Predictors of failure to respond to fluid restriction in SIAD in clinical practice; time to re-evaluate clinical guidelines?

BACKGROUND: Fluid restriction is recommended as first line therapy for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), despite of lack of good evidence base to support its use, and poor efficacy in clinical practice and in the literature. AIM: We set out to determine how many patients with well-defined SIAD had pre-treatment criteria which would predict failure to fluid restriction. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a consecutive, prospective evaluation of 183 patients with a diagnosis of SIAD in two different hospitals. Full ascertainment of the diagnostic criteria for SIAD was obtained in all patients. RESULTS: About 47% of patients had a urine volume <1500 ml in 24 h, 41% had initial urine osmolality > 500 mOsm/kg, 26% a Furst-equation ratio > 1. About 59% had one criterion predicting failure to respond to fluid restriction, 37% two criteria, and 3% three criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that up to 60% of patients with SIAD had criteria which recent clinical guidelines suggest would predict nonresponse to fluid restriction. This may explain why the recommended first line therapy for SIAD has been shown to be ineffective.

Evaluation of Health-Related Quality of Life according to Carbohydrate Metabolism Status: A Spanish Population-Based Study (Di@bet.es Study).

Objective. To evaluate the association between diabetes mellitus and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) controlled for several sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, in a representative sample of the Spanish population. Methods. A population-based, cross-sectional, and cluster sampling study, with the entire Spanish population as the target population. Five thousand and forty-seven participants (2162/2885 men/women) answered the HRQOL short form 12-questionnaire (SF-12). The physical (PCS-12) and the mental component summary (MCS-12) scores were assessed. Subjects were divided into four groups according to carbohydrate metabolism status: normal, prediabetes, unknown diabetes (UNKDM), and known diabetes (KDM). Logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results. Mean PCS-12/MCS-12 values were 50.9 ± 8.5/ 47.6 ± 10.2, respectively. Men had higher scores than women in both PCS-12 (51.8 ± 7.2 versus 50.3 ± 9.2; P < 0.001) and MCS-12 (50.2 ± 8.5 versus 45.5 ± 10.8; P < 0.001). Increasing age and obesity were associated with a poorer PCS-12 score. In women lower PCS-12 and MCS-12 scores were associated with a higher level of glucose metabolism abnormality (prediabetes and diabetes), (P < 0.0001 for trend), but only the PCS-12 score was associated with altered glucose levels in men (P < 0.001 for trend). The Odds Ratio adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI) and educational level, for a PCS-12 score below the median was 1.62 (CI 95%: 1.2-2.19; P < 0.002) for men with KDM and 1.75 for women with KDM (CI 95%: 1.26-2.43; P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion. Current study indicates that increasing levels of altered carbohydrate metabolism are accompanied by a trend towards decreasing quality of life, mainly in women, in a representative sample of Spanish population.

Tratamiento de las complicaciones neuropáticas de la diabetes mellitus / Treatment of the neuropathic complications of diabetes mellitus

La polineuropatía diabética (DPN) es una de las complicaciones crónicas más frecuentes en los pacientes con diabetes, sinónimo de neuropatíadiabética, y representa una de las causas principales para presentar úlceras en los pies y amputaciones de miembros inferiores (LEA).La DPN comienza de forma habitual con una disfunción de los nervios, con la presencia de signos, pero de forma asintomática. En la prevención es prioritario el estricto control glucémico y de otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, que incluyen la dislipemia, la hipertensión arterial, el tabaco, la circunferencia de la cintura y el consumo de grasa. Las estrategias preventivas para reducir la aparición de úlceras en los piesy LEA están dirigidas al diagnóstico temprano de DPN con el diapasón de 128 Hz, el palillo puntiagudo y los reflejos aquíleos, el neurotensiómetro y el monofilamento de 10 g, y la intervención basada en el desarrollo de un programa estructurado y continuado de educación y tratamiento (AU)

