Compliance with eye and foot preventive care in people with self-reported diabetes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Pooled, cross-sectional analysis of nine national surveys.

AIMS: To estimate the proportion of people with self-reported diabetes receiving eye and foot examinations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of national health surveys in nine countries. Adults aged 25-64 years with self-reported diabetes. We quantified the proportion who reported having an eye examination in the last two years or a foot examination in the last year. We fitted multilevel Poisson regressions to assess socio-demographic (age and sex) and clinical (oral hypoglycemic medication and insulin treatment) variables associated with having had examinations. RESULTS: There were 7435 people with self-reported diabetes included in the analysis. In three countries (Chile [64%; 95% CI: 56%-71%], British Virgin Islands [58%; 95% CI: 51%-65%], and Brazil [54%; 95% CI: 50%-58%]), >50% of people with diabetes reported having had an eye examination in the last two years. Fewer participants (<50% across all countries) reported having had a foot examination in the last year, with Ecuador having the lowest proportion (12%; 95% CI: 8%-17%). Older people, and those taking oral medication or insulin, were more likely to have eye/foot examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of eye and foot examinations in people with self-reported diabetes across nine countries in LAC is low.

Diabetes mortality: trends and multi-country analysis of the Americas from 2000 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has been increasing worldwide and is now among the 10 leading causes of death globally. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a complication of poorly managed diabetes, is related to high mortality risk. To better understand the situation in the Americas region, we evaluated diabetes and DKD mortality trends over the past 20 years. METHODS: We analysed diabetes and DKD mortality for 33 countries in the Americas from 2000 to 2019. Data were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates and the World Population Prospects, 2019 Revision, estimating annual age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and gaps in the distribution of diabetes and DKD mortality by sex and country. Trend analyses were based on the annual average percentage of change (AAPC). RESULTS: From 2000 to 2019, the overall mortality trend from diabetes in the Americas remained stable [AAPC: -0.2% (95% CI: -0.4%-0.0%]; however, it showed important differences by sex and by country over time. By contrast, DKD mortality increased 1.5% (1.3%-1.6%) per year, rising faster in men than women, with differences between countries. Central America, Mexico and the Latin Caribbean showed significant increases in mortality for both diseases, especially DKD. In contrast in North America, diabetes mortality decreased whereas DKD mortality increased. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in DKD mortality is evidence of poorly controlled diabetes in the region. The lack of programmes on prevention of complications, self-care management and gaps in quality health care may explain this trend and highlight the urgent need to build more robust health systems based on primary care, prioritizing diabetes prevention and control.

Greater agreement is required to harness the potential of health intelligence: a critical interpretive synthesis.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize existing knowledge on the features of, and approaches to, health intelligence, including definitions, key concepts, frameworks, methods and tools, types of evidence used, and research gaps. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We applied a critical interpretive synthesis methodology, combining systematic searching, purposive sampling, and inductive analysis to explore the topic. We conducted electronic and supplementary searches to identify records (papers, books, websites) based on their potential relevance to health intelligence. The key themes identified in the literature were combined under each of the compass subquestions and circulated among the research team for discussion and interpretation. RESULTS: Of the 290 records screened, 40 were included in the synthesis. There is no clear definition of health intelligence in the literature. Some records describe it in similar terms as public health surveillance. Some focus on the use of artificial intelligence, while others refer to health intelligence in a military or security sense. And some authors have suggested a broader definition of health intelligence that explicitly includes the concepts of synthesis of research evidence for informed decision making. CONCLUSION: Rather than developing a new or all-encompassing definition, we suggest incorporating the concept and scope of health intelligence within the evidence ecosystem.

Effectiveness of a participatory approach to develop school health interventions in four low resource cities: study protocol of the 'empowering adolescents to lead change using health data' cluster randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Comprehensive local data on adolescent health are often lacking, particularly in lower resource settings. Furthermore, there are knowledge gaps around which interventions are effective to support healthy behaviours. This study generates health information for students from cities in four middle-income countries to plan, implement and subsequently evaluate a package of interventions to improve health outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a cluster randomised controlled trial in schools in Fez, Morocco; Jaipur, India; Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica; and Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. In each city, approximately 30 schools will be randomly selected and assigned to the control or intervention arm. Baseline data collection includes three components. First, a Global School Health Policies and Practices Survey (G-SHPPS) to be completed by principals of all selected schools. Second, a Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) to be administered to a target sample of n=3153 13-17 years old students of randomly selected classes of these schools, including questions on alcohol, tobacco and drug use, diet, hygiene, mental health, physical activity, protective factors, sexual behaviours, violence and injury. Third, a study validating the GSHS physical activity questions against wrist-worn accelerometry in one randomly selected class in each control school (n approximately 300 students per city). Intervention schools will develop a suite of interventions using a participatory approach driven by students and involving parents/guardians, teachers and community stakeholders. Interventions will aim to change existing structures and policies at schools to positively influence students' behaviour, using the collected data and guided by the framework for Making Every School a Health Promoting School. Outcomes will be assessed for differential change after a 2-year follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by WHO's Research Ethics Review Committee; by the Jodhpur School of Public Health's Institutional Review Board for Jaipur, India; by the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Institutional Review Board for Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana; by the Ministry of Health and Wellness' Advisory Panel on Ethics and Medico-Legal Affairs for St Catherine Parish, Jamaica, and by the Comité d'éthique pour la recherche biomédicale of the Université Mohammed V of Rabat for Fez, Morocco. Findings will be shared through open access publications and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04963426.

Multimorbidity and social determinants of health in the US prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for health outcomes: a cross-sectional analysis based on NHANES 2017-2018.

Multimorbidity increases the risk of all-cause mortality, and along with age, is an independent risk factor for severe disease and mortality from COVID-19. Inequities in the social determinants of health contributed to increased mortality from COVID-19 among disadvantaged populations. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of multimorbid conditions and associations with the social determinants of health in the US prior to the pandemic.Methods Data from the 2017-18 cycle of NHANES were used to determine the prevalence of 13 chronic conditions, and the prevalence of having 0, 1, or 2 or more of those conditions, among the US adult population aged ≥ 20 years. Multimorbidity was defined as having 2 or more of these conditions. Data were stratified according to demographic, socioeconomic and indicators of health access, and analyses including logistic regression, performed to determine the factors associated with multimorbidity.Results The prevalence of multimorbidity was 58.4% (95% CI 55.2 to 61.7). Multimorbidity was strongly associated with age and was highly prevalent among those aged 20-29 years at 22.2% (95% CI 16.9 to 27.6) and continued to increase with older age. The prevalence of multimorbidity was highest in those defined as Other or multiple races (66.9%), followed in decreasing frequency by rates among non-Hispanic Whites (61.2%), non-Hispanic Blacks (57.4%), Hispanic (52.0%) and Asian (41.3%) groups.Logistic regression showed a statistically significant relationship between multimorbidity and age, as expected. Asian race was associated with a reduced likelihood of 2 or more chronic conditions (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.57; P < 0.0001). Socioeconomic factors were related to multimorbidity. Being above the poverty level (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.91, p = 0.013); and a lack of regular access to health care (OR 0.61 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.88, p = 0.008) were both associated with a reduced likelihood of multimorbidity. Furthermore, there was a borderline association between not having health insurance and reduced likelihood of multimorbidity (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.40 to 1.0; p = 0.053).Conclusions There are high levels of multimorbidity in the US adult population, evident from young adulthood and increasing with age. Cardiometabolic causes of multimorbidity were highly prevalent, especially obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes; conditions subsequently found to be associated with severe disease and death from COVID-19. A lack of access to care was paradoxically associated with reduced likelihood of comorbidity, likely linked to underdiagnosis of chronic conditions. Obesity, poverty, and lack of access to healthcare are factors related to multimorbidity and were also relevant to the health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, that must be addressed through comprehensive social and public policy measures. More research is needed on the etiology and determinants of multimorbidity, on those affected, patterns of co-morbidity, and implications for individual health and impact on health systems and society to promote optimal outcomes. Comprehensive public health policies are needed to tackle multimorbidity and reduce disparities in the social determinants of health, as well as to provide universal access to healthcare.

