Uncovering a novel mechanism: Butyrate induces estrogen receptor alpha activation independent of estrogen stimulation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Butyrate is a promising candidate for an antitumoral drug, as it promotes cancer cell apoptosis and reduces hormone receptor activity, while promoting differentiation and proliferation in normal cells. However, the effects of low-dose butyrate on breast cancer cell cultures are unclear. We explored the impact of sub-therapeutic doses of butyrate on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) transcriptional activity in MCF-7 cells, using RT-qPCR, Western blot, wound-healing assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Our results showed that sub-therapeutic doses of sodium butyrate (0.1 - 0.2 mM) increased the transcription of ESR1, TFF1, and CSTD genes, but did not affect ERα protein levels. Moreover, we observed an increase in cell migration in wound-healing assays. ChIP assays revealed that treatment with 0.1 mM of sodium butyrate resulted in estrogen-independent recruitment of ERα at the pS2 promoter and loss of NCoR. Appropriate therapeutic dosage of butyrate is essential to avoid potential adverse effects on patients' health, especially in the case of estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors. Sub-therapeutic doses of butyrate may induce undesirable cell processes, such as migration due to low-dose butyrate-mediated ERα activation. These findings shed light on the complex effects of butyrate in breast cancer and provide insights for research in the development of antitumoral drugs.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil, Extracted from Plants Occurring Naturally in Semiarid Areas and Cultivated in the Field and Greenhouse in Northern Mexico.

In recent years, the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oils in wild plants, such as Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth), has become increasingly important. The objective was to compare the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Mexican oregano essential oil obtained from plants occurring naturally in semiarid areas (Wild1 and Wild2), and those cultivated in the field (CField) and greenhouse (CGreenhouse) in northern Mexico. The Mexican oregano essential oil extraction was performed using the hydrodistillation method, the antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS method, and the antibacterial activity was assessed through bioassays under the microwell method at nine different concentrations. The aim was to determine the diameter of the inhibition zone and, consequently, understand the sensitivity level for four bacterial species. The results revealed an antioxidant activity ranging from 90% to 94% at the sampling sites, with Wild1 standing out for having the highest average antioxidant activity values. Likewise, six out of the nine concentrations analyzed showed some degree of sensitivity for all the sampling sites. In this regard, the 25 µL mL-1 concentration showed the highest diameter of inhibition zone values, highlighting the Wild2 site, which showed an average diameter greater than 30 mm for the four bacteria tested. Only in the case of S. typhi did the CGreenhouse site surpass the Wild2, with an average diameter of the inhibition zone of 36.7 mm. These findings contribute to the search for new antioxidant and antibacterial options, addressing the challenges that humanity faces in the quest for opportunities to increase life expectancy.

Arsenic: A Perspective on Its Effect on Pioglitazone Bioavailability.

Arsenic (As) is a common contaminant in drinking water in northeastern Mexico, which reduces the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP 450). This enzyme group metabolizes numerous drugs, such as oral antidiabetic drugs such as pioglitazone (61% CYP 3A4, 49% CYP 2C8). When CYP 450's function is inadequate, it has decreased therapeutic activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to establish the effect of As on pioglitazone metabolism in patients with T2DM. METHODOLOGY: Urine, water, and plasma samples from a healthy population (n = 11) and a population with T2DM (n = 20) were obtained. Samples were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy/hydride generation (As) and HPLC (pioglitazone). Additionally, CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 were studied by density functional theory (DFT). RESULTS: The healthy and T2DM groups were exposed via drinking water to >0.010 ppm, Ka values with a factor of 4.7 higher, Cl 1.42 lower, and ABCt 1.26 times higher concerning the healthy group. In silico analysis (DFT) of CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 isoforms showed the substitution of the iron atom by As in the active sites of the enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the substitution of Fe for As modifies the enzymatic function of CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 isoforms, altering the metabolic process of CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4 in patients with T2DM. Consequently, the variation in metabolism alters the bioavailability of pioglitazone and the expected final effect.

