Altered executive control network and default model network topology are linked to acute electronic cigarette use: A resting-state fNIRS study.

In recent years, electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have gained popularity as stylish, safe, and effective smoking cessation aids, leading to widespread consumer acceptance. Although previous research has explored the acute effects of combustible cigarettes or nicotine replacement therapy on brain functional activities, studies on e-cigs have been limited. Using fNIRS, we conducted graph theory analysis on the resting-state functional connectivity of 61 male abstinent smokers both before and after vaping e-cigs. And we performed Pearson correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between alterations in network metrics and changes in craving. E-cig use resulted in increased degree centrality, nodal efficiency, and local efficiency within the executive control network (ECN), while causing a decrease in these properties within the default model network (DMN). These alterations were found to be correlated with reductions in craving, indicating a relationship between differing network topologies in the ECN and DMN and decreased craving. These findings suggest that the impact of e-cig usage on network topologies observed in male smokers resembles the effects observed with traditional cigarettes and other forms of nicotine delivery, providing valuable insights into their addictive potential and effectiveness as aids for smoking cessation.

Similar experimental study on diffusion and distribution of diesel exhaust in confined space of a coal mine.

In the confined space of the underground coal mine, which is dominated by transportation lanes, explosion-proof diesel-powered trackless rubber-wheeled vehicles are becoming the main transportation equipment, and the exhaust gas produced by them is hazardous to the health of workers and pollutes the underground environment. In this experiment, a similar test platform is built to study the effects of wind speed, vehicle speed, and different wind directions on the diffusion characteristics of exhaust gas. In this paper, CO and SO2 are mainly studied. The results show that the diffusion of CO and SO2 gas is similar and the maximum SO2 concentration only accounts for 11.4% of the CO concentration. Exhaust gas is better diluted by increasing the wind speed and vehicle speed, respectively. Downwind is affected by the reverse wind flow and diffuses to the driver's position, which is easy to cause occupational diseases. When the wind is a headwind, the exhaust gases spread upwards and make a circumvention movement, gathering at the top. When the wind speed and vehicle speed are both 0.6 m/s, the CO concentration corresponds to the change trend of the Lorentz function when the wind is downwind and the CO concentration corresponds to the change trend of the BiDoseResp function when the wind is headwind. The study of exhaust gas diffusion characteristics is of great significance for the subsequent purification of the air in the restricted mine space and the protection of the workers' occupational health.

Irisin attenuates acute glaucoma-induced neuroinflammation by activating microglia-integrin αVß5/AMPK and promoting autophagy.

Neuroinflammation, characterized by microglial activation and the release of multiple inflammatory mediators, is a key factor in acute glaucomatous injury leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and ultimately irreversible vision loss. Irisin, a novel exercise-induced myokine, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in ischemia/reperfusion injuries across multiple organs and has displayed a significant neuroprotective role in experimental stroke disease models. This study examined the protective impact of irisin and investigated its potential mechanism involved in this process utilizing an acute ocular hypertension (AOH)-induced retinal injury model in mice and a microglia inflammation model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). There was a transient downregulation of irisin in the retina after AOH injury, with parallel emergence of retinal neuroinflammation and RGC death. Irisin attenuated retinal and optic nerve damage and promotes the phenotypic conversion of microglia from M1 to M2. Mechanistically, irisin significantly upregulated the expression of integrin αVß5, p-AMPK, and autophagy-related markers. Integrin αVß5 was highly expressed on microglia but hardly expressed on RGC. The integrin αVß5 inhibitor cilengitide, the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin, and the autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) blocked the neuroprotective effects of irisin. Our results suggest irisin attenuates acute glaucoma-induced neuroinflammation and RGC death by activating integrin αVß5/AMPK in microglia and promoting autophagy. It should be considered a potential neuroprotective therapy for acute glaucoma.

An open-label, prospective trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ixazomib in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome.

