Mastopatía diabética: clínica, hallazgos radiológicos y anatomopatológicos y tratamiento / Diabetic mastopathy: clinical presentation, imaging and histologic findings, and treatment

Objetivo. La mastopatía diabética (MD) es una complicación infrecuente de la diabetes mellitus de larga evolución, que plantea el diagnóstico diferencial con el cáncer de mama. Se estudian la presentación clínica y evolución de la MD, los hallazgos radiológicos, la histología y el tratamiento en los pacientes diagnosticados en nuestro hospital. Material y métodos. Se incluyen 6 pacientes diabéticos insulinodependientes con MD, 5 mujeres y un varón, diagnosticados en un periodo de 11 años. El estudio radiológico se realiza con mamografía, ecografía y resonancia magnética (RM). Se obtiene en todos los casos un diagnóstico anatomopatológico definitivo con biopsia con aguja gruesa o quirúrgica. No se recurre en ningún caso a punción-aspiración con aguja fina. Se lleva a cabo un seguimiento clínico en un periodo medio de 7 años. Resultados. La presentación clínica más frecuente es el nódulo palpable (67%). Los hallazgos radiológicos son: en la mamografía, la asimetría de densidad (50%), en la ecografía un nódulo/masa sólido, hipoecoico, de 1-5cm, mal definido, con sombra acústica y sin señal Doppler (50%) y en la RM el realce tras la administración de contraste (66%). El hallazgo anatomopatológico más frecuente es la mastitis linfocítica en estadios iniciales (83%). Se realiza un tratamiento quirúrgico en todos los pacientes (100%). Conclusiones. La MD es una enfermedad poco frecuente que plantea el diagnóstico diferencial con el cáncer de mama. Su diagnóstico es complejo, pues requiere el conocimiento de los antecedentes personales del paciente, la clínica, la exploración física y los hallazgos radiológicos e histológicos. El tratamiento quirúrgico conservador es de elección, porque no se obtiene respuesta con el tratamiento médico (AU)

Objective. Diabetic mastopathy is an uncommon complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus that must be considered in the differential diagnosis with breast cancer. We report the clinical presentation and course, the imaging and histologic findings, and the treatment of the patients diagnosed with diabetic mastopathy at our hospital. Material and methods. In an 11-year period, we studied six insulin-dependent diabetic patients (five women and one man) with diabetic mastopathy. Imaging studies included mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging. A definitive histologic diagnosis was reached after core needle or surgical biopsy in all cases. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was not used in any of the cases. The mean follow-up period was 7years. Results. The most common clinical presentation was a palpable nodule (67%). The imaging findings were a) at mammography: asymmetrical density (50%), b) at ultrasonography: a solid, hypoechoic nodule measuring between 1cm and 5cm in diameter, with ill-defined margins, acoustic shadowing, and no Doppler signal (50%), and c) at MRI: enhancement after the administration of contrast media (66%). The most common histologic finding was lymphocytic mastitis in the initial stages (83%). All patients underwent surgical treatment (100%). Conclusions. Diabetic mastopathy is an uncommon disease that should be included in the differential diagnosis with breast cancer in diabetic patients. The diagnosis is complex because it requires knowledge of the patient's history, clinical presentation, and the imaging and histologic findings, Conservative surgery is the treatment of choice because the condition does not respond to medical treatment (AU)

[Diabetic mastopathy: clinical presentation, imaging and histologic findings, and treatment]. / Mastopatía diabética: clínica, hallazgos radiológicos y anatomopatológicos y tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic mastopathy is an uncommon complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus that must be considered in the differential diagnosis with breast cancer. We report the clinical presentation and course, the imaging and histologic findings, and the treatment of the patients diagnosed with diabetic mastopathy at our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In an 11-year period, we studied six insulin-dependent diabetic patients (five women and one man) with diabetic mastopathy. Imaging studies included mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging. A definitive histologic diagnosis was reached after core needle or surgical biopsy in all cases. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was not used in any of the cases. The mean follow-up period was 7 years. RESULTS: The most common clinical presentation was a palpable nodule (67%). The imaging findings were a) at mammography: asymmetrical density (50%), b) at ultrasonography: a solid, hypoechoic nodule measuring between 1cm and 5cm in diameter, with ill-defined margins, acoustic shadowing, and no Doppler signal (50%), and c) at MRI: enhancement after the administration of contrast media (66%). The most common histologic finding was lymphocytic mastitis in the initial stages (83%). All patients underwent surgical treatment (100%). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic mastopathy is an uncommon disease that should be included in the differential diagnosis with breast cancer in diabetic patients. The diagnosis is complex because it requires knowledge of the patient's history, clinical presentation, and the imaging and histologic findings, Conservative surgery is the treatment of choice because the condition does not respond to medical treatment.

