where dengue is recently emergent and numerous PI cases are expected. The mechanisms involved in PI clinical severity need to be studied further.

Hepatitis B surface antibodies in medical students from a public university in Puebla, Mexico.

Although preventable with vaccination, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern, with ∼400 million people at risk of developing the chronic form of the disease worldwide. The anti-HBV vaccine consists of a recombinant HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), which induces specific anti-HBs antibodies and confers 95% protection for >20 y. The aim of the present study was to analyze the response to HBV vaccination by measuring anti-HBs antibodies in serum samples from medical students of a public university in Puebla, Mexico. HBV infection markers HBsAg and anti-HBs, were also determined. A total of 201 students were included and vaccination coverage was found at 54%. Overall seropositivity for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs determined by ELISA was 0.5%, 1.0% and 47%, respectively. Protective levels of anti-HBs >10 mIU/mL were found in 93.2% of subjects vaccinated with 2 or 3 doses and in 40% of those vaccinated with a single dose; while only 4.8% of unvaccinated subjects were anti-HBs positive. The response to the HBV vaccine was different in each participant, despite similar vaccination scheme. A history of blood transfusion/organ transplant or more than 2 sexual partners was significantly associated with anti-HBc positivity, OR = 399 (p = 0.010) and OR = 19.9 (p = 0.044), respectively. HBV immunization coverage was low in our sample compared with reports from countries with similar HBV prevalence, but anti-HBs in vaccinated individuals were in the expected range. It is important to promote HBV vaccination and awareness among medical students, due to their exposure risk.

Detection of beta-tubulin in the cytoplasm of the interphasic Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.

It is known that the microtubules (MT) of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites form an intranuclear mitotic spindle. However, electron microscopy studies and the employment of anti-beta-tubulin (ß-tubulin) antibodies have not exhibited these cytoskeletal structures in the cytoplasm of these parasites. The purpose of this work was to detect ß-tubulin in the cytoplasm of interphasic E. histolytica trophozoites. Activated or non-activated HMI-IMSS-strain E. histolytica trophozoites were used and cultured for 72 h at 37 °C in TYI-S-33 medium, and then these were incubated with the anti-ß-tubulin antibody of E. histolytica. The anti-ß-tubulin antibody reacted with the intranuclear mitotic spindle of E. histolytica-activated trophozoites as control. In contrast, in non-activated interphasic parasites, anti-ß-tubulin antibody reacted with diverse puntiform structures in the cytoplasm and with ring-shaped structures localized in the cytoplasm, cellular membrane and endocytic stomas. In this work, for the first time, the presence of ß-tubulin is shown in the cytoplasm of E. histolytica trophozoites.

Un caso de Leishmaniasis viscel / A case of visceral leishmaniasis

Se presenta el caso de leishmaniasis en una niña de cinco años de edad, residente de Acatlán, estado de Puebla. El cuadro se caracterizó por la presencia de fiebre intermitente de hasta 39ºC, mialgias, artralgia generalizadas sin sinovitis o flogosis, hiporexia y pérdida de siete kilogramos de peso. Asimismo se observó palidez de tegumentos e incremento en el perímetro abdominal secundario a esplenomegalia. En el laboratorio destacó la presencia de pancitopenia; un estudio de médula ósea mostró amastigotes de Leishmania denovani. Se confirmó el diagnóstico mediante cultivo en medio NNN (Novy - Nicolle - MacNeal). La paciente recibió tratamiento de N-metilglucamina con remisión total de la sintomatología. Se presenta también una revisión de la literatura nacional con relación a leishmaniasis visceral