The rising burden of non-communicable diseases in the Americas and the impact of population aging: a secondary analysis of available data.

Background: Public health progress in the Americas has reduced the burden of many infectious diseases, helping more people live longer lives. At the same time, the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing. NCD prevention rightly focuses on lifestyle risk factors, social, and economic determinants of health. There is less published information on the importance of population growth and aging to the regional NCD burden. Methods: For 33 countries in the Americas, we used United Nations population data to describe rates of population growth and aging over two generations (1980-2060). We used World Health Organization estimates of mortality and disability (disability-adjusted life years, DALYs) to describe changes in the NCD burden between 2000 and 2019. After combining these data resources, we decomposed the change in the number of deaths and DALYs to estimate the percentage change due to population growth, due to population aging, and due to epidemiological advances, measured by changing mortality and DALY rates. In a supplement, we provide a summary briefing for each country. Findings: In 1980, the proportion of the regional population aged 70 and older was 4.6%. It rose to 7.8% by 2020 and is predicted to rise to 17.4% by 2060. Across the Americas, DALY rate reductions would have decreased the number of DALYs by 18% between 2000 and 2019 but was offset by a 28% increase due to population aging and a 22% increase due to population growth. Although the region enjoyed widespread reductions in rates of disability, these improvements have not been sufficiently large to offset the pressures of population growth and population aging. Interpretation: The region of the Americas is aging and the pace of this aging is predicted to increase. The demographic realities of population growth and population aging should be factored into healthcare planning, to understand their implications for the future NCD burden, the health system needs, and the readiness of governments and communities to respond to those needs. Funding: This work was funded in part by the Pan American Health Organization, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health.

Noncommunicable diseases in the Americas: a review of the Pan American Health Organization's 25-year program of work.

This article describes progress in tackling noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Americas since the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) started its NCD program 25 years ago. Changes in the epidemiology of NCDs, NCD policies, health service capacity, and surveillance are discussed. PAHO's NCD program is guided by regional plans of action on specific NCDs and risk factors, as well as a comprehensive NCD plan. Its work involves implementing evidence-based World Health Organization technical packages on NCDs and their risk factors with the aim of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal target of a one third reduction in premature mortality caused by NCDs by 2030. Important advances have been made in the past 25 years in implementation of: policies on NCD risk factors; interventions to improve NCD diagnosis and treatment; and NCD surveillance. Premature mortality from NCDs decreased by 1.7% a year between 2000 and 2011 and 0.77% a year between 2011 and 2019. However, policies on risk factor prevention and health promotion need to be strengthened to ensure more countries are on track to achieving the NCD-related health goals of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Actions are recommended for governments to raise the priority of NCDs by: making NCDs a core pillar of primary care services, using revenues from health taxes to invest more in NCD prevention and control; and implementing policies, laws, and regulations to reduce the demand for and availability of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food products.

En este artículo se describe el progreso en la lucha contra las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en la Región de las Américas desde que la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) iniciara su programa contra las ENT hace 25 años. Se abordan los cambios en las características epidemiológicas, las políticas, la capacidad de los servicios de salud y la vigilancia de estas enfermedades. Este programa de la OPS se rige por planes regionales de acción sobre enfermedades y factores de riesgo específicos, así como por un plan integral de ENT. Su labor consiste en poner en práctica paquetes técnicos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud basados en la evidencia sobre las ENT y sus factores de riesgo con el objetivo de alcanzar la meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de reducir en un tercio la mortalidad prematura causada por las ENT para el 2030. En los últimos 25 años se han logrado importantes avances en la ejecución de políticas sobre los factores de riesgo de estas enfermedades, en las intervenciones para mejorar su diagnóstico y tratamiento, y en la vigilancia. La mortalidad prematura por ENT disminuyó 1,7% anual entre el 2000 y el 2011 y 0,77% anual entre los años 2011 y 2019. Sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer las políticas de prevención de factores de riesgo y promoción de la salud para garantizar que más países estén bien encaminados para lograr las metas de salud de los ODS relacionadas con las ENT para el 2030. Se recomiendan medidas para que los gobiernos prioricen más las ENT y las conviertan en un pilar central de los servicios de atención primaria, al usar los ingresos generados por los impuestos en el sector de la salud para incrementar las inversiones en la prevención y control de las ENT, y ejecutar políticas, leyes y regulaciones para reducir la demanda y la disponibilidad de tabaco, alcohol y alimentos ultraprocesados.

Este artigo descreve o progresso no combate às doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) nas Américas desde que a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) iniciou seu programa para essas doenças há 25 anos. Discute-se como evoluíram a epidemiologia das DNTs, as políticas contra essas doenças, a capacidade dos serviços de saúde e a vigilância. O programa da OPAS para as DNTs é orientado por planos de ação regionais sobre DNTs específicas e fatores de risco, bem como por um plano integral contra essas doenças. O trabalho envolve a implementação de pacotes técnicos da Organização Mundial da Saúde baseados em evidências sobre as DNTs e seus fatores de risco, no intuito de alcançar a meta do Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de reduzir em um terço a mortalidade prematura causada pelas DNTs até 2030. Avanços importantes foram obtidos nos últimos 25 anos na implementação de políticas sobre fatores de risco das DNTs, intervenções para melhorar o diagnóstico e o tratamento das DNTs, e vigilância das DNTs. A mortalidade prematura causada pelas DNTs diminuiu 1,7% ao ano entre 2000 e 2011 e 0,77% ao ano entre 2011 e 2019. Contudo, as políticas sobre a prevenção dos fatores de risco e a promoção da saúde precisam ser fortalecidas para que mais países estejam no rumo certo para alcançar as metas de saúde relacionadas a essas doenças, no âmbito dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável até 2030. São recomendadas medidas para que os governos elevem a prioridade das DNTs ao torná-las um pilar central dos serviços de atenção primária, usando a receita dos tributos saudáveis para investir mais na prevenção e no controle das DNTs, e ao implementar políticas, leis e regulamentos para reduzir a demanda e a disponibilidade de álcool, tabaco e produtos alimentícios ultraprocessados.

Noncommunicable diseases in the Americas: a review of the Pan American Health Organization’s 25-year program of work

[ABSTRACT]. This article describes progress in tackling noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Americas since the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) started its NCD program 25 years ago. Changes in the epidemiology of NCDs, NCD policies, health service capacity, and surveillance are discussed. PAHO’s NCD program is guided by regional plans of action on specific NCDs and risk factors, as well as a comprehensive NCD plan. Its work involves implementing evidence-based World Health Organization technical packages on NCDs and their risk factors with the aim of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal target of a one third reduction in premature mortality caused by NCDs by 2030. Important advances have been made in the past 25 years in implementation of: policies on NCD risk factors; interventions to improve NCD diagnosis and treatment; and NCD surveillance. Premature mortality from NCDs decreased by 1.7% a year between 2000 and 2011 and 0.77% a year between 2011 and 2019. However, policies on risk factor prevention and health promotion need to be strengthened to ensure more countries are on track to achieving the NCD-related health goals of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Actions are recommended for governments to raise the priority of NCDs by: making NCDs a core pillar of primary care services, using revenues from health taxes to invest more in NCD prevention and control; and implementing policies, laws, and regulations to reduce the demand for and availability of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food products.