The Triglycerides and Glucose Index Is Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that insulin resistance is related to cognitive decline. The triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index, is a reliable and inexpensive surrogate test for detecting insulin resistance. AIMS: The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between the TyG index and the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. METHODS: A total of 135 individuals, men and women aged 60 to 90 years, were enrolled in a case and control study. Individuals with a diagnosis of MCI (n = 65) were allocated into the case group and compared with individuals without MCI (n = 70) in the control group. Alcohol intake, diabetes duration ≥5 years, diagnoses of cerebrovascular disease, brain injury, folic acid deficiency, dementia, moderate or severe CI, major depressive disorders, and thyroid disease were exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Individuals in the case group exhibited higher waist circumference (97.9 ± 13.9 versus 93.5 ± 13.0, p = .001) and TyG index (5.0 ± 0.3 versus 4.1 ± 0.2, p = .001) than individuals in the control group. The TyG index ≥4.68 (OR 6.91; 95% CI 2.05-11.68) and waist circumference (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) were positively associated with MCI, while education level (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.30-0.61), occupation (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.59-0.61), and exercise (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.22-0.52) were inversely associated with MCI. After controlling for sex, age, waist circumference, education level, occupation, and exercise, a TyG index ≥4.68 remained significantly associated with MCI (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.12-14.71). CONCLUSION: The TyG index is independently associated with the presence of MCI in older people.

α-syn and SNP rs356219 as a potential biomarker in blood for Parkinson's disease in Mexican Mestizos.

Clinical criteria diagnose Parkinson's disease (PD), therefore, it is crucial to find biological elements that could support diagnosis or even act as prognostic tools of PD. The SNCA gene codifies a protein called α - synuclein; several studies associate genetic and biochemical factors of SNCA with PD, including transcript and plasmatic protein levels, however, contradictory evidence indicates inconclusive results. We aim to compare SNCA mRNA expression, plasmatic α-syn protein and rs356219 SNP between PD cases and a control group, and to identify a potential biomarker in Mexican mestizos', focusing on these three components determined in blood. We included 88 PD patients and 88 age-matched controls. We observed higher α-syn protein and decreased SNCA mRNA levels in PD subjects, compared to control group (p = 0.044 and p < 0.001, respectively). A statistically significant difference was found in allelic and genotypic frequencies of SNP rs356219 between PD patients and normal subjects (p = 0.006 and p = 0.023, respectively). Logistic regression analysis determined as optimal predictors of PD the GG genotype of SNP rs356219 (OR 2.49; p = 0.006) in a recessive model and α-syn protein (OR 1.057; p = 0.033). Furthermore, the G allele of SNP rs356219 was associated with higher plasmatic α-syn and mRNA levels in PD subjects. The receiver operating curves (ROC) distinguished PD from healthy controls with good sensitivity and specificity considering the plasmatic α-syn protein (AUC = 0.693, Sensitivity = 66.7 %, Specificity = 63.9 %) or a predictive probability of plasmatic α-syn protein and SNP rs356219 in a single model (AUC = 0.692, Sensitivity = 62.3 %, Specificity = 62.5 %). The performance of this classifier model in PD at early stage (n = 31) increase the discriminant power in both, plasmatic α-syn protein (AUC = 0.779, Sensitivity = 72.7 %, Specificity = 73.9 %) and predictive probability (AUC = 0.707, Sensitivity = 63.6 %, Specificity = 62.5 %). We propose that α-syn protein and SNP rs356219 together may work as a good signature of PD, and they can be suggested as a non-invasive biomarker of PD risk.

Alelo C del polimorfismo rs2209972 del gen de la enzima degradadora de insulina y enfermedad de Alzheimer en diabéticos tipo 2. Estudio de casos y controles / C allele of the rs2209972 single nucleotide polymorphism of the insulin degrading enzyme gene and Alzheimer's disease in type 2 diabetes, a case control study

