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A palladium-catalyzed radical Heck-type coupling reaction of cyclobutanone oxime esters with olefins under visible-light irradiation has been developed. The cyanoalkyl/Pd(I) hybrid species generated by selected ring-opening C-C bond cleavage of imino/Pd(I) species reacted smoothly with vinyl arenes, delivering the cyanoalkylation olefins under mild conditions. This elegant strategy has a broad scope and functional group tolerance. Subsequently, late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules and synthetic transformations of the product further confirm the practicality.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Among older adults, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is widely recognized as one of the most prevalent diseases. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a frequent complication of DM, mainly characterized by renal microvascular damage. Early detection, aggressive prevention, and cure of DN are key to improving prognosis. Establishing a diagnostic and predictive model for DN is crucial in auxiliary diagnosis. AIM: To investigate the factors that impact T2DM complicated with DN and utilize this information to develop a predictive model. METHODS: The clinical data of 210 patients diagnosed with T2DM and admitted to the First People's Hospital of Wenling between August 2019 and August 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether the patients had DN, they were divided into the DN group (complicated with DN) and the non-DN group (without DN). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors affecting DN in patients with T2DM. The data were randomly split into a training set (n = 147) and a test set (n = 63) in a 7:3 ratio using a random function. The training set was used to construct the nomogram, decision tree, and random forest models, and the test set was used to evaluate the prediction performance of the model by comparing the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, recall, precision, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: Among the 210 patients with T2DM, 74 (35.34%) had DN. The validation dataset showed that the accuracies of the nomogram, decision tree, and random forest models in predicting DN in patients with T2DM were 0.746, 0.714, and 0.730, respectively. The sensitivities were 0.710, 0.710, and 0.806, respectively; the specificities were 0.844, 0.875, and 0.844, respectively; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the patients were 0.811, 0.735, and 0.850, respectively. The Delong test results revealed that the AUC values of the decision tree model were lower than those of the random forest and nomogram models (P < 0.05), whereas the difference in AUC values of the random forest and column-line graph models was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Among the three prediction models, random forest performs best and can help identify patients with T2DM at high risk of DN.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of muscovite on iodoacetamide -induced ulcerative colitis in rats and elucidate its possible mechanism. METHODS: Ulcerative colitis was induced in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by an intracolonic injection of iodoacetamide. A total of 48 rats were divided randomly(by the method of random digits table) into 6 groups: control group, model group, low-dose muscovite group (360 mg/kg), high-dose muscovite group (720 mg/kg), 5-aminosalicylie acid (5-ASA) group and muscovite plus 5-ASA group (combined treatment), and each group had 8 rats. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic damage and microscopic score of rats in each group were subsequently evaluated after dosing for 7 days. The protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) while the activity of nuclear facor(NF)-κB was determined by immunohistochemistry.One way ANOVA and rank-sum test were used. RESULTS: After doing, body weight macroscopic damage, microscopic score, TNF-α concentration, MPO and NF-κB activity of rats in each group were all significantly correlated with the dose of muscovite (r = 0.573, -0.647, -0.569, -0.681, -0.811, -0.842, all P < 0.05). High-dose muscovite group had no significant difference with 5-ASA group in body weightt, DAI, macroscopic damage, microscopic score, IL-8 concentration, TNF-α concentration, MPO and NF-κB activities((166 ± 5) vs (167 ± 5) g, 0.33 (0.00, 1.17) vs 0.17 (0.00, 0.83), 2.50 (2.00, 4.00) vs 3.00 (2.00, 3.00), 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) vs 2.50 (2.00, 3.00), (109 ± 17) vs (111 ± 15) pg/ml, (166 ± 38) vs (155 ± 45) pg/ml, (52 ± 6) vs (49 ± 4) U/g, 7.39 ± 0.42 vs 7.41 ± 0.34, all P > 0.05). The MPO and NF-κB activities of combined treatment group were lower than those of 5-ASA group((40 ± 4) vs (49 ± 4) U/g, 4.67 ± 0.72 vs 7.41 ± 0.34, all P < 0.05). However, other indices showed no significant difference with 5-ASA group (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rectal administration of muscovite ameliorates colonic inflammation of iodoacetamide-induced colitis. Its underlying mechanism is probably due to the regulation of inflammatory response. Muscovite may be a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of ulcerative colitis.