This open-label, prospective trial evaluated the combination of ixazomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (ICD) in 12 newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome patients. The study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR2000030072). The treatment protocol consisted of 12 cycles of the ICD regimen compromising ixazomib (4 mg on Days 1, 8 and 15), oral cyclophosphamide (300 mg on Days 1, 8 and 15) and dexamethasone (20 mg weekly). A total of 12 patients received a median of 10 (range: 3-23) cycles of the ICD regimen. The haematological response could be evaluated in 10 patients. The overall haematological response rate was 80% (8/10), with 30% (3/10) achieving complete haematological response, and the overall serum VEGF response rate and neurological response were 100% and 83.3% respectively. Two patients experienced grade 3/4 AEs, including diarrhoea (n = 1) and leukopenia (n = 1). The combination of ixazomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone demonstrated both efficacy and safety in newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome, making it a viable treatment option.

Phase-Transitions in Disgust During Self-Initiated Eating Among Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa and Related Low-Weight Eating Disorders and Matched Controls.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the emotional context of feeding behavior may help identify causal mechanisms of food avoidance among individuals with anorexia nervosa. Although predominant food avoidance models assume fear of fat drives feeding behavior, disgust may be more theoretically and proximally relevant to moment-to-moment experiences of feeding. This study, therefore, aimed to examine affect and food avoidance using automated affect analysis from facial response by measuring time-specific transitions in disgust during a laboratory eating paradigm. We hypothesized that phase transitions in disgust would distinguish temporally self-initiated eating from food avoidance. METHODS: Sixty-three adolescents with anorexia nervosa or another low-weight eating disorder (LWED) and 27 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited as part of a larger study; 45 patients and 22 controls provided data on autonomous eating and facial affect during a laboratory meal. Dynamic structural equation models quantified moment-to-moment relationships between disgust and feeding behavior. RESULTS: Self-initiated eating was associated with greater increases in disgust, but not fear, intensity among those with LWED relative to control participants and greater disgust intensity predicted lower likelihood of self-initiated eating. DISCUSSION: Phasic transitions in disgust provide moment-to-moment evidence of affective influence on self-initiated eating and lend credibility to the hypothesis that disgust contributes to food avoidance and initiation in individuals with LWED.

Deep ultraviolet laser at 223.8†nm with adjustable repetition rate and narrow pulse width.

We presented the first, to our knowledge, demonstration of an ultraviolet (UV) laser at 223.8 nm by six-harmonic generation of an electro-optic Q-switched cavity dumping 1342 nm Nd:YVO4 laser. It offers high power, constant short pulse duration, and adjustable pulse repetition rate. The pulse duration is independent of the pump power and repetition rate compared to classical Q-switched oscillators. The output efficiency of the UV laser is optimized by adjusting the focusing lens. With the incident pump power of 30 W, an maximum average output power of 249 mW was obtained at 13 kHz. The pulse width maintained 3.4-3.5 ns from 5 to 20 kHz. The maximum pulse energy of 28.1 µJ was obtained at 5 kHz, and the corresponding peak power was up to 8.1 kW.

Establishment of Cephalic Index by Computed Tomography in Sampled Chinese Children.

OBJECTIVE: Cephalic Index (CI), the ratio of head width to length, is one of the indexes reflecting cranial morphological characteristics. Current norms were established by European and American countries. The purpose of the study was to study anthropometry of cranial parameters using computed tomography scans to establish the CI of the sampled Chinese Children. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried out on patients of age younger than 14 years old at Shanghai Children's Medical Center. The measurement of maximum cranial breadth and maximum cranial length were taken on a computed tomography scan machine and recorded for analysis. Cephalic Index was calculated for each age and sex group and compared with previously established norms. RESULTS: Five hundred eighteen patients met the inclusion criteria, including 301 males and 217 females. The means for boys and girls were 87.1 (SD: 4.3) and 85.8 (SD: 4.3), respectively. There was a significant difference between boys and girls (P < 0.01). Cephalic Index in different ages and on applying the 1-way analysis of variance association was statistically insignificant (P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: Chinese head shape was brachycephalic. A statistically significant correlation was seen between the CI and sex, while not age.