Background and objective: In the last few decades we have witnessed an interesting transformation of the population pyramids throughout the world. As the population's life expectancy increases, there are more chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and dementias, and both of them have shown an association. General objetive: To determine the association between Alzheimer's disease in diabetic patients and the insulin degrading enzyme in outpatients of a second level Hospital in Monterrey, Mexico. Materials and methods: This was a case control study in which we included outpatients from the Geriatrics Clinic of a Hospital in Northeastern Mexico. Cases were patients with a Mini Mental Score Exam (MMSE) below 24 and DSM-IV criteria for Dementia. Controls were patients who had MMSE scores greater than 24. Results: Data from 97 patients were analyzed. Regarding physical examination and the results of laboratory tests, there were no differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). A 98% prevalence of the insulin degrading enzyme was documented in the sample studied. We found an association between a homozygous status for the CC genotype and Dementia with an estimated Odds Ratio (OR) of 2.5 (CI 95% 1.6–3.3) on the bivariate test, while, on the multivariate analysis, the OR was estimated 3.3 (CI 95% 1.3–8.2). Conclusions: Evidence shows that cognitive impairment is more frequent among those exposed to the C allele of the rs2209972 SNP of the insulin degrading enzyme gene (AU)

Fundamento y objetivo: En las últimas décadas se ha producido una transformación en las pirámides poblacionales, con un aumento en la expectativa de vida, lo que conlleva un mayor número de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, como son la diabetes mellitus y la demencia, que han mostrado tener una asociación estrecha, pero cuya etiología aún está por discernir. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el alelo C de la enzima degradadora de insulina y la enfermedad de Alzheimer en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles, en el cual se incluyeron pacientes de la clínica de Geriatría del Hospital General del Noreste de México. Los casos fueron aquellos con una puntuación en el Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) menor de 24 y criterios para demencia de acuerdo con el DSM-IV. Los controles fueron pacientes con MMSE superior a 24. Resultados: Se analizaron datos de 97 pacientes. No hubo diferencias respecto a las características basales clínicas y de laboratorio entre los casos y los controles (p > 0,05). Se documentó una prevalencia de 98% del alelo C de la enzima degradadora de insulina. Encontramos una asociación entre homocigosidad para el genotipo CC de la enzima degradadora de insulina y enfermedad de Alzheimer, con una OR de 2,5 (IC 95% 1,6–3,3) en el examen bivariado, y en el examen multivariado se encontró asociación con una OR de 3,3 (IC 95% 1,3–8,2). Conclusiones: La evidencia muestra una asociación entre deterioro cognitivo y presencia del alelo C del polimorfismo rs2209972 del gen de la enzima degradadora de insulina (AU)

C allele of the rs2209972 single nucleotide polymorphism of the insulin degrading enzyme gene and Alzheimer's disease in type 2 diabetes, a case control study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the last few decades we have witnessed an interesting transformation of the population pyramids throughout the world. As the population's life expectancy increases, there are more chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and dementias, and both of them have shown an association. GENERAL OBJETIVE: To determine the association between Alzheimer's disease in diabetic patients and the insulin degrading enzyme in outpatients of a second level Hospital in Monterrey, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a case control study in which we included outpatients from the Geriatrics Clinic of a Hospital in Northeastern Mexico. Cases were patients with a Mini Mental Score Exam (MMSE) below 24 and DSM-IV criteria for Dementia. Controls were patients who had MMSE scores greater than 24. RESULTS: Data from 97 patients were analyzed. Regarding physical examination and the results of laboratory tests, there were no differences between the two groups (p>0.05). A 98% prevalence of the insulin degrading enzyme was documented in the sample studied. We found an association between a homozygous status for the CC genotype and Dementia with an estimated Odds Ratio (OR) of 2.5 (CI 95% 1.6-3.3) on the bivariate test, while, on the multivariate analysis, the OR was estimated 3.3 (CI 95% 1.3-8.2). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence shows that cognitive impairment is more frequent among those exposed to the C allele of the rs2209972 SNP of the insulin degrading enzyme gene.