[RESUMEN]. En este artículo se describe el progreso en la lucha contra las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en la Región de las Américas desde que la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) iniciara su programa contra las ENT hace 25 años. Se abordan los cambios en las características epidemiológicas, las políticas, la capacidad de los servicios de salud y la vigilancia de estas enfermedades. Este programa de la OPS se rige por planes regionales de acción sobre enfermedades y factores de riesgo específicos, así como por un plan integral de ENT. Su labor consiste en poner en práctica paquetes técnicos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud basados en la evidencia sobre las ENT y sus factores de riesgo con el objetivo de alcanzar la meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de reducir en un tercio la mortalidad prematura causada por las ENT para el 2030. En los últimos 25 años se han logrado importantes avances en la ejecución de políticas sobre los factores de riesgo de estas enfermedades, en las intervenciones para mejorar su diagnóstico y tratamiento, y en la vigilancia. La mortalidad prematura por ENT disminuyó 1,7% anual entre el 2000 y el 2011 y 0,77% anual entre los años 2011 y 2019. Sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer las políticas de prevención de factores de riesgo y promoción de la salud para garantizar que más países estén bien encaminados para lograr las metas de salud de los ODS relacionadas con las ENT para el 2030. Se recomiendan medidas para que los gobiernos prioricen más las ENT y las conviertan en un pilar central de los servicios de atención primaria, al usar los ingresos generados por los impuestos en el sector de la salud para incrementar las inversiones en la prevención y control de las ENT, y ejecutar políticas, leyes y regulaciones para reducir la demanda y la disponibilidad de tabaco, alcohol y alimentos ultraprocesados.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo descreve o progresso no combate às doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) nas Américas desde que a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) iniciou seu programa para essas doenças há 25 anos. Discute-se como evoluíram a epidemiologia das DNTs, as políticas contra essas doenças, a capacidade dos serviços de saúde e a vigilância. O programa da OPAS para as DNTs é orientado por planos de ação regionais sobre DNTs específicas e fatores de risco, bem como por um plano integral contra essas doenças. O trabalho envolve a implementação de pacotes técnicos da Organização Mundial da Saúde baseados em evidências sobre as DNTs e seus fatores de risco, no intuito de alcançar a meta do Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de reduzir em um terço a mortalidade prematura causada pelas DNTs até 2030. Avanços importantes foram obtidos nos últimos 25 anos na implementação de políticas sobre fatores de risco das DNTs, intervenções para melhorar o diagnóstico e o tratamento das DNTs, e vigilância das DNTs. A mortalidade prematura causada pelas DNTs diminuiu 1,7% ao ano entre 2000 e 2011 e 0,77% ao ano entre 2011 e 2019. Contudo, as políticas sobre a prevenção dos fatores de risco e a promoção da saúde precisam ser fortalecidas para que mais países estejam no rumo certo para alcançar as metas de saúde relacionadas a essas doenças, no âmbito dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável até 2030. São recomendadas medidas para que os governos elevem a prioridade das DNTs ao torná-las um pilar central dos serviços de atenção primária, usando a receita dos tributos saudáveis para investir mais na prevenção e no controle das DNTs, e ao implementar políticas, leis e regulamentos para reduzir a demanda e a disponibilidade de álcool, tabaco e produtos alimentícios ultraprocessados.

What is the NCD service capacity and disruptions due to COVID-19? Results from the WHO non-communicable disease country capacity survey in the Americas region.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents the Americas regional results of the WHO non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Country Capacity Survey from 2019 to 2021, on NCD service capacity and disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. SETTING: Information on public sector primary care services for NCDs, and related technical inputs from 35 countries in the Americas region are provided. PARTICIPANTS: All Ministry of Health officials managing a national NCD programme, from a WHO Member State in the Americas region, were included throughout this study. Government health officials from countries that are not WHO Member States were excluded. OUTCOME MEASURES: The availability of evidence-based NCD guidelines, essential NCD medicines and basic technologies in primary care, cardiovascular disease risk stratification, cancer screening and palliative care services were measured in 2019, 2020 and 2021. NCD service interruptions, reassignments of NCD staff during the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies to reduce disruptions for NCD services were measured in 2020 and 2021. RESULTS: More than 50% of countries reported a lack of comprehensive package of NCD guidelines, essential medicines and related service inputs. Extensive disruptions in NCD services resulted from the pandemic, with only 12/35 countries (34%), reporting that outpatient NCD services were functioning normally. Ministry of Health staff were largely redirected to work on the COVID-19 response, either full time or partially, reducing the human resources available for NCD services. Six of 24 countries (25%) reported stock out of essential NCD medicines and/or diagnostics at health facilities which affected service continuity. Mitigation strategies to ensure continuity of care for people with NCDs were deployed in many countries and included triaging patients, telemedicine and teleconsultations, and electronic prescriptions and other novel prescribing practices. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this regional survey suggest significant and sustained disruptions, affecting all countries regardless of the country's level of investments in healthcare or NCD burden.

Noncommunicable diseases in the Americas: a review of the Pan American Health Organization's 25-year program of work / Enfermedades no transmisibles en la Región de las Américas: revisión del programa de trabajo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud tras 25 años de actividades / Doenças não transmissíveis nas Américas: uma revisão do programa de trabalho de 25 anos da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde

ABSTRACT This article describes progress in tackling noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Americas since the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) started its NCD program 25 years ago. Changes in the epidemiology of NCDs, NCD policies, health service capacity, and surveillance are discussed. PAHO's NCD program is guided by regional plans of action on specific NCDs and risk factors, as well as a comprehensive NCD plan. Its work involves implementing evidence-based World Health Organization technical packages on NCDs and their risk factors with the aim of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal target of a one third reduction in premature mortality caused by NCDs by 2030. Important advances have been made in the past 25 years in implementation of: policies on NCD risk factors; interventions to improve NCD diagnosis and treatment; and NCD surveillance. Premature mortality from NCDs decreased by 1.7% a year between 2000 and 2011 and 0.77% a year between 2011 and 2019. However, policies on risk factor prevention and health promotion need to be strengthened to ensure more countries are on track to achieving the NCD-related health goals of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Actions are recommended for governments to raise the priority of NCDs by: making NCDs a core pillar of primary care services, using revenues from health taxes to invest more in NCD prevention and control; and implementing policies, laws, and regulations to reduce the demand for and availability of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food products.

RESUMEN En este artículo se describe el progreso en la lucha contra las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en la Región de las Américas desde que la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) iniciara su programa contra las ENT hace 25 años. Se abordan los cambios en las características epidemiológicas, las políticas, la capacidad de los servicios de salud y la vigilancia de estas enfermedades. Este programa de la OPS se rige por planes regionales de acción sobre enfermedades y factores de riesgo específicos, así como por un plan integral de ENT. Su labor consiste en poner en práctica paquetes técnicos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud basados en la evidencia sobre las ENT y sus factores de riesgo con el objetivo de alcanzar la meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de reducir en un tercio la mortalidad prematura causada por las ENT para el 2030. En los últimos 25 años se han logrado importantes avances en la ejecución de políticas sobre los factores de riesgo de estas enfermedades, en las intervenciones para mejorar su diagnóstico y tratamiento, y en la vigilancia. La mortalidad prematura por ENT disminuyó 1,7% anual entre el 2000 y el 2011 y 0,77% anual entre los años 2011 y 2019. Sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer las políticas de prevención de factores de riesgo y promoción de la salud para garantizar que más países estén bien encaminados para lograr las metas de salud de los ODS relacionadas con las ENT para el 2030. Se recomiendan medidas para que los gobiernos prioricen más las ENT y las conviertan en un pilar central de los servicios de atención primaria, al usar los ingresos generados por los impuestos en el sector de la salud para incrementar las inversiones en la prevención y control de las ENT, y ejecutar políticas, leyes y regulaciones para reducir la demanda y la disponibilidad de tabaco, alcohol y alimentos ultraprocesados.

