Preliminary Correlation of the Immunoexpression of Cathepsin B and E-Cadherin Proteins in Vocal Fold Leukoplakia.

OBJECTIVES: Early identification of vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL), which has a risk of progressing to malignant transformation, remains a controversial topic. The identification of biological markers for diagnosing these lesions would lead to a more effective treatment. We aimed to analyze the immunoexpression of cathepsin B and E-cadherin in VFL and correlate it with clinical and epidemiological data and disease prognosis. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with VFL treated with microsurgery were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were distributed according to the histological results into Group A (low grade) and Group B (high grade). The expression of markers was quantitatively determined as per their staining intensity and tissue distribution using ImageLab. The index of expression (IE) of each marker was correlated with tobacco and alcohol consumption, signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux, and local recurrence of the lesion. RESULTS: The correlation between the IE of markers and variables within the two groups (A and B) demonstrated that patients in Group B with local recurrence had a higher IE of cathepsin B. When all patients (A + B) were included, the same analysis demonstrated that the IE of cathepsin B was higher among smokers and patients who did not show signs of reflux and that the IE of E-cadherin was higher only in patients with recurrence. CONCLUSION: Patients with moderate to severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ who smoked as well as had a high IE of cathepsin B were more prone to local recurrence. Regardless of the type of histological lesion, patients with signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux had a lower IE of cathepsin B. The IE of E-cadherin was higher among patients with VFL who relapsed after initial treatment.

Histological analysis of autologous fascia graft implantation into the rabbit voice muscle.

UNLABELLED: The ideal approach for the treatment of glottal insufficiency remains a challenge for laryngologists. AIM: This experimental study assessed the histological changes and fibrosis caused by autologous fascia lata grafts into the rabbit voice muscle. STUDY DESIGN: A clinical and experimental study. METHODS: A 0.2 × 0.2 cm fragment of autologous fascia lata was grafted into the right voice muscle of 14 adult rabbits. Animals were euthanized 30 or 60 days post-procedure and histology of the excised vocal folds was carried out. RESULTS: No extensive edema, necrosis or foreign body-type reaction was observed at any time. No significant inflammatory reaction or fibrosis was seen at 30 or 60 days. CONCLUSION: The presence of fascia lata in the rabbit voice muscle had no significant influence on inflammation, and does not increase fibrosis. Rabbit voice muscle shows good tolerance to fascia lata grafting.

Surgery for aspiration: analysis of laryngotracheal separation in 23 children.

The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of laryngotracheal separation (LTS) in eliminating aspiration in children by comparing pre- and postoperative conditions. This prospective study used an internal control group. Children with neurologic impairment and a diagnosis of chronic aspiration were subjected to LTS at the Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente (AACD). Twenty-three children had undergone LTS with the modified Lindeman technique. All of them gained complete control of aspiration. Frequency of hospitalization, number of respiratory infections, and level of secretion were statistically reduced. After surgery only 21.7% of the children were capable of oral intake exclusively. LTS is an effective and safe technique that can be used in children resulting in aspiration control in 100% of the patients and without repercussions in the respiratory secretion and pulmonary infections.

Aspectos morfométricos do nervo hipoglosso humano em adultos e idosos / Morphometric aspects of the human hypoglossal nerve in adults and the elderly

OBJETIVO: Realizar análise morfométrica das fibras mielínicas do nervo hipoglosso direito, em dois grupos etários, com a finalidade de verificar modificações quantitativas decorrentes do processo de envelhecimento. FORMA DE ESTUDO: anatômico. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi coletado fragmento de 1cm do nervo hipoglosso direito de 12 cadáveres do sexo masculino, sem antecedentes para doenças como diabetes, alcoolismo e neoplasia maligna. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo adulto (idade inferior a 60 anos), composto por seis cadáveres; grupo idoso (idade igual ou superior a 60 anos), composto por seis cadáveres. O material foi fixado em solução contendo 2,5 por cento de glutaraldeído e 2 por cento de paraformaldeído; pós-fixado em tetróxido de ósmio 2 por cento; desidratado em concentrações crescentes de etanol e incluído em resina epóxi. Cortes semifinos de 0,3»m de espessura foram obtidos, corados com azul de toluidina a 1 por cento e avaliados em microscópio de luz acoplado a sistema analisador de imagens. Os seguintes dados morfométricos foram quantificados: área de secção transversal intraperineural, número e o diâmetro das fibras mielínicas. RESULTADOS: A área intraperineural do nervo hipoglosso foi semelhante nos dois grupos etários (p=0,8691). A média da área no grupo adulto foi de 1,697 mm2, e no grupo idoso foi de 1,649 mm2. O número total de fibras mielínicas do nervo hipoglosso foi semelhante nos dois grupos etários (p=0,9018). O grupo adulto apresentou média de 10.286 ± 2308 fibras mielínicas e o grupo idoso apresentou média de 10.141 ± 1590 fibras mielínicas. Foi observada distribuição bimodal das fibras mielínicas, com pico acentuado nas fibras de 9»m e outro menor nas fibras de 2»m. CONCLUSÃO: A área intraperineural e o número total de fibras mielínicas do nervo hipoglosso direito é semelhante nos dois grupos etários.