Asociación entre el polimorfismo c.1-765G>C del gen de la COX-2 y el deterioro cognitivo en individuos diabéticos de 65 o mas años de un Servicio de Geriatría en Monterrey, México / Association between polymorphism c.1-765G>C of the COX2 gene and cognitive impairment in individuals 65 years or more with diabetes from a Geriatric Service in Monterrey, Mexico

Background and objective: Cognitive impairment and dementia are common geriatric syndromes in diabetic patients. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. Cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2 participate in inflammation. The polymorphism c.1-765G>C of the COX2 gene might be protective against cognitive decline in Mexicans with diabetes mellitus through its reduced promotor activity. To determine the association between polymorphism c.1-765G>C of the COX2 gene and cognitive impairment in elderly adults with diabetes. Patients and methods: Case-control study. We included diabetic patients from the Geriatric Clinic of General Hospital No. 17 who were over 65 years and accepted to participate. Cases were patients with a score of 24 or less on the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and with DSM IV criteria for dementia. Controls were those with MMSE scores of 25 or greater. Results: We included 97 patients (50 cases and 47 controls). There were no differences regarding clinical and laboratory characteristics between cases and controls. The frequency of the C allele and the CG genotype was higher in controls than in cases and this difference remained significant in a multivariate analysis with an odds ratio of 0.012 (95% CI 0.001-0.091) and 0.009 (95% CI 0.001-0.076) in the bivariate and multivariate analysis, respectively, using the GG genotype frequency as a reference. Conclusion: Cognitive impairment in Mexican patients with diabetes is associated with less exposure to the CG genotype of the c.1-765G>C polymorphism of COX2 (AU)

Fundamento y objetivo: El deterioro cognitivo y la demencia son síndromes geriátricos frecuentes en los pacientes con diabetes. La inflamación es crucial en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y del deterioro cognitivo. Las ciclooxigenasas (COX) 1 y 2 participan en la inflamación. El polimorfismo c.1- 765G>C de la COX-2 protegería contra el deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores diabéticos mexicanos por su menor actividad promotora. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el polimorfismo c.1-765G>C del gen de la COX-2 y el deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores diabéticos. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de tipo casos y controles. Se incluyeron pacientes diabéticos de la clínica de Geriatría del Hospital General de Zona No. 17, mayores de 65 años que aceptaron participar. Los casos fueron los pacientes con puntuación de 24 o menor en el Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) y criterios DSM-IV para demencia. Los controles tenían una puntuación de 25 o mayor en el MMSE. Resultados: Se incluyeron 97 pacientes (50 casos y 47 controles). No hubo diferencias respecto a las características clínicas y de laboratorio entre los casos y los controles. La frecuencia del alelo C y del genotipo CG fue mayor en los controles que en los casos, y dicha diferencia permaneció significativa en el análisis multivariado, con una razón de momios de 0,012 (IC 95% 0,001 a 0,091) y de 0,009 (IC 95% 0,001 a 0,076), en el análisis bivariado y multivariado, respectivamente, tomando como referencia la frecuencia genotípica GG. Conclusión: El deterioro cognitivo en pacientes mexicanos con diabetes se asocia con una menor exposición al polimorfismo c.1-765G>C del gen de la COX-2 (AU)

Association between polymorphism c.1-765G>C of the COX2 gene and cognitive impairment in individuals 65 years or more with diabetes from a Geriatric Service in Monterrey, Mexico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment and dementia are common geriatric syndromes in diabetic patients. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. Cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2 participate in inflammation. The polymorphism c.1-765G>C of the COX2 gene might be protective against cognitive decline in Mexicans with diabetes mellitus through its reduced promotor activity. To determine the association between polymorphism c.1-765G>C of the COX2 gene and cognitive impairment in elderly adults with diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case-control study. We included diabetic patients from the Geriatric Clinic of General Hospital No. 17 who were over 65 years and accepted to participate. Cases were patients with a score of 24 or less on the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and with DSM IV criteria for dementia. Controls were those with MMSE scores of 25 or greater. Results We included 97 patients (50 cases and 47 controls). There were no differences regarding clinical and laboratory characteristics between cases and controls. The frequency of the C allele and the CG genotype was higher in controls than in cases and this difference remained significant in a multivariate analysis with an odds ratio of 0.012 (95% CI 0.001-0.091) and 0.009 (95% CI 0.001-0.076) in the bivariate and multivariate analysis, respectively, using the GG genotype frequency as a reference. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment in Mexican patients with diabetes is associated with less exposure to the CG genotype of the c.1-765G>C polymorphism of COX2.