RESUMO Este artigo descreve o progresso no combate às doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) nas Américas desde que a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) iniciou seu programa para essas doenças há 25 anos. Discute-se como evoluíram a epidemiologia das DNTs, as políticas contra essas doenças, a capacidade dos serviços de saúde e a vigilância. O programa da OPAS para as DNTs é orientado por planos de ação regionais sobre DNTs específicas e fatores de risco, bem como por um plano integral contra essas doenças. O trabalho envolve a implementação de pacotes técnicos da Organização Mundial da Saúde baseados em evidências sobre as DNTs e seus fatores de risco, no intuito de alcançar a meta do Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de reduzir em um terço a mortalidade prematura causada pelas DNTs até 2030. Avanços importantes foram obtidos nos últimos 25 anos na implementação de políticas sobre fatores de risco das DNTs, intervenções para melhorar o diagnóstico e o tratamento das DNTs, e vigilância das DNTs. A mortalidade prematura causada pelas DNTs diminuiu 1,7% ao ano entre 2000 e 2011 e 0,77% ao ano entre 2011 e 2019. Contudo, as políticas sobre a prevenção dos fatores de risco e a promoção da saúde precisam ser fortalecidas para que mais países estejam no rumo certo para alcançar as metas de saúde relacionadas a essas doenças, no âmbito dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável até 2030. São recomendadas medidas para que os governos elevem a prioridade das DNTs ao torná-las um pilar central dos serviços de atenção primária, usando a receita dos tributos saudáveis para investir mais na prevenção e no controle das DNTs, e ao implementar políticas, leis e regulamentos para reduzir a demanda e a disponibilidade de álcool, tabaco e produtos alimentícios ultraprocessados.

Integrated approach for noncommunicable disease management in the Americas.

An overview of an integrated approach to improve noncommunicable disease (NCD) management is presented, along with tools on integrating NCD management as part of health system strengthening in the Americas. The study is based on an analysis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) data and publicly available information on NCD care and capacity, disruptions in NCD services, and guidance on NCD management. Gaps in NCD care are highlighted, in which an estimated 43.0% of men and 28.0% of women with hypertension in Latin America remain undiagnosed; and for those with diabetes, 32.8% in Central and South America are undiagnosed. Yet, only 17/35 countries (49%) in the Americas report having evidence-based national guidelines for NCD management through a primary care approach and only 7/35 countries (20%) report provision of drug therapy, including glycaemic control for eligible persons. To improve NCD management, an integrated approach is needed to coordinate and deliver care across the levels of the health system. This includes increasing primary care capacity and competencies to address multiple chronic conditions, and integration with other complementary programs to avoid missing opportunities for NCD diagnosis and management. An integrated approach to NCD management, and implementation of available tools, should be part of rebuilding health systems after the COVID-19 pandemic.

En este artículo se presenta una visión general de un enfoque integrado para mejorar el manejo de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), así como herramientas para integrar el manejo de las ENT como parte del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud en la Región de las Américas. El estudio se basa en un análisis de datos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) y en información disponible para el público sobre la atención de las ENT y la capacidad, las interrupciones en los servicios y la orientación sobre el manejo de las ENT. Se destacan las brechas en la atención de estas enfermedades; se estima que 43,0% de los hombres y 28,0% de las mujeres con hipertensión en América Latina siguen sin recibir un diagnóstico, mientras que entre las personas con diabetes, 32,8% en América Central y del Sur no están diagnosticadas. Sin embargo, únicamente 17 de 35 países de la Región (49%) afirman disponer de pautas nacionales basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de las ENT mediante un enfoque de atención primaria, y solo 7 de 35 países (20%) refieren la provisión de farmacoterapia ­por ejemplo, para el control glucémico­ para las personas que reúnen los requisitos. Para mejorar el manejo de las ENT, es necesario un enfoque integrado para coordinar y brindar atención en todos los niveles del sistema de salud. Esto supone el aumento de la capacidad y las competencias de la atención primaria para abordar diversas enfermedades crónicas y su integración con otros programas complementarios y así no perder oportunidades de diagnosticar y gestionar las ENT. Un enfoque integrado para el manejo de las ENT y la aplicación de las herramientas disponibles deben formar parte de la reconstrucción de los sistemas de salud después de la pandemia de COVID-19.

O documento apresenta uma visão geral de uma abordagem integrada para melhorar o manejo de doenças não transmissíveis (DNT), bem com ferramentas para posicionar o manejo das DNT como parte integrante do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde nas Américas. O estudo tem como base uma análise dos dados da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) e informações disponíveis publicamente sobre cuidados e capacidade de atendimento a DNT, interrupções nos serviços de DNT e orientações sobre o manejo de DNT. São destacadas as lacunas na atenção às DNT. Estima-se que 43,0% dos homens e 28,0% das mulheres com hipertensão na América Latina permanecem sem diagnóstico, e entre aqueles com diabetes, 32,8% na América Central e do Sul permanecem sem diagnóstico. Apenas 17 de 35 países (49%) nas Américas relatam ter diretrizes nacionais baseadas em evidências para o manejo de DNT na atenção primária e apenas 7 de 35 países (20%) relatam o fornecimento de terapia medicamentosa, incluindo medicamentos para o controle glicêmico para pessoas elegíveis. Para melhorar o manejo das DNT, é necessária uma abordagem integrada para coordenar e prestar cuidados em todos os níveis do sistema de saúde. Isso inclui o aumento da capacidade e da competência da atenção primária para atender pessoas com múltiplas doenças crônicas e a integração com outros programas complementares para evitar a perda de oportunidades para o diagnóstico e o manejo das DNT. Uma abordagem integrada ao manejo das DNT e a implementação das ferramentas disponíveis devem fazer parte da reconstrução dos sistemas de saúde após a pandemia de COVID-19.

Integrated approach for noncommunicable disease management in the Americas

[ABSTRACT]. An overview of an integrated approach to improve noncommunicable disease (NCD) management is pre- sented, along with tools on integrating NCD management as part of health system strengthening in the Americas. The study is based on an analysis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) data and publicly available information on NCD care and capacity, disruptions in NCD services, and guidance on NCD management. Gaps in NCD care are highlighted, in which an estimated 43.0% of men and 28.0% of women with hypertension in Latin America remain undiagnosed; and for those with diabetes, 32.8% in Central and South America are undiagnosed. Yet, only 17/35 countries (49%) in the Americas report having evidence-based national guidelines for NCD management through a primary care approach and only 7/35 countries (20%) report provision of drug therapy, including glycaemic control for eligible persons. To improve NCD management, an integrated approach is needed to coordinate and deliver care across the levels of the health system. This includes increasing primary care capacity and competencies to address multiple chronic conditions, and integration with other complementary programs to avoid missing opportunities for NCD diagnosis and management. An integrated approach to NCD management, and implementation of avail- able tools, should be part of rebuilding health systems after the COVID-19 pandemic.