Molecular and morphological evidence supports the resurrection of Chrysospleniumguangxiense H.G.Ye & Gui C.Zhang (Saxifragaceae).

Chrysospleniumguangxiense H.G.Ye & Gui C.Zhang was first described as a new species in 1994 but later synonymized in the Flora of China treatment with C.glossophyllum H.Hara. Plastid genomes and nrDNA sequences were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of selected taxa in Chrysosplenium. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that C.guangxiense belongs to sect. Alternifolia, is closely related to Chrysospleniumhydrocotylifolium H.Lév. & Vaniot but distant from C.glossophyllum. Morphologically, C.guangxiense could be easily distinguished from C.glossophyllum by having robust rhizomes, basal leaves with a long cuneate base and fewer teeth in the margin, curled sepal margins, and red, larger seeds. It could also be easily distinguished from C.hydrocotylifolium by possessing long elliptic leaves and a long cuneate leaf base. Along with the phylogenetic studies, the complete plastid genome of C.guangxiense was also reported. The plastid genome was 154,004 bp in length and comprised two inverted repeats (IRs) of 28,120 bp, separated by a large single-copy of 80,646 bp and a small single-copy of 17,118 bp. A total of 111 functional genes were discovered, comprising 78 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Based on assessment of morphological and molecular data Chrysospleniumguangxiense H.G.Ye & Gui C.Zhang is resurrected from C.glossophyllum H.Hara at species level. A global conservation assessment classifies C.guangxiense as Vulnerable (VU).

Association of Childhood Exposure to School Racial Segregation with Late-Life Cognitive Outcomes among Older Americans.

IMPORTANCE: Disparities in cognition, including dementia occurrence, persist between White and Black older adults, and are possibly influenced by early educational differences stemming from structural racism. However, the relationship between school racial segregation and later-life cognition remains underexplored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between childhood contextual exposure to school racial segregation and cognitive outcomes in later life. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from 16,625 non-Hispanic White (hereafter, White) and 3,335 non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) Americans aged 65 or older were analyzed from the Health and Retirement Study. EXPOSURES: State-level White-Black dissimilarity index for public elementary schools in the late 1960s (range: 0-100) was used to measure school segregation. States were categorized into high segregation (383.6) and low segregation (<83.6) based on the top quintile. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cognitive scores, cognitive impairment (with or without dementia), and dementia were assessed using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) and proxy assessment. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for demographic covariates, socioeconomic status, and health factors. Stratified analyses by race were performed. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of participants was 78.5 (5.7) years, and 11,208 (56.2%) were female. Participants exposed to high segregation exhibited lower cognitive scores (12.6 vs. 13.6; P<0.001) and higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (50.8% vs 41.4%; P<0.001) and dementia (26.0% vs. 19.5%; P<0.001), compared to those with low segregation exposure. Multilevel analyses revealed a significant negative association between school segregation and later-life cognitive even after adjusting sequentially for potential confounders, and these associations were stronger among Black than White participants. Notably, in the fully adjusted model, Black participants exposed to high segregation displayed significantly lower cognitive scores (-0.51; 95% CI: -0.94, -0.09) and higher likelihood of cognitive impairment (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.72) and dementia (aOR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.63). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our study underscores that childhood exposure to state-level school segregation is associated with late-life cognition, especially for Black Americans. Given the rising trend of school segregation in the US, educational policies aimed at reducing segregation are crucial to address health inequities. Clinicians can leverage patients' early-life educational circumstances to promote screening, prevention, and management of cognitive disorders.

Development and validation of an intraoperative hypothermia nomograph model for patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: a retrospective study.