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), also called diabetic neuropathy, is one of the most frequent complications of diabetes mellitus and remains a major cause of foot ulcers and lower extremity amputations (LEAs).DPN often begins with silent nerve dysfunction and abnormal signs but with few or no symptoms. Factors crucial to prevention are control of blood glucose levels and other cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, waist circumference, and fat consumption. Prevention strategies to reduce foot ulcers and LEAS focus on the early detection of DPN, involving the use of the 128 Hz turning fork, pin-prick and Achilles reflex testing, tensometer and 10-gmonofilament, and intervention based on continuing and well-structured education and treatment programs (AU)

Técnicas de exploración de la sensibilidad en la patología del pie / Exploration techniques of sensibility in foot pathology

La polineuropatía en pacientes con diabetes puede ser detectada realizando una exploración neurológica básica de los pies utilizando el diapasón de 128 Hz, el palillo y valorando el reflejo aquíleo. Con ello se obtiene una puntuación en cuestionarios como el Neuropathy Disability Score, ó semejantes. La utilización de un neurotensiómetro que permite la evaluación del umbral de sensibilidad vibratoria, ó el monofilamento de 10 g, que predicen la aparición de úlceras en los pies de una forma mas precisa. En los pacientes con diabetes se podría alcanzar una reducción importante en la tasa de amputaciones de miembros inferiores con un programa de cribaje precoz de la polineuropatía, así como con programas de intervención basados en una educación continuada y en la instauración de un tratamiento adecuado

Diabetic neuropathy can be detected with a simple feet neurologic examination involving the use of the 128-Hz tuning fork, the pin-prick testing and the achilles reflex. Using these techniques it is possible to obtain a composite score such the modified Neuropathy Disability Score. A semiquantitative assessment of the vibration-perception threshold assessed by the neurothensiometer, and the 10 g-monofilament can be used in order to predict the risk of foot ulcers. A substantial reduction in lower extremity amputation rate in diabetic patients might be achieved with an earlier neuropathy screening and intervention based on a continuing and well structured treatment and education programmes

Pie diabético / Diabetic foot

Todos los pacientes a los que se les ha realizado una amputación de miembro inferior (AMI) entre enero de 1989 y diciembre de 2003 en el Área 7 de Madrid se identificaron a través de los partes de quirófano. Los informes de alta del servicio de cirugía vascular y del servicio de endocrinología, así como los médicos de familia (prescriptores), se utilizaron como fuente secundaria. De acuerdo con la Declaración de San Vincent, se observó una reducción en las AMI y un retraso en la edad de presentación, y se relacionó con una mejoría en la asistencia dispensada a las personas con diabetes. A pesar de esta mejoría, se podría alcanzar una reducción más importante en las AMI con un cribado de neuropatía más temprano, con programas de intervención basados en una educación bien estructurada de forma continuada, y facilitando el acceso al podólogo cubierto por la Seguridad Social en pacientes con pie en riesgo. El coste económico ahorrable se ha estimado en más de 100.000 A anuales por cada 100.000 habitantes

All patients who underwent a lower extremity amputation (LEAs) between January 1989 and December 2003 in Area 7, Madrid, were identified through operating theatre records. Vascular surgery department and Endocrinology service discharge records, and prescribing family doctors were used as secondary sources. According to Saint Vincent Declaration, a substantial decrease in LEAs and a later presentation were observed and related to a series of improvements in diabetic treatment. Despite these figures, a more substantial reduction in LEAs in diabetic people could be achieved with an earlier neuropathy screening, and intervention programes based on a continuing and well-structured education. The potential cost saving per 100.000 inhabitants and per year was estimated to be about 100.000 A

Silent peripheral vascular disease is prevalent in people with diabetic neuropathy