[RESUMEN]. En este artículo se presenta una visión general de un enfoque integrado para mejorar el manejo de las enfer- medades no transmisibles (ENT), así como herramientas para integrar el manejo de las ENT como parte del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud en la Región de las Américas. El estudio se basa en un análisis de datos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) y en información disponible para el público sobre la atención de las ENT y la capacidad, las interrupciones en los servicios y la orientación sobre el manejo de las ENT. Se destacan las brechas en la atención de estas enfer- medades; se estima que 43,0% de los hombres y 28,0% de las mujeres con hipertensión en América Latina siguen sin recibir un diagnóstico, mientras que entre las personas con diabetes, 32,8% en América Central y del Sur no están diagnosticadas. Sin embargo, únicamente 17 de 35 países de la Región (49%) afirman disponer de pautas nacionales basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de las ENT mediante un enfoque de atención primaria, y solo 7 de 35 países (20%) refieren la provisión de farmacoterapia —por ejemplo, para el control glucémico— para las personas que reúnen los requisitos. Para mejorar el manejo de las ENT, es necesario un enfoque integrado para coordinar y brindar atención en todos los niveles del sistema de salud. Esto supone el aumento de la capacidad y las competencias de la atención primaria para abordar diversas enfermedades crónicas y su integración con otros programas complementarios y así no perder oportunidades de diagnosticar y gestionar las ENT. Un enfoque integrado para el manejo de las ENT y la aplicación de las herramientas disponibles deben formar parte de la reconstrucción de los sistemas de salud después de la pandemia de COVID-19.

[RESUMO]. O documento apresenta uma visão geral de uma abordagem integrada para melhorar o manejo de doenças não transmissíveis (DNT), bem com ferramentas para posicionar o manejo das DNT como parte integrante do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde nas Américas. O estudo tem como base uma análise dos dados da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) e informações dis- poníveis publicamente sobre cuidados e capacidade de atendimento a DNT, interrupções nos serviços de DNT e orientações sobre o manejo de DNT. São destacadas as lacunas na atenção às DNT. Estima-se que 43,0% dos homens e 28,0% das mulheres com hipertensão na América Latina permanecem sem diagnóstico, e entre aqueles com diabetes, 32,8% na América Central e do Sul permanecem sem diagnóstico. Apenas 17 de 35 países (49%) nas Américas relatam ter diretrizes nacionais baseadas em evidências para o manejo de DNT na atenção primária e apenas 7 de 35 países (20%) relatam o fornecimento de terapia medicamentosa, incluindo medicamentos para o controle glicêmico para pessoas elegíveis. Para melhorar o manejo das DNT, é necessária uma abordagem integrada para coordenar e prestar cuidados em todos os níveis do sistema de saúde. Isso inclui o aumento da capacidade e da competência da atenção primária para atender pessoas com múltiplas doenças crônicas e a integração com outros programas complementares para evitar a perda de oportunidades para o diagnóstico e o manejo das DNT. Uma abordagem integrada ao manejo das DNT e a implementação das ferramentas disponíveis devem fazer parte da reconstrução dos sistemas de saúde após a pandemia de COVID-19.

Monitoring the goals of the plans for coping with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases: results of the National Health Survey, Brazil, 2013 and 2019. / Monitoramento das metas dos planos de enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To monitor the achievement of the action plans for the prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases agreed-upon targets. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, with data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. The following targets, up to 2025, were evaluated: physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, salt/sodium, tobacco use, high blood pressure, diabetes, overweight, obesity, cervical cytology testing, and drug therapy and counseling. To check whether the targets were achieved, the prevalence ratio was calculated (PR). RESULTS: 60,202 individuals were assessed in 2013, and 88,531 in 2019. The targets for physical inactivity (PR = 0.88; 95%CI 0.86;0.90) and cervical cytology coverage (79.4%; 95%CI 78.3;80.3) were achieved. Tobacco use was reduced, albeit below the target. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, overweight, obesity and alcohol consumption increased, and the targets will not be attained. CONCLUSION: Two indicators reached the agreed targets, however it is necessary to advance in actions and policies to meet the others.

Prioritizing noncommunicable diseases in the Americas region in the era of COVID-19.

This article describes the situation of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Americas, implementation of NCD interventions according to key progress indicators, the impact of COVID-19 on NCD services, and ways to reprioritize NCDs following COVID-19. Information was retrieved from institutional data and through a supplementary scoping review of published articles related to NCDs and COVID-19 in the Americas published April 2020-November 2021. While NCDs account for 80.7% of all deaths in the Americas, implementation of a key set of NCD interventions has been limited, with only three countries reporting implementation of 12 or more of the 19 NCD indicators. By mid-May 2022, the Americas had reported about 29.9% of all COVID-19 cases in the world (154 million of 515 million) and 43.5% all COVID-19 deaths (2.7 million of 6.2 million). This pandemic has hampered progress on NCDs and significantly disrupted services for people who require ongoing care. Adaptive strategies, such as telehealth and mobile pharmacies, have been used to mitigate service disruptions. However, NCD prevention and management must be an integral part of recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. This will require scaled up efforts to establish/re-establish and enforce policies on NCD risk factors, especially for tobacco control and obesity prevention, as well as greater investment in primary care and expansion of telemedicine and digital health solutions for continuous care for people with NCDs. Lastly, limited data are available on the impact of COVID-19 on NCDs, and hence NCD data and surveillance need to be strengthened.

En este artículo se describe la situación de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en la Región de las Américas, la ejecución de intervenciones contra las ENT según los indicadores clave de progreso, el efecto de la COVID-19 en los servicios contra las ENT y las formas de priorizar nuevamente las ENT tras la COVID-19. Se obtuvo información de datos institucionales y mediante una revisión exploratoria complementaria de artículos relacionados con las ENT y la COVID-19 en la Región publicados entre abril del 2020 y noviembre del 2021. Si bien las ENT representan 80,7 % de todas las muertes en la Región, la ejecución de un conjunto clave de intervenciones contra las ENT ha sido limitada, y solo tres países han notificado la ejecución de 12 o más indicadores de los 19 indicadores relativos a las ENT. A mediados de mayo del 2022, la Región había notificado alrededor de 29,9 % de todos los casos de COVID-19 en el mundo (154 millones de 515 millones) y 43,5 % del total de muertes por COVID-19 (2,7 millones de 6,2 millones). Esta pandemia ha obstaculizado el progreso contra las ENT y ha causado interrupciones significativas en los servicios para las personas que requieren atención continua. Para mitigar las interrupciones en los servicios se han empleado estrategias de adaptación, como la telemedicina y las farmacias móviles. Sin embargo, la prevención y el manejo de las ENT deben constituir una parte integral de la recuperación de la pandemia de COVID-19. Esto requerirá mayores esfuerzos de establecimiento, restablecimiento y cumplimiento de políticas sobre los factores de riesgo de las ENT, especialmente el control del tabaco y la prevención de la obesidad; así como una mayor inversión en atención primaria y la expansión de la telemedicina y las iniciativas de salud digital para la atención continua de las personas con ENT. Por último, se dispone de datos limitados sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en las ENT y, por lo tanto, es necesario reforzar la recopilación de datos y la vigilancia de las ENT.

Este artigo descreve a situação das doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) nas Américas, a implementação de intervenções para DNTs de acordo com indicadores de progresso importantes, o impacto da COVID-19 nos serviços de DNT e formas de priorizar novamente as DNTs após a COVID-19. As informações foram obtidas a partir de dados institucionais e uma revisão de escopo complementar de artigos relacionados a DNTs e COVID-19 nas Américas, publicados entre abril de 2020 e novembro de 2021. Embora as DNTs representem 80,7% de todas as mortes nas Américas, a implementação de um conjunto essencial de intervenções para DNTs tem sido limitada. Apenas três países relataram a implementação de 12 ou mais dos 19 indicadores de DNT. Até meados de maio de 2022, as Américas haviam registrado 29,9% de todos os casos de COVID-19 no mundo (154 milhões de 515 milhões) e 43,5% de todas as mortes por COVID-19 (2,7 milhões de 6,2 milhões). Essa pandemia atrapalhou o avanço com relação às DNTs e prejudicou significativamente a prestação de serviços para pessoas que necessitam de cuidados contínuos. Estratégias adaptativas, como telessaúde e farmácias móveis, foram utilizadas para mitigar as interrupções dos serviços. Porém, a prevenção e o manejo das DNTs devem ser parte integrante da recuperação da pandemia de COVID-19. Isso vai exigir mais esforços para estabelecer/restabelecer e fiscalizar políticas voltadas para fatores de risco para DNTs, principalmente controle do tabagismo e prevenção da obesidade, além de maior investimento na atenção primária e na expansão da telemedicina e de soluções digitais em saúde para cuidados continuados de pessoas com DNTs. Por fim, os dados disponíveis sobre o impacto da COVID-19 nas DNTs são limitados; portanto, é preciso fortalecer os dados e a vigilância de DNTs.