[Breast magnetic resonance imaging: state of the art and clinical applications]. / Resonancia magnética de mama: estado actual y aplicación clínica.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging is a modality that is being progressively integrated into the breast radiologist's daily clinical practice. There is consensus on the minimal technical requirements that a breast MR exam should have in order to attain diagnostic quality. Diagnostic criteria are mainly based on the American College of Radiology's BI-RADS magnetic resonance imaging categories. Breast cancer staging is a main clinical application, but it is not universally accepted. Other applications are: response evaluation in patients treated with chemotherapy, screening in high-risk patients, cancer of unknown origin, assessment of a possible relapse and breast implant evaluation.

Resonancia magnética de mama: estado actual y aplicación clínica / Breast magnetic resonance imaging: state of the art and clinical applications

La RM es una técnica de imagen que se ha ido incorporando paulatinamente a la práctica clínica diaria del radiólogo de mama. Hay consenso en que deben cumplirse una serie de requerimientos técnicos mínimos para conseguir un estudio de calidad diagnóstica y los criterios diagnósticos se basan fundamentalmente en las categorías BI-RADS del ACR (American College of Radiology). La estadificación del cáncer de mama es una de sus principales aplicaciones clínicas, aunque no está exenta de polémica. Otras aplicaciones donde se ha validado la técnica son la evaluación de respuesta al tratamiento, el cribado en pacientes de alto riesgo, el estudio del cáncer de mama oculto, el estudio de una sospecha de recidiva y la valoración de las prótesis de mama(AU)

Breast magnetic resonance imaging is a modality that is being progressively integrated into the breast radiologist's daily clinical practice. There is consensus on the minimal technical requirements that a breast MR exam should have in order to attain diagnostic quality. Diagnostic criteria are mainly based on the American College of Radiology's BI-RADS magnetic resonance imaging categories. Breast cancer staging is a main clinical application, but it is not universally accepted. Other applications are: response evaluation in patients treated with chemotherapy, screeening in high-risk patients, cancer of unknown origin, assessment of a possible relapse and breast implant evaluation(AU)

Controversias en RM de mama / Controversies in breast MRI

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[US-guided localization of non-palpable breast cancer and sentinel node using 99mTechnetium-albumin colloid]. / Localización ecodirigida del cáncer de mama no palpable y del ganglio centinela con 99mtecnecio-coloide de albúmina.

OBJECTIVE: Surgery on non-palpable breast lesions is becoming increasingly common and new techniques for preoperative lesion localization have appeared. Radio-guided occult lesion localization (ROLL) enables malignant or probably malignant non-palpable breast lesions to be located and biopsy of the sentinel node to be performed (SNOLL: sentinel node and occult lesion localization). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Included were 118 patients with malignant or probably malignant non-palpable breast lesions visible on ultrasonography in whom radio-guided lesion resection and sentinel node biopsy were indicated. 99mTechnetium-albumin colloid was injected into the periphery of the lesion under ultrasonographic guidance and all patients underwent preoperative scintigraphy. RESULTS: From November 2001 to December 2004, 118 patients were included. All patients underwent conservative surgery, with the non-palpable lesion being located in all cases (100% lesion detection rate). The histological diagnoses were: 81 invasive ductal carcinomas (68.64%), 7 infiltrating lobular carcinomas (5.93%), 5 mixed-type carcinomas (4.24%), 17 carcinomas in situ (14.40%), and 8 other invasive carcinomas (6.78%). The sentinel node was detected in 98.41%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Radio-guided ROLL surgery on non-palpable lesions located under ultrasonographic guidance is a simple, fast technique that enables the lesion to be safely excised. Both ROLL and SNOLL can be carried out in the same intervention with a single ultrasound-guided injection of 99mTechnetium-albumin colloid with satisfactory results.