El propósito de este estudio ha sido poner en evidencia que la enfermedad vascular periférica (EVP) es prevalente en personas asintomáticas con polineuropatía diabética. Entre Enero y Mayo de 2001 hemos evaluado a 22 personas con diabetes y sin polineuropatía (Grupo A, 12 hombres y 10 mujeres, de 62,5 + 7,8 años de edad y con 12,5 + 10.8 años de evolución) y a 54 personas con diabetes y polineuropatia (Grupo B, 32 hombres y 22 mujeres, de 62,6 + 9,9 años de edad y 17,6 + 13,8 años de evolución) y a un grupo control constituido por 22 personas sin diabetes, 12 hombres y 10 mujeres, de una edad media de 62,6 + 8,7 años de edad, para detectar la presencia de EVP basada en la morfología del pulso arterial y en los índices tobillo brazo (ITB) estimados con un eco doppler bidireccional. Todos los pacientes estaban asintomáticos bajo el punto de vista vascular y tenían los pulsos pedios palpables. La EVP se consideró con un ITB 1,25 y / o con la presencia de ondas monofásicas del pulso arterial. Todos los pacientes del grupo control y del A tuvieron unos ITB entre 0,8 y 1,25 y sus ondas de pulso arterial fueron trifásicas. Sin embargo 5 (9,2 por ciento) y 15 (27,8 por ciento) de las personas con diabetes del grupo B tuvieron un ITB > 1,25 y < 0,8 respectivamente, presentando 17 (31,5 por ciento) ondas monofásicas. La prevalencia de EVO se estimó en 48 por ciento. La presencia de EVP se asoció a unos niveles mas elevados de colesterol LDL y a hipertensión arterial, siendo además fumadores activos con mas frecuencia. En conclusión, nuestros datos ponen en evidencia que una de cada dos personas con polineuropatía tiene EVP asintomática. Si el diagnóstico precoz de la EVP puede ayudar a prevenir la aparición de úlceras en los pies y las amputaciones de miembro inferior debe ser demostrado (AU)

Índice glucémico y tratamiento nutricional de las personas con diabetes mellitus / Glycemic index and nutritional treatment in persons with diabetes

Desde hace más de 20 años ha existido interés en analizar los niveles posprandiales de glucosa después de la ingestión de alimentos ricos en carbohidratos. El objetivo de estos análisis era realizar un listado de alimentos ordenados en función de la respuesta glucémica posprandial. Este parámetro se denominó índice glucémico, que Jenkins definió como la relación entre el área bajo la curva de la respuesta glucémica posprandial producida por la ingestión de 50 g de carbohidratos suministrados por un alimento concreto y un alimento patrón (glucosa o pan), y multiplicado por 100. En teoría, la elección de alimentos con bajo índice glucémico podría ser útil para el tratamiento nutricional de la persona con diabetes. Sin embargo, la utilidad de dicho índice ha sido cuestionada recientemente.Los trabajos disponibles en la actualidad no demuestran ningún beneficio sobre el control de la diabetes en personas con diabetes tipo 1 o tipo 2 cuando reciben alimentos con bajo índice glucémico en comparación con los de alto índice glucémico. El tratamiento nutricional de la persona con diabetes debe basarse en su alimentación habitual y debe utilizarse como la base del tratamiento farmacológico y su estilo de vida. Desde el punto de vista clínico, debe considerarse prioritario seleccionar los alimentos por su contenido en carbohidratos más que por su índice glucémico. En esta revisión analizamos la utilidad del índice glucémico desde la perspectiva de la medicina basada en la evidencia (AU)

Los registros como base para diseñar y evaluar la planificación de la asistencia a las personas con diabetes. El ejemplo de las lesiones en los pies

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Comparison of peripheral arterial reconstruction in diabetic and non-diabetic patients: a prospective clinic-based study.