Prioritizing noncommunicable diseases in the Americas region in the era of COVID-19

[ABSTRACT]. This article describes the situation of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Americas, implementation of NCD interventions according to key progress indicators, the impact of COVID-19 on NCD services, and ways to reprioritize NCDs following COVID-19. Information was retrieved from institutional data and through a sup- plementary scoping review of published articles related to NCDs and COVID-19 in the Americas published April 2020–November 2021. While NCDs account for 80.7% of all deaths in the Americas, implementation of a key set of NCD interventions has been limited, with only three countries reporting implementation of 12 or more of the 19 NCD indicators. By mid-May 2022, the Americas had reported about 29.9% of all COVID-19 cases in the world (154 million of 515 million) and 43.5% all COVID-19 deaths (2.7 million of 6.2 million). This pandemic has hampered progress on NCDs and significantly disrupted services for people who require ongoing care. Adaptive strategies, such as telehealth and mobile pharmacies, have been used to mitigate service disrup- tions. However, NCD prevention and management must be an integral part of recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. This will require scaled up efforts to establish/re-establish and enforce policies on NCD risk fac- tors, especially for tobacco control and obesity prevention, as well as greater investment in primary care and expansion of telemedicine and digital health solutions for continuous care for people with NCDs. Lastly, limited data are available on the impact of COVID-19 on NCDs, and hence NCD data and surveillance need to be strengthened.

[RESUMEN]. En este artículo se describe la situación de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en la Región de las Américas, la ejecución de intervenciones contra las ENT según los indicadores clave de progreso, el efecto de la COVID-19 en los servicios contra las ENT y las formas de priorizar nuevamente las ENT tras la COVID- 19. Se obtuvo información de datos institucionales y mediante una revisión exploratoria complementaria de artículos relacionados con las ENT y la COVID-19 en la Región publicados entre abril del 2020 y noviembre del 2021. Si bien las ENT representan 80,7 % de todas las muertes en la Región, la ejecución de un conjunto clave de intervenciones contra las ENT ha sido limitada, y solo tres países han notificado la ejecución de 12 o más indicadores de los 19 indicadores relativos a las ENT. A mediados de mayo del 2022, la Región había notificado alrededor de 29,9 % de todos los casos de COVID-19 en el mundo (154 millones de 515 millones) y 43,5 % del total de muertes por COVID-19 (2,7 millones de 6,2 millones). Esta pandemia ha obstaculizado el progreso contra las ENT y ha causado interrupciones significativas en los servicios para las personas que requieren atención continua. Para mitigar las interrupciones en los servicios se han empleado estrategias de adaptación, como la telemedicina y las farmacias móviles. Sin embargo, la prevención y el manejo de las ENT deben constituir una parte integral de la recuperación de la pandemia de COVID-19. Esto requerirá mayores esfuerzos de establecimiento, restablecimiento y cumplimiento de políticas sobre los factores de riesgo de las ENT, especialmente el control del tabaco y la prevención de la obesidad; así como una mayor inversión en atención primaria y la expansión de la telemedicina y las iniciativas de salud digital para la atención continua de las personas con ENT. Por último, se dispone de datos limitados sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en las ENT y, por lo tanto, es necesario reforzar la recopilación de datos y la vigilancia de las ENT.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo descreve a situação das doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) nas Américas, a implementação de intervenções para DNTs de acordo com indicadores de progresso importantes, o impacto da COVID-19 nos serviços de DNT e formas de priorizar novamente as DNTs após a COVID-19. As informações foram obtidas a partir de dados institucionais e uma revisão de escopo complementar de artigos relacionados a DNTs e COVID-19 nas Américas, publicados entre abril de 2020 e novembro de 2021. Embora as DNTs representem 80,7% de todas as mortes nas Américas, a implementação de um conjunto essencial de intervenções para DNTs tem sido limitada. Apenas três países relataram a implementação de 12 ou mais dos 19 indicadores de DNT. Até meados de maio de 2022, as Américas haviam registrado 29,9% de todos os casos de COVID-19 no mundo (154 milhões de 515 milhões) e 43,5% de todas as mortes por COVID-19 (2,7 milhões de 6,2 mil- hões). Essa pandemia atrapalhou o avanço com relação às DNTs e prejudicou significativamente a prestação de serviços para pessoas que necessitam de cuidados contínuos. Estratégias adaptativas, como telessaúde e farmácias móveis, foram utilizadas para mitigar as interrupções dos serviços. Porém, a prevenção e o manejo das DNTs devem ser parte integrante da recuperação da pandemia de COVID-19. Isso vai exigir mais esforços para estabelecer/restabelecer e fiscalizar políticas voltadas para fatores de risco para DNTs, princi- palmente controle do tabagismo e prevenção da obesidade, além de maior investimento na atenção primária e na expansão da telemedicina e de soluções digitais em saúde para cuidados continuados de pessoas com DNTs. Por fim, os dados disponíveis sobre o impacto da COVID-19 nas DNTs são limitados; portanto, é pre- ciso fortalecer os dados e a vigilância de DNTs.

Prioritizing noncommunicable diseases in the Americas region in the era of COVID-19 / Priorizar las enfermedades no transmisibles en la Región de las Américas en la era de la COVID-19 / Priorização de doenças não transmissíveis na Região das Américas na era da COVID-19

ABSTRACT This article describes the situation of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Americas, implementation of NCD interventions according to key progress indicators, the impact of COVID-19 on NCD services, and ways to reprioritize NCDs following COVID-19. Information was retrieved from institutional data and through a supplementary scoping review of published articles related to NCDs and COVID-19 in the Americas published April 2020-November 2021. While NCDs account for 80.7% of all deaths in the Americas, implementation of a key set of NCD interventions has been limited, with only three countries reporting implementation of 12 or more of the 19 NCD indicators. By mid-May 2022, the Americas had reported about 29.9% of all COVID-19 cases in the world (154 million of 515 million) and 43.5% all COVID-19 deaths (2.7 million of 6.2 million). This pandemic has hampered progress on NCDs and significantly disrupted services for people who require ongoing care. Adaptive strategies, such as telehealth and mobile pharmacies, have been used to mitigate service disruptions. However, NCD prevention and management must be an integral part of recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. This will require scaled up efforts to establish/re-establish and enforce policies on NCD risk factors, especially for tobacco control and obesity prevention, as well as greater investment in primary care and expansion of telemedicine and digital health solutions for continuous care for people with NCDs. Lastly, limited data are available on the impact of COVID-19 on NCDs, and hence NCD data and surveillance need to be strengthened.