This study aimed to develop and internally validate a nomogram model for assessing the risk of intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) lobectomy. This study is a retrospective study. A total of 530 patients who undergoing VATS lobectomy from January 2022 to December 2023 in a tertiary hospital in Wuhan were selected. Patients were divided into hypothermia group (n = 346) and non-hypothermia group (n = 184) according to whether hypothermia occurred during the operation. Lasso regression was used to screen the independent variables. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of hypothermia during operation, and a nomogram model was established. Bootstrap method was used to internally verify the nomogram model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the discrimination of the model. Calibration curve and Hosmer Lemeshow test were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical utility of the model. Intraoperative hypothermia occurred in 346 of 530 patients undergoing VATS lobectomy (65.28%). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, serum total bilirubin, inhaled desflurane, anesthesia duration, intraoperative infusion volume, intraoperative blood loss and body mass index were risk factors for intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing VATS lobectomy (P < 0.05). The area under ROC curve was 0.757, 95% CI (0.714-0.799). The optimal cutoff value was 0.635, the sensitivity was 0.717, and the specificity was 0.658. These results suggested that the model was well discriminated. Calibration curve has shown that the actual values are generally in agreement with the predicted values. Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that χ2 = 5.588, P = 0.693, indicating that the model has a good accuracy. The DCA results confirmed that the model had high clinical utility. The nomogram model constructed in this study showed good discrimination, accuracy and clinical utility in predicting patients with intraoperative hypothermia, which can provide reference for medical staff to screen high-risk of intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing VATS lobectomy.

Spatially Dependent in-Gap States Induced by Andreev Tunneling through a Single Electronic State.

By using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), we observe in-gap states induced by Andreev tunneling through a single impurity state in a low carrier density superconductor (NaAlSi). The energy-symmetric in-gap states appear when the impurity state is located within the superconducting gap. In-gap states can cross the Fermi level, and they show X-shaped spatial variation. We interpret the in-gap states as a consequence of the Andreev tunneling through the impurity state, which involves the formation or breakup of a Cooper pair. Due to the low carrier density in NaAlSi, the in-gap state is tunable by controlling the STM tip-sample distance. Under strong external magnetic fields, the impurity state shows Zeeman splitting when it is located near the Fermi level. Our findings not only demonstrate the Andreev tunneling involving single electronic state but also provide new insights for understanding the spatially dependent in-gap states in low carrier density superconductors.

Hsp47 promotes biogenesis of multi-subunit neuroreceptors in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) deficiency is an important contributing factor to neurological and metabolic diseases. However, how the proteostasis network orchestrates the folding and assembly of multi-subunit membrane proteins is poorly understood. Previous proteomics studies identified Hsp47 (Gene: SERPINH1), a heat shock protein in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, as the most enriched interacting chaperone for gamma-aminobutyric type A (GABAA) receptors. Here, we show that Hsp47 enhances the functional surface expression of GABAA receptors in rat neurons and human HEK293T cells. Furthermore, molecular mechanism study demonstrates that Hsp47 acts after BiP (Gene: HSPA5) and preferentially binds the folded conformation of GABAA receptors without inducing the unfolded protein response in HEK293T cells. Therefore, Hsp47 promotes the subunit-subunit interaction, the receptor assembly process, and the anterograde trafficking of GABAA receptors. Overexpressing Hsp47 is sufficient to correct the surface expression and function of epilepsy-associated GABAA receptor variants in HEK293T cells. Hsp47 also promotes the surface trafficking of other Cys-loop receptors, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and serotonin type 3 receptors in HEK293T cells. Therefore, in addition to its known function as a collagen chaperone, this work establishes that Hsp47 plays a critical and general role in the maturation of multi-subunit Cys-loop neuroreceptors.

Fabrication of water/oil-resistant paper by nanocellulose stabilized Pickering emulsion and chitosan.