UNLABELLED: To assess the efficacy and safety of lower extremity arterial reconstruction in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects during a 3-year period. A prospective clinic-based study between 1994-1999 in Area 7, Madrid, with a population of 569307 and an estimated diabetic population of 37932 (15505 men and 22427 women). The level of arterial reconstruction and associated risk factors were ascertained. RESULTS: A total of 588 peripheral revascularization surgical procedures were performed in 481 patients. The diabetic patients (n=174, 36.2%) underwent 222 surgical procedures (including 48 follow-on operations, 21.6%), and 307 non-diabetic subjects underwent 366 surgical procedures (59 follow-on operations, 16.1%). The numbers of surgical procedures per 100000 people at risk and year were 18.8 and 1.8 for non-diabetic men and women, respectively, and 145.1 and 29.0 for men and women with diabetes mellitus (7.7- and 16.2-fold, respectively). Age at reconstruction surgery was 2 and 5 years earlier in non-diabetic than in diabetic men and women, respectively. Diabetic patients had a higher neuropathy score (P<0.05) and were less frequently smokers (P<0.05) than non-diabetic subjects. Diabetic subjects more frequently had distal reconstruction while proximal arterial reconstruction was more often performed in non-diabetic subjects. Between 64.6 and 80.4% of people with diabetes and 82.3 and 88.9% of non-diabetic subjects had no complications during their in-hospital stay. Distal amputation simultaneous to arterial reconstruction was the most frequent morbidity of people with diabetes during the study (P<0.05). Despite a graft occlusion rate after femoropopliteal revascularization significantly higher than in non-diabetic people (P<0.05), diabetic people more often required lower extremity amputations (LEAs) for the same level of bypass (P<0.01). Cumulative limb salvage rates were lower in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic subjects at femoropopliteal (49.2 vs. 89.7%; P<0.001), femorodistal (73.5 vs. 95.2%; P<0.01), and distal reverse (77.9 vs. 87.3%; P<0.05) arterial reconstruction, at the end of the third year, but similar after aorto-iliac reconstruction (93.1 vs. 97.5%). A higher neuropathy score and the presence of foot ulcers were associated to significantly lower limb salvage in diabetic patients (P<0.05), but not in non-diabetic people. Survival rates after 3 years were similar between diabetic and non-diabetic populations after aorto-iliac (93.1 vs. 97.5%), femoropopliteal (97.2 vs. 90.3%), and distal reverse (93.2 vs. 98.1%) revascularization, and slightly lower in diabetic compared to non-diabetic patients after femorodistal revascularization (82.1 vs. 96.3%; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although limb salvage after arterial reconstruction is lower in diabetic than in non-diabetic subjects, particularly in those with a higher neuropathy score, this surgical approach can be applied in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with otherwise similar outcome.

Acarbosa y diabetes mellitus. Implicaciones prácticas / Acarbose and diabetes mellitus. Practical implications

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Nontraumatic lower extremity amputations in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in Madrid, Spain.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEAs) in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in Madrid, Spain, and their direct cost. All patients who underwent LEAs between the 1st of January 1994 and the 31st of December 1996, and who had lived in area 7 of the city (569,307 inhabitants) for at least the last 6 months, were identified through operating theatre records cross-checked with Vascular Surgery Department discharge records. In addition, the direct cost of LEAs per year was estimated, taking into account the length of the hospital stay, the period of rehabilitation in the outpatient clinic after discharge, and the use of artificial limbs and their maintenance. The incidence of LEAs was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.1-2.2) per 10(5) non-diabetic subjects and 46.1 (95% CI: 34.5-57.6) per 10(5) diabetic patients. Relative risk was 28. Total direct costs associated with LEAs per year were US$ 56,131 in the diabetic population and US$ 30,765 in the non-diabetic population. Thus, potential cost savings associated with excess amputations in the diabetic population was estimated at US$ 541,353 per year of US$ 94,736 per 10(5) inhabitants. It is concluded that the incidence of LEAs in both diabetic and non-diabetic populations in area 7 is the lowest reported in European countries. The potential cost savings per 10(5) inhabitants and per year is estimated at US$ 94,736.

Changes in nutritional pattern, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance during weight loss in obese patients from a Mediterranean area.