RESUMEN En este artículo se describe la situación de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en la Región de las Américas, la ejecución de intervenciones contra las ENT según los indicadores clave de progreso, el efecto de la COVID-19 en los servicios contra las ENT y las formas de priorizar nuevamente las ENT tras la COVID-19. Se obtuvo información de datos institucionales y mediante una revisión exploratoria complementaria de artículos relacionados con las ENT y la COVID-19 en la Región publicados entre abril del 2020 y noviembre del 2021. Si bien las ENT representan 80,7 % de todas las muertes en la Región, la ejecución de un conjunto clave de intervenciones contra las ENT ha sido limitada, y solo tres países han notificado la ejecución de 12 o más indicadores de los 19 indicadores relativos a las ENT. A mediados de mayo del 2022, la Región había notificado alrededor de 29,9 % de todos los casos de COVID-19 en el mundo (154 millones de 515 millones) y 43,5 % del total de muertes por COVID-19 (2,7 millones de 6,2 millones). Esta pandemia ha obstaculizado el progreso contra las ENT y ha causado interrupciones significativas en los servicios para las personas que requieren atención continua. Para mitigar las interrupciones en los servicios se han empleado estrategias de adaptación, como la telemedicina y las farmacias móviles. Sin embargo, la prevención y el manejo de las ENT deben constituir una parte integral de la recuperación de la pandemia de COVID-19. Esto requerirá mayores esfuerzos de establecimiento, restablecimiento y cumplimiento de políticas sobre los factores de riesgo de las ENT, especialmente el control del tabaco y la prevención de la obesidad; así como una mayor inversión en atención primaria y la expansión de la telemedicina y las iniciativas de salud digital para la atención continua de las personas con ENT. Por último, se dispone de datos limitados sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en las ENT y, por lo tanto, es necesario reforzar la recopilación de datos y la vigilancia de las ENT.

RESUMO Este artigo descreve a situação das doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) nas Américas, a implementação de intervenções para DNTs de acordo com indicadores de progresso importantes, o impacto da COVID-19 nos serviços de DNT e formas de priorizar novamente as DNTs após a COVID-19. As informações foram obtidas a partir de dados institucionais e uma revisão de escopo complementar de artigos relacionados a DNTs e COVID-19 nas Américas, publicados entre abril de 2020 e novembro de 2021. Embora as DNTs representem 80,7% de todas as mortes nas Américas, a implementação de um conjunto essencial de intervenções para DNTs tem sido limitada. Apenas três países relataram a implementação de 12 ou mais dos 19 indicadores de DNT. Até meados de maio de 2022, as Américas haviam registrado 29,9% de todos os casos de COVID-19 no mundo (154 milhões de 515 milhões) e 43,5% de todas as mortes por COVID-19 (2,7 milhões de 6,2 milhões). Essa pandemia atrapalhou o avanço com relação às DNTs e prejudicou significativamente a prestação de serviços para pessoas que necessitam de cuidados contínuos. Estratégias adaptativas, como telessaúde e farmácias móveis, foram utilizadas para mitigar as interrupções dos serviços. Porém, a prevenção e o manejo das DNTs devem ser parte integrante da recuperação da pandemia de COVID-19. Isso vai exigir mais esforços para estabelecer/restabelecer e fiscalizar políticas voltadas para fatores de risco para DNTs, principalmente controle do tabagismo e prevenção da obesidade, além de maior investimento na atenção primária e na expansão da telemedicina e de soluções digitais em saúde para cuidados continuados de pessoas com DNTs. Por fim, os dados disponíveis sobre o impacto da COVID-19 nas DNTs são limitados; portanto, é preciso fortalecer os dados e a vigilância de DNTs.

Integrated approach for noncommunicable disease management in the Americas / Un enfoque integrado para el manejo de las enfermedades no transmisibles en la Región de las Américas / Uma abordagem integrada para o manejo das doenças não transmissíveis nas Américas

ABSTRACT An overview of an integrated approach to improve noncommunicable disease (NCD) management is presented, along with tools on integrating NCD management as part of health system strengthening in the Americas. The study is based on an analysis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) data and publicly available information on NCD care and capacity, disruptions in NCD services, and guidance on NCD management. Gaps in NCD care are highlighted, in which an estimated 43.0% of men and 28.0% of women with hypertension in Latin America remain undiagnosed; and for those with diabetes, 32.8% in Central and South America are undiagnosed. Yet, only 17/35 countries (49%) in the Americas report having evidence-based national guidelines for NCD management through a primary care approach and only 7/35 countries (20%) report provision of drug therapy, including glycaemic control for eligible persons. To improve NCD management, an integrated approach is needed to coordinate and deliver care across the levels of the health system. This includes increasing primary care capacity and competencies to address multiple chronic conditions, and integration with other complementary programs to avoid missing opportunities for NCD diagnosis and management. An integrated approach to NCD management, and implementation of available tools, should be part of rebuilding health systems after the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMEN En este artículo se presenta una visión general de un enfoque integrado para mejorar el manejo de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), así como herramientas para integrar el manejo de las ENT como parte del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud en la Región de las Américas. El estudio se basa en un análisis de datos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) y en información disponible para el público sobre la atención de las ENT y la capacidad, las interrupciones en los servicios y la orientación sobre el manejo de las ENT. Se destacan las brechas en la atención de estas enfermedades; se estima que 43,0% de los hombres y 28,0% de las mujeres con hipertensión en América Latina siguen sin recibir un diagnóstico, mientras que entre las personas con diabetes, 32,8% en América Central y del Sur no están diagnosticadas. Sin embargo, únicamente 17 de 35 países de la Región (49%) afirman disponer de pautas nacionales basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de las ENT mediante un enfoque de atención primaria, y solo 7 de 35 países (20%) refieren la provisión de farmacoterapia —por ejemplo, para el control glucémico— para las personas que reúnen los requisitos. Para mejorar el manejo de las ENT, es necesario un enfoque integrado para coordinar y brindar atención en todos los niveles del sistema de salud. Esto supone el aumento de la capacidad y las competencias de la atención primaria para abordar diversas enfermedades crónicas y su integración con otros programas complementarios y así no perder oportunidades de diagnosticar y gestionar las ENT. Un enfoque integrado para el manejo de las ENT y la aplicación de las herramientas disponibles deben formar parte de la reconstrucción de los sistemas de salud después de la pandemia de COVID-19.

RESUMO O documento apresenta uma visão geral de uma abordagem integrada para melhorar o manejo de doenças não transmissíveis (DNT), bem com ferramentas para posicionar o manejo das DNT como parte integrante do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde nas Américas. O estudo tem como base uma análise dos dados da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) e informações disponíveis publicamente sobre cuidados e capacidade de atendimento a DNT, interrupções nos serviços de DNT e orientações sobre o manejo de DNT. São destacadas as lacunas na atenção às DNT. Estima-se que 43,0% dos homens e 28,0% das mulheres com hipertensão na América Latina permanecem sem diagnóstico, e entre aqueles com diabetes, 32,8% na América Central e do Sul permanecem sem diagnóstico. Apenas 17 de 35 países (49%) nas Américas relatam ter diretrizes nacionais baseadas em evidências para o manejo de DNT na atenção primária e apenas 7 de 35 países (20%) relatam o fornecimento de terapia medicamentosa, incluindo medicamentos para o controle glicêmico para pessoas elegíveis. Para melhorar o manejo das DNT, é necessária uma abordagem integrada para coordenar e prestar cuidados em todos os níveis do sistema de saúde. Isso inclui o aumento da capacidade e da competência da atenção primária para atender pessoas com múltiplas doenças crônicas e a integração com outros programas complementares para evitar a perda de oportunidades para o diagnóstico e o manejo das DNT. Uma abordagem integrada ao manejo das DNT e a implementação das ferramentas disponíveis devem fazer parte da reconstrução dos sistemas de saúde após a pandemia de COVID-19.