Efectos del danazol y hemisuccinato de danazol sobre la presión de perfusión y resistencia vascular / Effects of danazol and danazol hemisuccinate on perfusión pressure and vascular resistance

Estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos sugieren que el danazol ha sido considerado como un factor de riesgo para desarrollar hipertensión. Para proporcionar información adicional acerca de este fenómeno, en este trabajo fue caracterizado el efecto inducido por el danazol y el hemisuccinato de danazol sobre la presión de perfusión y la resistencia vascular en corazón aislado de rata a flujo constante (modelo de Langendorff). Los resultados, mostraron que; 1) el hemisuccinato de danazol [10-9 M] incrementa la presión de perfusión en comparación con el danazol [10-9 M]; 2) los efectos del derivado de danazol [10-9 M - 10-4 M] sobre la presión de perfusión fueron inhibidos por flutamida [10-6 M]; 3) la nifedipina [10-6 M], bloqueó los efectos ejercidos por el hemisuccinato de danazol [10-9 M -10-4 M] sobre la presión de perfusión y 4) el efecto del derivado de danazol [10-9 M - 10-4 M] sobre la presión de perfusión en presencia del montelukast [10-6 M] fue inhibido significativamente (p=0,008). En conclusión, los efectos inducidos por el danazol y hemisuccinato de danazol sobre la presión de perfusión y la resistencia vascular podrían depender de su estructura química. Este fenómeno podría involucrar la interacción del receptor de andrógenos e indirectamente la activación de la síntesis de leucotrienos D4 (LTD4) y consecuentemente inducir variaciones en la presión de perfusión.

Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that danazol has been considered a risk factor for hypertension development. In order to provide additional information about this phenomenon, the effect induced by both danazol and hemisuccinate of danazol on perfusion pressure and vascular resistance was characterized in isolated rat heart at constant flow (Langendorff model) and it was evaluated in this work.The results showed that; 1) hemisuccinate of danazol [10-9 M] increases perfusion pressure and vascular resistance in comparison with danazol [10-9 M]; 2) the effects of danazol-derivative [10-9 M - 10-4 M] on perfusion pressure were inhibited by flutamide [10-6 M]; 3) nifedipine [10-6 M] blockaded the effects exerted by hemisuccinate of danazol [10-9 M -10-4 M] on perfusion pressure; and 4) the effect of danazol-derivative [10-9 M - 10-4 M] on perfusion pressure in presence of montelukast [10-6 M] was significantly inhibited (p=0.008). In conclusion, the effects induced by both danazol and hemisuccinate of danazol on perfusion pressure and vascular resistance could depend on their chemical structure. This phenomenon could involve the interaction of androgene steroid-receptor and indirect activation of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) synthesis and consequently, induce variations in the perfusion pressure.

Efectos inducidos por Ruta graveolens L., Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh y Citrus aurantium L. sobre los niveles de glucosa, colesterol y triacilglicéridos en un modelo de rata diabética / Efeitos induzidos por Ruta graveolens L., Rutaceae, Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh, Euphorbiaceae, e Citrus aurantium L., Rutaceae, nos níveis de glucose, colesterol e triacilglicerídeos num modelo do rato diabético / Induced effects by Ruta graveolens L., Rutaceae, Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh, Euphorbiaceae, and Citrus aurantium L., Rutaceae, on glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels in a diabetic rat model

Varias plantas con propiedades hipoglucemicas se han utilizado en medicina popular y sistemas curativos tradicionales en todo el mundo. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos inducidos por Ruta graveolens L., Rutaceae, Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh, Euphorbiaceae, y Citrus aurantium L., Rutaceae, en un modelo de rata diabética, a la que se le cuantificaron los niveles de glucosa cada 24 horas por un mes después de la administración gástrica del extracto de las plantas. Además, el colesterol y los triglicéridos fueron evaluados usando técnicas enzimáticas. Los resultados mostraron que la administración de Cnidoscolus chayamansa a dosis de 0.5 a 1.5 g/kg induce un aumento hipoglucemico (< 200 mg/dL). Otros datos indican que Cnidoscolus chayamansa ejerce variaciones en los niveles de triacilglicéridos (80-90 mg/dL) y colesterol (88-96 mg/dL). Sin embargo, la administración de Citrus aurantium en las mismas dosis no fue suficiente para disminuir los niveles de glucosa (> 200 mg/dL). Otros resultados, mostraron que Citrus aurantium ejerce cambios en la concentración de triacilglicéridos (158-172 mg/dL) y colesterol (120-128 mg/dL). Finalmente, la administración de Ruta graveolens a dosis de 0.5 g/kg induce un efecto hipoglucemico (< 200 mg/dL). Además, Ruta graveolens a dosis de 0.5 a 1.5 g/kg induce variaciones en los niveles de triacilglicéridos (110-120 mg/dL) y colesterol (116-124 mg/dL). En conclusión la administración de Cnidoscolus chayamansa ejerce efectos hipoglucemicos en una manera dosis dependiente en comparación con Ruta graveolens y Citrus aurantium. Además, las plantas evaluadas inducen cambios en los niveles de lípidos dependiente de la dosis.