In order to study the nutritional pattern in obese subjects living in an area with a Mediterranean diet, as well as the modifications in nutritional behaviour, cardiovascular risk factors and insulin sensitivity induced by changes in nutritional pattern, 54 obese patients completed a 20-week behaviour programme. They prospectively fulfilled a food records diary in order to ascertain their nutritional pattern. Weight, body mass index (BMI). waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, fasting and 2 h-post glucose load plasma glucose were determined at the onset and at the end of the study. Insulin sensitivity index (SI), and glucose effectiveness (Sg) were assessed by using the modified FSIVGTT. The usual diet in obese patients living in a Mediterranean country is low in carbohydrates (35%) and high in fats (43%), 55% of the latter being monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), especially olive oil. After the educational programme they decreased the caloric intake to slightly over 700 Kcal/day, with a reduction of 36% in carbohydrates consumption, 18% in proteins and 43% in fats (46% in MUFAs). These modifications resulted in a decrease in weight, BMI, WHR, BP, and fasting and 2 h-post glucose load plasma glucose (all p < 0.05), whereas the lipoprotein profile did not change. In a similar way SI and Kg (glucose disappearance rate) increased, while fasting plasma insulin (FPI) decreased (p < 0.05) and Sg and I1+3 remained unaffected. Our results indicate that weight loss induced by caloric restriction improves insulin sensitivity rather insulin secretory capacity or glucose effectiveness, and all the cardiovascular risk factors but lipoproteic profile, that remains unchanged, probably because of the lower MUFAs consumption. These facts should be taken into account when recommending changes in the diet of obese patients with a Mediterranean-style diet.

Comparison between acarbose, metformin, and insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with secondary failure to sulfonylurea treatment.

The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable treatment for Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with secondary failure to sulfonylureas (SFS). In a four-month comparative study, 36 Type 2 diabetic patients given SFS were allocated to three treatment groups: A (n = 12, M/F 6/6, HbAlc 9.1 +/- 1.6%) received 0.3 IU/Kg body weight (BW) of insulin-Zn between 10 and 11 p.m.; B (n = 12, M/F 6/6, HbAlc 9.2 +/- 1.6%) SFS plus 850 mg/day of metformin; and C (n = 12, M/F 6/6, HbAlc 9.5 +/- 2.4%) SFS plus acarbose 3 x 100 mg daily. Modifications in HbAlc, BW, blood pressure (BP), lipoprotein profile and insulin sensitivity were evaluated. HbAlc decreased in the three groups (A: 17.9 +/- 13.5%; B: 18.2 +/- 4.5%; C: 7.6 +/- 16.8%; all p < 0.05; A and B vs C = p < 0.05). BW increased in group A and decreased in the other groups. BP decreased statistically in group B. HDL-cholesterol increased (1.26 +/- 0.46 vs 1.49 +/- 0.36 mmol/L; p < 0.05) and triglyceride levels decreased (1.68 +/- 0.85 vs 1.16 +/- 0.43 mmol/L; p < 0.05) in group A. There were no significant changes in the other studied parameters. We conclude that, for Type 2 diabetic patients given SFS, both insulin and metformin plus SFS provided better glycaemic control than acarbose plus SFS. Metformin combined with SFS offered further advantages for the control of BW and BP.

[Influence of pancreatic insulin reserve on the metabolic control of type I and II diabetes mellitus]. / Influencia de la reserva pancreática de insulina sobre el control metabólico de las diabetes tipos I y II.

We have studied 22 diabetic patients, 14 type I and 8 type II, in order to determine if there is a correlation between metabolic control and pancreatic reserve of insulin. All the patients were treated with optimum doses of bolus/basal insulin. They underwent a peptide C test (at baseline and after 3 stimulus with glucagon) and every month, during 3 months, HbA1c and fructosamine were measured, with monthly self control of glycemia. Both HbA1c and fructosamine showed a statistically significant improvement during the study. In all the cases, there was a negative correlation between metabolic control and pancreatic reserve, with statistical significance for type I, especially regarding the response of peptide C to the administration of glucagon. We conclude that the preservation of a good endogenous secretion of insulin benefits the metabolic control of diabetes.