Localización ecodirigida del cáncer de mama no palpable y del ganglio centinela con 99mtecnecio-coloide de albúmina / US-guided localization of non-palpable breast cancer and sentinel node using 99mtechnetium-albumin colloid

Objetivo. La cirugía de lesiones no palpables de mama va en aumento y han aparecido nuevas técnicas de localización preoperatoria. La técnica ecodirigida denominada ROLL (radioguided occult lesion localisation) permite localizar las lesiones de mama no palpables malignas o probablemente malignas y la biopsia del ganglio centinela (sentinel node and occult lesion localisation [SNOLL]).Material y métodos. Se incluyen 118 pacientes con lesiones de mama no palpables malignas o probablemente malignas visibles con ecografía, en las que está indicada la exéresis radioguiada de la lesión y la biopsia del ganglio centinela. Se inyecta con control ecográfico 99mtecnecio- coloide de albúmina en la periferia de la lesión y se realiza gammagrafía preoperatoria en todos los casos.Resultados. Desde noviembre del 2001 hasta diciembre del 2004 se incluyen 118 pacientes. En todas se realiza cirugía conservadora, localizando la lesión no palpable en todos los casos (tasa de detección de la lesión del 100%). El resultado anatomopatológico es: 81 carcinomas ductales infiltrantes (68,64%), 7 carcinomas lobulillares infiltrantes (5,93%), 5 carcinomas mixtos (4,24%), 17 carcinomas in situ (14,40%) y 8 otros carcinomas infiltrantes (6,78%). La detección del ganglio centinela es posible en un 98,41%.Discusión y conclusiones. La cirugía radioguiada ROLL de lesiones no palpables de mama localizadas con control ecográfico es una técnica sencilla y rápida que permite la exéresis de la lesión con seguridad. Se pueden realizar tanto ROLL como SNOLL en la misma intervención con una única inyección ecodirigida de 99mtecnecio-coloide de albúmina con resultados satisfactorios

Objective. Surgery on non-palpable breast lesions is becoming increasingly common and new techniques for preoperative lesion localization have appeared. Radio-guided occult lesion localization (ROLL) enables malignant or probably malignant non-palpable breast lesions to be located and biopsy of the sentinel node to be performed (SNOLL: sentinel node and occult lesion localization).Material and methods. Included were 118 patients with malignant or probably malignant non-palpable breast lesions visible on ultrasonography in whom radio-guided lesion resection and sentinel node biopsy were indicated. 99mTechnetium-albumin colloid was injected into the periphery of the lesion under ultrasonographic guidance and all patients underwent preoperative scintigraphy.Results. From November 2001 to December 2004, 118 patients were included. All patients underwent conservative surgery, with the non- lpable lesion being located in all cases (100% lesion detection rate). The histological diagnoses were: 81 invasive ductal carcinomas (68.64%), 7 infiltrating lobular carcinomas (5.93%), 5 mixed-type carcinomas (4.24%), 17 carcinomas in situ (14.40%), and 8 other invasive carcinomas (6.78%). The sentinel node was detected in 98.41%.Discussion and conclusions. Radio-guided ROLL surgery on nonpalpable lesions located under ultrasonographic guidance is a simple, fast technique that enables the lesion to be safely excised. Both ROLL and SNOLL can be carried out in the same intervention with a single ultrasound-guided injection of 99mTechnetium-albumin colloid with satisfactory results

[Acute lobar nephronia. Report of 3 new cases]. / Nefronía lobar aguda. Aportación de tres nuevos casos.

We present three patients, aged 4, 6 and 8 years old, with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. In all patients, initial ultrasonographic studies revealed a single area of acute lobar nephronia (ALN). The patients underwent renal scintigraphy with dimercaptosuccinic acid-99mTc (DMSA Tc 99m), which showed multiple foci with below normal uptake in both kidneys of two patients, consistent with bilateral multifocal bacterial nephritis. Although this entity has been reported together with ALN in adults, very few pediatric cases have been reported. We emphasize the diagnostic value of ultrasonography and renal scintigraphy.

Nefronía lobar aguda. Aportación de tres nuevos casos / Acute lobar nephronia. Report of three new pediatric cases

Se presentan 3 pacientes pediátricos de 4, 6 y 8 años de edad con infección del tracto urinario (ITU). Los pacientes fueron estudiados inicialmente mediante ecografía, y en todos ellos se detectó un foco único de nefronía lobar aguda. Tras la realización de una gammagrafía renal con ácido dimercaptosuccínico 99mTc (DMSA), dos de ellos presentaban múltiples focos de hipocaptación en ambos riñones que manifestaban nefritis bacteriana multifocal bilateral. Aunque esta entidad ha sido descrita junto a la nefronía lobar aguda en el adulto, existen muy pocos casos descritos en la literatura pediátrica. Se desea subrayar el valor diagnóstico de la ecografía junto con la gammagrafía renal (AU)