Developing plastic/fluorine/silicon-free and degradable water/oil-resistant coatings for paper-based packaging materials to replace disposable plastic products is a very effective way to solve the problem of 'white pollution' or microplastics pollution. A novel water/oil-resistant coating was developed by alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)-based Pickering emulsion and chitosan in this work. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were used as a stabilizing solid for AKD emulsion, with the addition of chitosan as an oil-resistance agent. The coating provides excellent hydrophobicity, water/oil resistance as well as good barrier properties. The water contact angle was as high as 130° and the minimum Cobb60 value was 5.7 g/m2, which was attributed to the hydrophobicity of AKD. In addition, the kit rating reached maximum 12/12 at coating weight of 8.26 g/m2 and the water vapor transmittance rate (WVTR) was reduced to 153.4 g/(m2⋅day) at the coating weight of 10.50 g/m2. The tensile strength of the paper was increased from 28.1 to 43.6 MPa after coating. Overall, this coating can effectively improve the performance of paper-based materials, which may play an important role in the process of replacing disposable plastic packaging with paper-based materials.

Blade-Coating (100)-Oriented α-FAPbI3 Perovskite Films via Crystal Surface Energy Regulation for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Photovoltaics.

Photoactive formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3) perovskite has dominated the prevailing high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs), normally for those spin-coated, conventional n-i-p structured devices. Unfortunately, α-FAPbI3 has not been made full use of its advantages in inverted p-i-n structured PSCs fabricated via blade-coating techniques owing to uncontrollable crystallization kinetics and complicated phase evolution of FAPbI3 perovskites. Herein, a customized crystal surface energy regulation strategy has been innovatively developed by incorporating 0.5 mol% of N-aminoethylpiperazine hydroiodide (NAPI) additive into α-FAPbI3 crystal-derived perovskite ink, which enabled the formation of phase-pure, highly-oriented α-FAPbI3 films. We deciphered the phase transformation mechanisms and crystallization kinetics of blade-coated α-FAPbI3 perovskite films via combining a series of in-situ characterizations. Interestingly, the strong chemical interactions between the NAPI and inorganic Pb-I framework help to reduce the surface energy of (100) crystal plane by 42%, retard the crystallization rate and lower the formation energy of α-FAPbI3. The resultant blade-coated inverted PSCs based on (100)-oriented α-FAPbI3 perovskite films realized promising efficiencies up to 24.16% (~26.5% higher than that of the randomly-oriented counterparts), accompanied by improved operational stability. This result represented one of the best performances reported to date for FAPbI3-based inverted PSCs fabricated via scalable deposition methods.

Magnetic-actuated hydrogel microrobots with multimodal motion and collective behavior.

Magnetic-actuated miniature robots have sparked growing interest owing to their promising potential in biomedical applications, such as noninvasive diagnosis, cargo delivery, and microsurgery. Innovations are required to combine biodegradable materials with flexible mobility to promote the translation of magnetic robots towards in vivo application. This study proposes a biodegradable magnetic hydrogel robot (MHR) with multimodal locomotion and collective behavior through magnetic-assisted fabrication. The MHRs with aligned magnetic chains inside their structures have more significant maximum motion speeds under rotating magnetic fields than the robots without magnetic alignment. By reconfiguring the external magnetic fields, three types of stable motion modes (tumbling, spinning, and wobbling modes) of the individual MHRs can be triggered, while flexible conversion can be achieved between each motion mode. The motion mechanism of each motion mode under diverse rotating magnetic fields has been analyzed. The collective behavior of the MHRs, which is triggered by the magnetic dipole force, can enhance the motion performance and pass through sophisticated terrains. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrate that the assembled MHRs can execute complicated tasks such as targeted cargo delivery. The proposed MHRs with multimodal locomotion and assembled behavior show effective motion efficiency, flexible maneuverability, and remarkable targeting ability, providing a new choice for magnetic robots in biomedical applications.