Diversas plantas com propriedades hipoglicêmicas foram usadas na medicina popular e em sistemas tradicionais de curas em torno do mundo. A finalidade deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos induzidos por Ruta graveolens L, Rutaceae, Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh, Euphorbiaceae, e Citrus aurantium L., Rutaceae, em modelo do rato diabético onde níveis da glucose foram determinados a cada 24 h em um mês antes da administração gástrica do extrato das plantas. Colesterol e triacilglicerídeos foram avaliados usando técnicas enzimáticas. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de Cnidoscolus chayamansa a dose de 0,5 a 1,5 g/kg induz um aumento hipoglicêmico (< 200 mg/dL). Outros dados indicam que Cnidoscolus chayamansa exerce variações nos níveis de triacilglicerídeos (80-90 mg/dL) e colesterol (88-96 mg/dL). A administração de Citrus aurantium nas mesmas doses não foi suficiente para diminuir os níveis de glucose (> 200 mg/dL). Outros resultados, mostraram que Citrus aurantium exerce mudanças na concentração de triacilglicerídeos (158-172 mg/dL) e colesterol (120-128 mg/dL). Finalmente, a administração de Ruta graveolens na dose de 0.5 g/kg induziu um efeito hipoglicêmico (< 200 mg/dL). Ruta graveolens, na dose de 0.5 a 1.5 g/kg, induziu variações nos níveis de triacilglicerídeos (110-120 mg/dL) e colesterol (116-124 mg/dL). Em conclusão, a administração de Cnidoscolus chayamansa exerce efeitos hipoglicêmicos numa maneira dose dependente em comparação com Ruta graveolens e Citrus aurantium. As plantas avaliadas induzem mudanças nos níveis de lipídeos dependente da dose.

Several plants with hypoglycemic properties have been used in folk medicine and traditional healing systems around the world. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of Ruta graveolens L., Rutaceae, Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh, Euphorbiaceae, and Citrus aurantium L., Rutaceae, in a diabetic rat model to which the glucose levels were quantified every 24 hours by one month before of gastric administration of plants extract. Additionally, the cholesterol and triacylglycerides were evaluated using standard enzymatic techniques. The results showed that increases in the dose (0.5 to 1.5 g/kg) of Cnidoscolus chayamansa induce a high hypoglycemic effect (< 200 mg/dL). Another data indicate that Cnidoscolus chayamansa exerts variations in triacylglycerides (80-90 mg/dL) and cholesterol (88-96 mg/dL). Nevertheless, the administration of Citrus aurantium in the same doses was not sufficient for diminish the glucose levels (> 200 mg/dL). Other results, showed that Citrus aurantium exert changes in the concentration of triacylglycerides (158-172 mg/dL) and cholesterol (120-128 mg/dL). Finally, the administration of Ruta graveolens at dose of 0.5 mg/kg induces a hypoglycemic effect (< 200 mg/dL). Additionally, Ruta graveolens at dose of 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg induce variations in the triacylglycerides (110-120 mg/dL) and cholesterol (116-124 mg/dL) levels. In conclusion the administration of Cnidoscolus chayamansa it exerts hypoglycemic effects in a manner dose-dependent in comparison with both Ruta graveolens and Citrus aurantium. In addition, the plants evaluated induce changes in lipids levels dose-dependent.