Monitoramento das metas dos planos de enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 e 2019 / Seguimiento de los objetivos de los planes para hacer frente a las Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Brasil, 2013 y 2019 / Monitoring the goals of the plans for coping with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases: results of the National Health Survey, Brazil, 2013 and 2019

Objetivo: Monitorar o alcance das metas pactuadas nos planos de enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNTs). Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013 e 2019. Avaliaram-se as metas, até 2025, para inatividade física, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, sal/sódio, uso do tabaco, hipertensão arterial, diabetes, excesso de peso, obesidade, cobertura do Papanicolau e terapia medicamentosa e aconselhamento pelo cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP). Resultados: Foram avaliados 60.202 indivíduos em 2013 e 88.531 em 2019. As metas para inatividade física (RP = 0,88; IC95% 0,86;0,90) e cobertura do Papanicolau (79,4%; IC95% 78,3;80,3) foram alcançadas. Reduziu-se o uso do tabaco, mas abaixo da meta. As prevalências de hipertensão, diabetes, excesso de peso, obesidade e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas aumentaram, e as metas não serão atingidas. Conclusão: Dois indicadores alcançaram as metas pactuadas, contudo é necessário avançar em ações e políticas para cumprir as demais.

Objetivo: Monitorear el logro de las metas acordadas para el control y prevención de Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles. Métodos: estudio transversal, con datos de la Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 y 2019. Se evaluaron las metas hasta 2025: inactividad física, consumo de alcohol, sal/sodio, tabaquismo, hipertensión, diabetes, sobrepeso, obesidad, Papanicolaou cobertura y terapia y asesoramiento farmacológico. Calculado la razón de prevalencia (RP). Resultados: Un total de 60,202 individuos fueron evaluados en 2013 y 88,531 en 2019. Se alcanzaron los objetivos de inactividad física (RP = 0,88; IC95%: 0,86;0,90) y cobertura de la prueba de Papanicolaou (79,4%; IC95%: 78,3;80,3). El consumo de tabaco se redujo, pero por debajo del objetivo. Se incrementó hipertensión, diabetes, sobrepeso, obesidad y consumo de alcohol y no se alcanzarán las metas. Conclusión: Dos indicadores alcanzaron las metas acordadas, sin embargo, es necesario avanzar en acciones y políticas para cumplir con los demás.

Objective: To monitor the achievement of the action plans for the prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases agreed-upon targets. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. The following targets, up to 2025, were evaluated: physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, salt/sodium, tobacco use, high blood pressure, diabetes, overweight, obesity, cervical cytology testing, and drug therapy and counseling. To check whether the targets were achieved, the prevalence ratio was calculated (PR). Results: 60,202 individuals were assessed in 2013, and 88,531 in 2019. The targets for physical inactivity (PR = 0.88; 95%CI 0.86;0.90) and cervical cytology coverage (79.4%; 95%CI 78.3;80.3) were achieved. Tobacco use was reduced, albeit below the target. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, overweight, obesity and alcohol consumption increased, and the targets will not be attained. Conclusion: Two indicators reached the agreed targets, however it is necessary to advance in actions and policies to meet the others.

Tobacco use, cessation, secondhand smoke and exposure to media about tobacco in Brazil: results of the National Health Survey 2013 and 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To compare indicators of tobacco use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco media in 2013 and 2019, and to describe these indicators according to sociodemographic variables in 2019. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey. The indicators of use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to tobacco-related media were evaluated. Prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for the total population in 2013 and 2019 and according to sociodemographic variables for 2019. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess differences in prevalence. RESULTS: There was an improvement in most of the indicators studied: an increase in ex-smokers, a reduction in secondhand smoke and attempts to quit smoking. All pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure indicators declined. When considering the prevalence according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019, 43.8% (95%CI 41.6-46.0) of men tried to quit smoking, and 50.8% (95%CI 48.5-53.2) of women. Secondhand smoke at home was higher among women (10.2%; 95%CI 9.7-10.8). Among those who thought about quitting smoking because of warnings, the proportion was higher among women (48.0%; 95%CI 45.3-50.6). Tobacco use was higher among men (43.8%; 95%CI 41.6-46.0), in the population aged 40 to 59 years (14.9%; 95%CI 14.2-15.6), with a lower level of education (17.6%; 95%CI 16.8-18.4). CONCLUSION: The study showed improvement in tobacco-related indicators between the years studied. It is noteworthy that this advance was smaller in relation to the other periods previously analyzed, and therefore, greater investments in public policies to combat and control smoking in Brazil are necessary.

Use, cessation, secondhand smoke and exposure to tobacco media in Brazil: results from the National Health Survey 2013 and 2019 / Uso, cessação, fumo passivo e exposição a mídia do tabaco no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019

Objective: To compare indicators of tobacco use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to pro and anti-tobacco media in 2013 and 2019, and describe these indicators according to sociodemographic variables in 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey. The indicators of use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to tobacco-related media were evaluated. Prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for the total population in 2013 and 2019 and according to sociodemographic variables for 2019. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess differences in prevalence.  Results: There was an improvement in most of the indicators studied; an increase in ex-smokers and a reduction in secondhand smoke and the attempt to quit smoking. All pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure indicators declined. When considering the prevalence according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019, 43.8% (95%CI: 41.6;46.0) of men tried to quit smoking, and 50.8% (95%CI: 48.5;53.2) of women. Secondhand smoke at home was higher among women (10.2%; 95%CI: 9.7;10.8). Among those who thought about quitting smoking due to warnings, the proportion was higher among women (48.0%; 95%CI: 45.3;50.6). Tobacco use was higher among men (43.8% (95%CI: 41.6;46.0), in the population aged 40 to 59 years (14.9%; 95%CI: 14.2; 15.6), with a lower level of education (17.6%; 95%CI: 16.8;18.4). Conclusion: The study showed improvement in tobacco-related indicators between the years studied. It is noteworthy that this advance was smaller in relation to the other periods previously analyzed, and, therefore, greater investments in public policies to combat and control smoking in Brazil are necessary.

Objetivo: Comparar indicadores de uso do tabaco, fumo passivo, cessação e exposição a mídia pró e antitabaco, em 2013 e 2019, e descrever esses indicadores segundo variáveis sociodemográficas em 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Avaliou-se os indicadores de uso, fumo passivo, cessação e exposição a mídia relacionada ao tabaco. Estimou-se as prevalências e intervalos de confiança (IC95%) para população total em 2013 e 2019, e segundo variáveis sociodemográficas para 2019. Para avaliar diferenças nas prevalências usou-se a Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: Houve melhoria dos indicadores de uso do tabaco; aumento de ex-fumantes e redução do fumo passivo e da tentativa de parar de fumar. Todos os indicadores de exposição a mídia pró e contra o tabaco diminuíram.  Ao considerar as prevalências segundo características sociodemográficas em 2019, 43,8% (IC95%: 41,6;46,0) dos homens tentaram parar de fumar e 50,8% (IC95%: 48,5;53,2) das mulheres. O fumo passivo no domicilio foi maior nas mulheres (10,2%; IC95%: 9,7;10,8). Entre os que pensaram em parar de fumar devido as advertências, a proporção foi maior nas mulheres (48,0%; IC95%: 45,3;50,6). O uso do tabaco foi mais elevado nos homens (43,8%; IC95%: 41,6;46,0), na população de 40 a 59 anos (14,9%; IC95%: 14,2;15,6) e com menor nível de instrução (17,6%; IC95%: 16,8;18,4). Conclusão: O estudo mostrou melhoria dos indicadores relacionados ao tabaco entre os anos estudados. Ressalta-se, que esse avanço foi menor em relação a outros períodos analisados previamente, e, portanto, torna-se necessário maiores investimentos em políticas públicas de enfrentamento e controle do tabagismo no Brasil.