Interaction between RNF4 and SART3 is associated with the risk of schizophrenia.

The pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ) is heavily influenced by genetic factors. Ring finger protein 4 (RNF4) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 (SART3) are thought to be involved in nervous system growth and development via oxidative stress pathways. Moreover, they have previously been linked to SCZ. Yet the role of RNF4 and SART3 in SCZ remains unclear. Here, we investigated how these two genes are involved in SCZ by studying their variants observed in patients. We first observed significantly elevated mRNA levels of RNF4 and SART3 in the peripheral blood in both first-episode (n = 30) and chronic (n = 30) SCZ patients compared to controls (n = 60). Next, we targeted-sequenced three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SART3 and six SNPs in RNF4 for association with SCZ using the genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes from SCZ participants (n = 392) and controls (n = 572). We observed a combination of SNPs that included rs1203860, rs2282765 (both in RNF4), and rs2287550 (in SART3) was associated with increased risk of SCZ, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms between these two genes. We then conducted experiments in HEK293T cells to better understand the interaction between RNF4 and SART3. We observed that SART3 lowered the expression of RNF4 through ubiquitination and downregulated the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a downstream factor of RNF4, implicating the existence of a possible shared regulatory mechanism for RNF4 and SART3. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that the interaction between RNF4 and SART3 contributes to the risk of SCZ. The findings shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of SCZ and may lead to the development of new therapies and interventions for this disorder.

Realm of hepatitis E: Challenges and opportunities.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), responsible for widespread viral hepatitis, infects approximately 2.3 billion individuals globally, with a significant mortality burden in Asia. The virus, primarily transmitted through contaminated water and undercooked meat, is often underdiagnosed, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Current HEV treatments, while effective, are limited by adverse effects, necessitating research into safer alternatives. Moreover, HEV's extrahepatic manifestations, impacting the nervous and renal systems, remain poorly understood. This study underscores the imperative for enhanced HEV research, improved diagnostic methods, and more effective treatments, coupled with increased public health awareness and preventive strategies.

Metatranscriptomics-guided genome-scale metabolic reconstruction reveals the carbon flux and trophic interaction in methanogenic communities.

BACKGROUND: Despite rapid advances in genomic-resolved metagenomics and remarkable explosion of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), the function of uncultivated anaerobic lineages and their interactions in carbon mineralization remain largely uncertain, which has profound implications in biotechnology and biogeochemistry. RESULTS: In this study, we combined long-read sequencing and metatranscriptomics-guided metabolic reconstruction to provide a genome-wide perspective of carbon mineralization flow from polymers to methane in an anaerobic bioreactor. Our results showed that incorporating long reads resulted in a substantial improvement in the quality of metagenomic assemblies, enabling the effective recovery of 132 high-quality genomes meeting stringent criteria of minimum information about a metagenome-assembled genome (MIMAG). In addition, hybrid assembly obtained 51% more prokaryotic genes in comparison to the short-read-only assembly. Metatranscriptomics-guided metabolic reconstruction unveiled the remarkable metabolic flexibility of several novel Bacteroidales-affiliated bacteria and populations from Mesotoga sp. in scavenging amino acids and sugars. In addition to recovering two circular genomes of previously known but fragmented syntrophic bacteria, two newly identified bacteria within Syntrophales were found to be highly engaged in fatty acid oxidation through syntrophic relationships with dominant methanogens Methanoregulaceae bin.74 and Methanothrix sp. bin.206. The activity of bin.206 preferring acetate as substrate exceeded that of bin.74 with increasing loading, reinforcing the substrate determinantal role. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study uncovered some key active anaerobic lineages and their metabolic functions in this complex anaerobic ecosystem, offering a framework for understanding carbon transformations in anaerobic digestion. These findings advance the understanding of metabolic activities and trophic interactions between anaerobic guilds, providing foundational insights into carbon flux within both engineered and natural ecosystems. Video Abstract.